渤海湾盆地中—新生代岩石圈热结构与热-流变学演化

文章主要利用中—新生代热史、地壳分层结构以及流变学参数,模拟计算渤海湾盆地中—新生代岩石圈热结构和热-流变结构演化特征。结果表明,盆地由三叠纪—侏罗纪时期的"冷幔热壳"型岩石圈热结构转变为白垩纪至今的"热幔冷壳"型岩石圈热结构。从济阳坳陷岩石圈热-流变结构演化特征来看,中生代早期上地壳上部、中地壳上部及上地幔顶部表现为厚的脆性层;早白垩世初期中地壳上部及上地幔顶部的脆性层完全转变为韧性层;晚白垩世开始,中地壳上部出现薄层的脆性层;古近纪早期中地壳上部脆性层变薄变浅;现今则除了发育上地壳上部、中地壳上部脆性层外,上地幔顶部开始在浅部发育薄的脆性层。中—新生代岩石圈总强度演化表明在早白垩世晚期和古近纪早期经历了两期减弱,中生代早期岩石圈总强度远大于中侏罗世之后的岩石圈总强度。岩石圈热-流变结构和强度演化与华北克拉通破坏过程中岩石圈厚度的变化具有良好的对应关系,从侧面反映太平洋板块俯冲和回撤导致华北克拉通东部破坏的地球动力学过程。因此,岩石圈热-流变结构可以为盆地形成、大陆边缘和造山带等的动力学演化过程研究提供科学依据。     

广东惠州黄沙洞地区岩石圈热-流变结构及其热源启示

岩石圈热-流变结构研究是揭示岩石圈范围内热状态的有效手段,开展地热异常区的岩石圈热-流变结构研究可以对热源贡献进行有效约束。东南沿海地区是我国地热资源重要分布区,地表出露大量天然温泉,地热钻探揭露深部具有较高的地温梯度,然而关于其热源机制尚未有定论,且深部是否赋存干热岩资源亦不清楚。以广东惠州黄沙洞地热田为研究对象,分析岩石圈尺度温度分布和流变强度,探讨黄沙洞地热田的热源构成,分析浅部水热系统的热影响,并对干热岩资源前景进行分析。结果表明：（1）黄沙洞地热田水热活动影响下地表热通量为130.3 mW/m2,地壳热流与地幔热流值相近,表现为温壳温幔型岩石圈热结构,此外,构造活动相关热流达到了30.5~60.3 mW/m2;（2）岩石圈流变结构显示中地壳存在韧性流变层,上地壳与下地壳以脆性破裂为主,下地壳与地幔表现出流变结构耦合,为相对稳固的地壳底界;（3）黄沙洞地热田的热源以地壳构造活动产生的热源为主,地幔热源和放射性生热是主要的热源组成部分,构造热作用的主要方式包括区域深断裂的热聚敛和水热系统循环换热,两者可能通过“接力式”热传递携带热量至浅表;（4）区域深断裂的热聚敛在构造热作用中的占比是影响干热岩资源前景的关键因素。本项研究可为后续东南沿海同类型地区的干热岩资源勘查与靶区选址提供参考。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷岩石圈热流变性质

为了探讨东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷岩石圈热流变性质,本文以实测地温数据为依据,模拟西湖凹陷岩石圈热结构,在此基础上,应用流变学原理模拟确定西湖凹陷岩石圈流变性质。结果表明,西湖凹陷岩石圈为一个冷地壳-热地幔、强地壳-弱地幔的"奶油蛋糕"型岩石圈。西湖凹陷平均地表热流密度为71 m W/m~2,地幔热流密度为40~65 m W/m~2,对地表热流密度的贡献度达73%~79%,地表热流受地幔热流控制,莫霍面温度在700℃左右,热岩石圈平均厚度为66 km。西湖凹陷岩石圈流变分层明显,上、中地壳基本为脆性层,下地壳和岩石圈上地幔为韧性层,岩石圈总流变强度平均约为2.65′10~(12) N/m,其中地壳流变强度为2.12′10~(12) N/m,地幔流变强度为5.29′10~(11) N/m,有效弹性厚度为11.7~14.5 km,地壳的流变性质控制了岩石圈的流变行为。此外,西湖凹陷岩石圈总强度较低,在构造应力作用下易于变形,且存在壳幔解耦现象。西湖凹陷岩石圈热状态及流变性质决定了西湖凹陷东部地区主要以浅部地壳的断层滑动和地层破裂来调节深部的构造应力。     

南华北盆地群岩石圈热-流变结构

结合南华北盆地群现代地温场资料和深部地震测深资料及岩石热物性参数,对南华北盆地群的热结构进行了研究。结果表明：南华北盆地群平均热流值为53.7 mW/m2,地幔热流为30～34 mW/m2,莫霍面温度为500～550℃,热岩石圈厚度为110～130 km。在此基础上,进行了岩石圈流变模拟,探讨了研究区的岩石圈流变特征及其地球动力学意义。南华北盆地群岩石圈强度为（7.6~23.3）×1012 N/m,具有显著的 “三明治”结构。上地壳表现为脆性变形,中、下地壳为韧性的流动变形。这一分层变形机制决定了南华北盆地群的成盆演化动力学过程。     

南北地震带南段震源空间分布特征及其构造意义

大陆浅源地震震源空间分布可以看作是一种地球物理特征,大量震源的空间位置数据可用来刻划大陆地壳结构。通过研究南北地震带南段震源的空间分布特征,发现研究区震源深度分布在横向上的疏密变化与地质构造特征相对应。剖面震源分布等密度图显示,中、下地壳不同深度广泛分布着多震层。多震层的分布与地壳低速、低阻层具有相关性,多震层一般位于低速、低阻层的上方。中地壳层次的低速、低阻层很可能是壳内滑脱层,是韧性下地壳与脆性上地壳发生拆离解耦的构造层次;下地壳低速、低阻层是部分熔融、含流体的韧性流变层;壳内多震层的构造属性应是上地壳硬的脆性层,容易发生突然破裂,产生地震。低速、低阻层是大陆板块内部上地壳脆性层构造过程的主控因素,包括对大陆内部浅源地震的控制;因此,在低速、低阻层之上往往形成多震层,越是活动性强的低速、低阻层,其上多震层震源密度越高。南北地震带南段不同层圈和块体之间的差异运动控制了其地壳层次的构造活动,包括大量地震的发生,其中,下地壳流层与上地壳脆性层的差异运动在中地壳层次发生剪切拆离是最重要的因素。     

中国大陆岩石圈结构、盆地构造和油气运移探讨

文中在研究了中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层的分布和成因的基础上 (由于篇幅所限 ,中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层分布及其成因在另文给出 ) ,首先对中国大陆岩石圈热状态和地壳热状态进行了定量分析 ,提出了冷、热岩石圈 ,冷、热地壳和冷、热盆地的概念 ,根据岩石圈的变形、热状态和构造活动性 ,提出了刚性岩石圈和塑性岩石圈的概念 ,根据岩石圈的动力学特征对中国大陆盆地进行了分类研究。在此基础上 ,对处于不同地区的大型盆地的构造特征和油气运移规律进行了分析。阐述了前人各种油气模式及其存在的问题后 ,探讨了地壳深部热流体对油气的生成和运移的作用。最后 ,认为在有壳内高导层的盆地中 ,深部流体可向上地壳中的生油和储油层提供大量的热流体 ,并产生高流体压力 ,对油气运移起了主导作用。     

渭河盆地岩石圈热结构模拟及其对地热系统热源机理的启示

深部温度场与岩石圈热结构特征是认识地热系统深部热源机理的重要途径。本文在系统分析渭河盆地及其邻区现今大地热流特征基础上,基于旬邑—西峡宽角反射/折射地震测深剖面揭示的地壳分层结构,采用二维有限元方法,对渭北隆起、渭河盆地以及北秦岭构造带的深部温度场和岩石圈热结构开展数值模拟研究,在此基础上分析渭河盆地地热系统深部热源机理。结果表明,旬邑—西峡剖面上大地热流介于57.6～75.7mW/m²之间,平均为(70.4±4.7)mW/m²;地幔热流在29.5～38.6mW/m²之间,平均值为34.1mW/m²;莫霍面温度变化范围约在600～740℃之间;“热”岩石圈厚度约为95～110km。从渭北隆起—渭河盆地—秦岭造山带,大地热流、莫霍面温度和地幔热流值表现出低→高→低的变化规律,相应地“热”岩石圈厚度则表现出厚→薄→厚的变化趋势。渭河盆地地壳厚度减薄明显,莫霍面温度显著高于渭北隆起和秦岭造山带,暗示着渭河盆地地壳活动性显著。然而,从渭北隆起—渭河盆地—秦岭造山带,“热”岩石圈厚度变化范围不大,且渭河盆地内...     

大陆板内地震的发震机理与地震预报——以汶川地震为例

大陆板内地震主要产于新生代厚壳造山带或高原,在平面上呈弥散状分布,在剖面上震源沿中地壳成层分布,为浅源地震.盆山活动断层系统呈规律性组合,盆山挤压边界为逆冲型压性发震断层;盆山走滑转换边界为走滑型扭性发震断层;造山带内部主要是伸展型张性发震断层.大陆板内地壳分层流变作用制约了板内地震的构造物理过程.大陆下地壳韧性流层为地震活动提供了热能,热软化和热融化介质发生缓慢的韧性流动,是孕震构造;中地壳韧-脆性剪切带发生热-应力转换,聚积应力和应变,为蕴震构造;当下地壳流动在中地壳积累的应变超过上地壳特定构造部位介质的应力-应变极限时,上地壳形成脆性发震断层,产生地震.震源出现在上地壳脆性断层与中地壳脆-韧性剪切带的交汇部位,青藏高原的震源深度通常为12～35 km.目前地震预报是世界科学难题,然而,大陆动力学和板内地震的理论突破可能为短临预报提供了新思路.如果大陆下地壳热动力作用是中地壳产生地震和上地壳发生地震的根源,那么上地壳脆性断层活动会释放出地壳深部的热流体和热气体,引起局部的地温异常、水文异常和大气异常.建议从大气到地表再到地下系统地监测活动断层带及邻区的地下水、地表水、大气的温度异常和成分变化,结合观测下地壳流层厚度、地应力-应交变化、重力异常、磁异常、地电异常等,综合评价地壳活动性和发震可能性.2008年5月12日发生的里氏8.0级汶川地震处于龙门山造山带与四川盆地的构造边界上,是典型的大陆板内地震,震源处于映秀-北川断层上,震源深度为12 km.350 km长的地表破裂带呈右行左阶雁行排列在具有逆冲和右行走滑性质的汶川-茂县-青川、映秀-北川和江油-都江堰3条断层带上.下地壳的韧性流动伴随中地壳韧-脆性剪切带应力和应变的积累,产生上地壳脆性活动断层,并控制地表破裂带和滑坡的分布.     

藏北羌塘盆地中部地壳低速层分布与动力学意义

为了调查羌塘盆地中部壳内低速层分布特征,对布设在羌塘盆地的TITAN-I宽频带地震台站所记录的远震波形数据进行接收函数分析,并引入时频域相位滤波技术改善接收函数信噪比,反演得到各台站下方100 km深度范围内的一维S波速度结构.结果表明,时频域相位滤波方法能够显著提高信噪比;羌塘盆地Moho深度为58±6 km,具有较高的泊松比值;中下地壳壳内低速层广泛分布,横向不连续,埋深在20~30 km,层厚6~12 km,剪切波速度为3.4±0.1 km/s;部分地区在埋深为10 km的中上地壳存在一层厚约4 km的低速薄层.羌塘盆地中下地壳壳内低速层是由于上涌的深部软流圈物质与下地壳发生大范围的接触,造成壳内及上地幔部分熔融引起的.     

论壳内韧性流层及其构造表现

地球物理探测表明,在上地壳之下有一不均匀分布的壳内低速层,中地壳之中还有一些局部的低速层。现代破坏性地震震源主要集中于10～15km深处,相当于这一低速层之顶部,处于脆韧性过渡带内。从岩石变形的角度看,这个低速层是一个壳内的韧性流变层,以发育近水平的韧性剪切带和褶叠层构造为其特征。它在纵向上和横向上都是不均一的,代表了地壳尺度的韧性剪切带,在地壳构造的演化中起着极重要的作用。     

Heat Aggregation Mechanisms of Hot Dry Rocks Resources in the Gonghe Basin,Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Hot dry rock (HDR) is an important geothermal resource and clean energy source that may play an increasingly important role in future energy management. High-temperature HDR resources were recently detected in deep regions of the Gonghe Basin on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which led to a significant breakthrough in HDR resource exploration in China. This research analyzes the deep temperature distribution, radiogenic heat production, heat flow, and crustal thermal structure in the Qiaboqia Valley, Guide Plain, and Zhacanggou area of the Gonghe Basin based on geothermal exploration borehole logging data, rock thermophysical properties, and regional geophysical exploration data. The results are applied to discuss the heat accumulation mechanism of the HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin. The findings suggest that a low-velocity layer in the thickened crust of the Tibetan Plateau provides the most important source of constant intracrustal heat for the formation of HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin, whereas crustal thickening redistributes the concentrated layer of radioactive elements, which compensates for the relatively low heat production of the basal granite and serves as an important supplement to the heat of the HDR resources. The negative effect is that the downward curvature of the lithospheric upper mantle caused by crustal thickening leads to a small mantle heat flow component. As a result, the heat flows in the Qiaboqia Valley and Guide Plain of the Gonghe Basin are 106.2 and 77.6 mW/m2, respectively, in which the crust-mantle heat flow ratio of the former is 3.12:1, indicating a notably anomalous intracrustal thermal structure. In contrast, the crust-mantle heat flow ratio in the Guide Plain is 1.84:1, which reflects a typical hot crust-cold mantle thermal structure. The Guide Plain and Zhacanggou area show the same increasing temperature trend with depth, which reflects that their geothermal backgrounds and deep high-temperature environments are similar. These results provide important insight on the heat source mechanism of HDR resource formation in the Tibetan Plateau and useful guidance for future HDR resource exploration projects and target sites selection in similar areas.     

Thermal and mechanical structure of the central Iberian Peninsula lithosphere

The central Iberian Peninsula (Spain) is made up of three main tectonic units: a mountain range, the Spanish Central System and two Tertiary basins (those of the rivers Duero and Tajo). These units are the result of widespread foreland deformation of the Iberian plate interior in response to Alpine convergence of European and African plates. The present study was designed to investigate thermal structure and rheological stratification in this region of central Spain. Surface heat flow has been described to range from 80 to 60 mW m⁻². Highest surface heat flow values correspond to the Central System and northern part of the Tajo Basin. The relationship between elevation and thermal state was used to construct a one-dimensional thermal model. Mantle heat flow drops from 34 mW m⁻² (Duero Basin) to 27 mW m⁻² (Tajo Basin), and increases with diminishing surface heat flow. Strength predictions made by extrapolating experimental data indicate varying rheological stratification throughout the area. In general, in compression, ductile fields predominate in the middle and lower crusts and lithospheric mantle. Brittle behaviour is restricted to the first 8 km of the upper crust and to a thin layer at the top of the middle crust. In tension, brittle layers are slightly more extended, while the lower crust and lithospheric mantle remain ductile in the case of a wet peridotite composition. Discontinuities in brittle and ductile layer thickness determine lateral rheological anisotropy. Tectonic units roughly correspond to rheological domains. Brittle layers reach their maximum thickness beneath the Duero Basin and are of least thickness under the Tajo Basin, especially its northern area. Estimated total lithospheric strength shows a range from 2.5×10¹² to 8×10¹² N m⁻¹ in compression, and from 1.3×10¹² to 1.6×10¹² N m⁻¹ in tension. Highest values were estimated for the Duero Basin.Depth versus frequency of earthquakes correlates well with strength predictions. Earthquake foci concentrate mainly in the upper crust, showing a peak close to maximum strength depth. Most earthquakes occur in the southern margin of the Central System and southeast Tajo Basin. Seismicity is related to major faults, some bounding rheological domains. The Duero Basin is a relative quiescence zone characterised by higher total lithospheric strength than the remaining units.     

共和盆地地热能分布特征与聚集机制分析

位处青藏高原北部的青海省共和盆地,是一个自中生代以来形成的断陷盆地,周界由深大活动断裂控制,其内堆积有大厚度的第四纪和新近纪地层,揭露厚度达900～1440m,基底由印支期花岗岩组成,调（勘）查资料显示,盆地内具有热流值较高的特征,基底花岗岩地热梯度大于5℃,热异常明显。青藏高原宽频地震探测资料显示,共和盆地所在的东昆仑地块上地幔存在着一条宽达150km的低速带,其与巴颜喀拉地块深地幔中以大型低速异常体为特征的地幔热柱相关联,该低速带延伸到地壳,在共和盆地及其周边一带地表以下1～40km的不同部位形成热流异常区,导致在盆地浅部形成丰富的以干热岩、地下热水为主的地下热能资源,其不仅在城镇供暖方面具有现实推广意义,而且在发电等能源利用中潜力巨大。     

辽宁省干热岩资源赋存条件分析及靶区初选

干热岩作为一种可再生的高温地热资源, 在我国越来越受到重视.干热岩温度除深部钻探手段外无法直接测量, 但是可以通过大地热流、居里面埋深、酸性岩体分布、壳内低速高导体及构造应力场等指标间接反映地下的热异常.辽宁省大地热流值高值点主要分布于辽阳-海城-盖州一带, 其次为下辽河盆地西部凹陷.辽宁省居里面隆起区绕辽北拗陷区呈环状分布, 隆起中心居里面埋深均在18 km以浅.高放射性花岗岩主要为早白垩世花岗岩, 主要分布于辽东及辽南地区.海城东西两侧约40 km范围内存在壳内低速高导体, 埋深10~20 km.区内张性断裂以NE-NEE向为主, 郯庐断裂带为贯穿辽宁省的NE向岩石圈断裂, 大型NE-NEE深壳断裂主要分布于辽东地区.通过对辽宁省干热岩资源赋存指标的分析, 结合中国干热岩资源的分类, 初选出鞍山-海城一带作为高放射性干热岩资源靶区及下辽河盆地作为沉积盆地型干热岩资源靶区.     

The geothermal formation mechanism in the Gonghe Basin: Discussion and analysis from the geological background

The Gonghe Basin, a Cenozoic down-warped basin, is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, and spread over important nodes of the transfer of multiple blocks in the central orogenic belt in the NWW direction. It is also called “Qin Kun Fork” and “Gonghe Gap”. The basin has a high heat flow value and obvious thermal anomaly. The geothermal resources are mainly hot dry rock and underground hot water. In recent years, the mechanism of geothermal formation within the basin has been controversial. On the basis of understanding the knowledge of predecessors, this paper proposes the geothermal formation mechanism of the “heat source–heat transfer–heat reservoir and caprock–thermal system” of the Gonghe Basin from the perspective of a geological background through data integration-integrated research-expert, discussion-graph, compilation-field verification and other processes: (1) Heat source: geophysical exploration and radioisotope calculations show that the heat source of heat in the basin has both the contribution of mantle and the participation of the earth’s crust, but mainly the contribution of the deep mantle. (2) Heat transfer: The petrological properties of the basin and the exposed structure position of the surface hot springs show that one transfer mode is the material of the mantle source upwells and invades from the bottom, directly injecting heat; the other is that the deep fault conducts the deep heat of the basin to the middle and lower parts of the earth’s crust, then the secondary fracture transfers the heat to the shallow part. (3) Heat reservoir and caprock: First, the convective strip-shaped heat reservoir exposed by the hot springs on the peripheral fault zone of the basin; second, the underlying hot dry rock layered heat reservoir and the upper new generation heat reservoir and caprock in the basin revealed by drilling data. (4) Thermal system: Based on the characteristics of the “heat source-heat transfer-heat reservoir and caprock”, it is preliminarily believed that the Gonghe Basin belongs to the non-magmatic heat source hydrothermal geothermal system (type II2₁) and the dry heat geothermal system (type II2₂). Its favorable structural position and special geological evolutionary history have given birth to a unique environment for the formation of the geothermal system. There may be a cumulative effect of heat accumulation in the eastern part of the basin, which is expected to become a favorable exploration area for hot dry rocks.     

南黄海中-新生代裂谷盆地构造-热演化:对成盆机制和烃源岩热演化的指示

基于Advanced McKenzie地球动力学模型和Easy%R_oDL化学动力学模型,建立了南黄海中-新生代（K₁3-Q）裂谷盆地的构造-热演化史,结合盆地深部壳幔结构、梳理周缘中-新生代板块汇聚与离散过程,讨论了该盆地低地热状态成因、成盆机制和烃源岩热演化.盆地地壳伸展系数约为1.22,岩石圈地幔伸展系数约为1.06;由裂陷期（K₁3-E₂）至今,最高热流值仅由约76 mW/m2降低至约66 mW/m2,最高地温梯度仅由约37 ℃/km降低至约30 ℃/km,首次揭示低地热状态贯穿整个裂谷盆地发育阶段.低岩石圈地幔伸展系数、深部非镜像莫霍面分布、盆地发育阶段仅处于弧后远场拉张应力环境,均指示成盆过程中深部伸展上涌强度低,是导致其持续低地热状态的根本原因,深部热应力不是其主要成盆动力来源;依据高地壳伸展系数和控盆拆离断层演化,认为印支-燕山期先存逆冲断裂复活形成壳间拆离体系,并以简单剪切变形方式控制裂谷盆地发育,是其根本成盆机制;南、北部坳陷烃源岩主排烃期为三垛组二段沉积时期,自渐新世构造反转后热演化终止,古埋深和古地温场条件共同控制现今南、北部坳陷相同深度烃源岩热成熟度差异.      

Modelling the extension of heterogeneous hot lithosphere

The consequences of weak heterogeneities in the extension of soft and hot lithosphere without significant previous crustal thickening has been analysed in a series of centrifuge models. The experiments examined the effects of i) the location of heterogeneities in the ductile crust and/or in the lithospheric mantle, and ii) their orientation, perpendicular or oblique to the direction of bulk extension. The observed deformation patterns are all relevant to the so-called “wide rifting” mode of extension. Weak zones located in the ductile crust exert a more pronounced influence on localisation of deformation in the brittle layer than those located in the lithospheric mantle: the former localise faulting in the brittle crust whereas the latter tend to distribute faulting over a wider area. This latter behaviour depends in turn upon the decoupling provided by the ductile crust. Localised thinning in the brittle crust is accompanied by ductile doming of both crust and mantle. Domains of maximum thinning in the brittle crust and ductile crust and mantle are in opposition. Lateral differences in brittle crust thinning are accommodated by lateral flow in the ductile crust and mantle. This contrasts with “cold and strong” lithospheres whose high strength sub-Moho mantle triggers a necking instability at the lithosphere-scale. This also differs from the extension of thickened hot and soft lithospheres whose ductile crust is thick enough to give birth to metamorphic core complexes. Thus, for the given lithospheric rheology, the models have relevance to backarc type extensional systems, such as the Aegean and the Tyrrhenian domains.