海水营养盐标准物质的研制和发展

文章分析我国和国际海水营养盐标准物质的研制情况,重点介绍国际海洋标准物质知名组织或机构以及海水营养盐数据全球实验室间比对工作。在此基础上,提出我国海水营养盐标准物质研制的发展方向,主要包括建立海洋标准物质分类和管理体系、建立国家海洋标准物质研制组织或机构、参与海水营养盐数据全球实验室间比对、改进海水营养盐标准物质配制基底和方法以及针对特殊海域研制海水营养盐标准物质5个方面,以期满足海洋环境监测、海洋生物资源开发利用和海洋科学研究的需求。     

基于分光光度法的多量程海水营养盐原位传感器检测系统设计

针对传统海水营养盐检测方法不能满足海水营养盐长期原位监测需求的问题,研制了一种基于分光光度法的多量程海水营养盐原位传感器检测系统,通过对系统的高度集成及对多量程检测、低功耗技术、漏液保护技术的应用,实现了对海水5项营养盐参数快速、宽范围、高精度的原位测量。经过实验室和青岛中苑码头现场测试,表明本营养盐传感器检测系统具有低功耗、高可靠性能,可满足对5项营养盐参数的快速精确测量要求,实现了对海水营养盐参数的原位监测,为相关部门及时了解海洋生态环境和水体富营养化程度提供了数据支持,具有重大现实意义。     

《海洋化学原理和应用》评介

海洋出版社最近出版的《海洋化学原理和应用》是由我国着名海洋化学家张正斌教授等撰写,并受到我国首批国家科学技术着作出版基金资助出版的专着。全书80多万字,共分9章。本书从海水的形成和组成分析人手,深入地论述了我国近海海水中的常量元素和海水综合利用,海水中气体和中国近海中碳化学,海水中营养盐和环境海洋化学,海水微量元素和海洋重金属污染,海洋有机物和海洋生产力,海洋同位素化学及海洋化学的理论模式和物质全球循环等方面的内容,并对海洋化学若干发展前沿课题和国际合作项目作了介绍。本书内容系统全面,数据新、且可靠,论述深入浅出,笔锋直达科学前沿,是我国第一部系统全面地论述海洋化学理论体系的专着。     

海水营养盐现场自动测量定标方法研究

对海水营养盐现场自动测量定标方法进行了优化研究.实验研究了五种营养盐混合定标和三点定标方法.对优化后的方法进行了准确度的检验,同时用实际海水与国标法进行了比对实验.     

海水黄色物质光吸收特性实验研究

实验测量了干样配制的不同浓度黄色物质水溶液、实验室藻类培养和胶州湾水域黄色物质水样的光吸收特性。测量结果表明，海水黄色物质光吸收系数与波长是单调变化关系，即不存在“波峰”和“波谷”；在蓝紫光波段，海水黄色物质光吸收比海水自身、海洋叶绿素和悬浮粒子光吸收大，它是海洋中对该波段光吸收起着主导作用的物质；海水黄色物质光吸收系数与波长呈指数函数关系，其指数斜率s数值范围分别为：胶州湾水域在0.0131-0.0180nm^-1，实验室配制、培养样品是在0.0105-0.0139nm^-1。该研究为海水黄色物质含量的遥感探测提供了基础性实验依据。     

海洋断面调查硅酸盐测定中负值问题探讨

一、前言海水中的活性硅酸盐、活性磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和铵盐,统称为营养要素,亦简称为营养盐。海水中的营养盐是海洋浮游植物的主要食粮,它与水产的养殖开发有着密切的关系。因此营养要素的调查研究早已成为海水化学常规调查中必测项目之一。海水中营养盐含量的多少,说明海水的肥沃程度。贫脊的海区,生物生长繁殖受到限制;肥沃的海区生物得以大量磁生。然而超过一定限度也会产生“富营养化”。     

提高海水pH测量准确度的定标方法研究

pH是海洋碳循环体系的重要参数之一,测量海水pH的标准方法有电极法和分光光度法,其中电极法已应用到海水pH的现场原位测量中,但准确度相对较低,限制了其在碳循环体系中的应用。文中采用人工海水pH标准缓冲溶液代替传统的NBS标准缓冲溶液对pH电极进行定标,探索了提高海水pH测量准确度的方法,并以分光光度法为标准方法,进行了实验研究和分析比对。结果表明:采用人工海水缓冲溶液定标后,电极法测量结果与分光光度法的测量结果偏差明显减小,测量准确度显著提高。该人工海水标准缓冲溶液可应用到pH传感器的现场标定中,从而提高海水pH现场测量的准确度,为海洋碳循环、海洋酸化等研究提供更为准确的基础数据。     

２０１１年三沙湾增养殖区水环境质量评价

文章对２０１１年三沙湾增养殖区的水质调查数据进行了分析评价, 并在结合２０世纪８０年代以来的历史调查数据的基础上进行比较, 比较结果表明： 三沙湾增养殖区的较高水温、稳定的盐度和适合的ｐＨ 有利于渔业养殖; 溶解氧、化学耗氧量和油类均符合二类海水水质标准, 较小的年际变化不会对海水养殖带来大的影响; 无机氮 和活性磷酸盐含量超二类海水水质标准, 呈富营养化状态; 重金属含量均满足二类海水水质标准,但近２０年来铜含量正逐年增加, 应严格控制营养盐和重金属物质进入海洋,防止赤潮发生。     

臭氧法海水化学需氧量测量仪

海水化学需氧量(COD)是海水中有机污染物的综合指标,是海洋环境监测最重要的项目之一,目前我国海洋环境污染日趋严重,现有的COD测量方法远远不能满足形势的需要,研制开发现场、快速、自动、连续运行的“COD测量仪”势在必行,也是海水COD分析技术发展方向和发展趋势。在国家863计划的支持下,我们研制成功了可用于现场的“臭氧法海水化学需氧量测量仪”。文中介绍了臭氧法海水化学需氧量测量仪的原理、实验室现场试验结果和海试现场情况。大量实验数据表明,该测量仪具有测量快速、结果准确、长时间不需维护等特点。     

海洋化学中的直线自由能关系——Ⅱ.海水中元素的液-固分配

本文第1部分中,我们用一种比较简捷的方法,导出了海洋化学中直线自由能关系。通过海洋化学中若干重要体系的实验数据,验证了海洋化学中直线自由能关系的客观存在。它们是海水元素溶存形式(海水化学模型)中A-Cl,A-OH,A-SO_3,A-CO,A-F等离子对稳定常数之间的直线自由能关系,海水中金属和有机物质(hum)相互作用的稳定常数与海水化学模型的稳定常数之间的直线自由能关系。本文中我们进一步研究海水     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.