流域物质与水系及产沙间非线性关系实验研究

在３５．５６ｍｍ／ｈ．ｃｍ＾２定雨强的人工降雨条件下,组成物质中径分别为０．０２１ｍｍ、０．０６６ｍｍ及０．０７６ｍｍ的发育对比实验表明,产沙过程具有波动振荡衰减特征;水系发育以增加河道（沟道）数目及弯曲拉伸长度两种方式进行最小消能。水系分形维数正是这种消能的量度。水系分数维值随时间呈不对称上凹型曲线。对比分析表明：产沙过程的振荡性、衰减率,随物质变粗而加强,水系河道数目随物质变细而增多,河道随物     

坡长对坡耕地侵蚀产沙过程的影响

模拟降雨试验结果揭示出随着坡长增加,径流与侵蚀产沙量越大。当坡长小于１５ｍ时,累积侵蚀模数与降雨历时关系明显呈线性,其斜率随坡长增加而渐陡,当坡长大于１５ｍ时,累积侵蚀模数与降雨历时明显是非线性关系;坡长是导致细沟侵蚀的重要因素。细沟发育时,其侵蚀产沙量大约是坡面或细沟间的２－５倍;当细沟趋于稳定时,与无细沟发育的坡面水流含沙量值类似。在４０ｍ坡长小区,其单位时间侵蚀模数与２５ｍ坡长小区无明显差异,水流含沙量并无明显增加,显示出当坡长大于临界坡长时的变化过程规律。利用等高植物篱或等高地梗减少坡长有效值,可以大大降低单位面积上的土壤流失量。     

耕作侵蚀对不同坡度下紫色土侵蚀产沙的影响

川中丘陵紫色土在长期耕作侵蚀与水蚀的交互作用下侵蚀严重,在不同地形条件下紫色土耕作侵蚀坡面在二者相互作用的内在机理,以及水力学特征随坡度的变化规律尚不明晰.本文选取四川盆地典型紫色土坡地土壤为研究对象,以10 m2土槽坡面坡顶裸露2 m2母岩代表受耕作侵蚀严重的坡面(TE),以坡顶未发生母岩裸露作为对照坡面(CG),设...     

黄土区林草植被与降水对坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的影响

在一定地形地貌基础上,林草植被与降水是决定坡面产流产沙量的主要因素,而这些因素各因子之间合作用于坡地产流产沙,增加了影响机制的复杂性。为深入分析降水因子与林分结构因子对坡地降雨产流产沙的影响,为黄土区植被建设提供理论依据,对蔡家川流域典型样地的实验资料进行分析。结果表明,刺槐和油松林场降雨产流、产沙量与降雨量和降雨强度有较好相关性,但相关性随着林分郁闭度的增大而减小;当油松林林分郁闭度<0.6时,产流、产沙量与I30的相关性要更显著于与I10的相关性,而林分郁闭度在0.6以上时,则相反。在林分结构因子对坡面产流产沙的影响中,当林分覆盖度>40%时,林分减水减沙效益显著。林地枯落物和草本植物通过截持降水、增加地表糙率来削减坡面产流产沙量,刺槐和油松林地的枯落物年截流量占降雨总量的13.5%~22%。刺槐和油松林的稳渗速率随林分密度的增加而增大,但不与密度的增加幅度成正比,当刺槐、油松林的密度超过3 000株/hm2时,稳渗速率增加缓慢,从防蚀角度考虑,可将其作为林分密度的上限。在林分生物量>14.51 t/hm2时,植被具有极好的防护功能。通过对影响坡面产流产沙的影响因子的灰色关联分析,林分郁闭度和草本、枯落物生物量对坡面产流产沙影响显著,关联度值均>0.6。     

全球气候变暖对黄土高原侵蚀产沙的影响

本文讨论未来全球气候变暖引起黄土高原侵蚀产沙的变化趋势。在分析气候期与侵蚀期关系的基础上,提出堆积期与侵蚀期都发生在干旱期,未来全球气候变暖进入湿润期,黄土高原侵蚀产沙趋于减少。     

分布式侵蚀产沙模型研究进展

随着计算机技术与地理信息系统(GIS) 技术的发展, 分布式侵蚀产沙模型成为当今土壤侵 蚀领域研究重点与发展方向。本文在分析国内外几个主要的分布式侵蚀产沙模型基础上, 探讨了 分布式侵蚀产沙模型的技术路线与技术实现, 最后指出目前我国分布式侵蚀产沙模型研究存在 的主要问题: ( 1) 分布式水文模型的深入研究为分布式侵蚀产沙模型提供了不少借鉴, 但如何在 分布式水文模型的基础上开发侵蚀模块还存在一些问题; ( 2) 目前国内分布式土壤侵蚀模型大都 基于黄土高原而得出, 模型有一定的局限性; ( 3) 当前的大多侵蚀产沙的关系式( 尤其是坡面侵蚀 关系式) 是经验型的, 汇沙的过程考虑得过于简单, 没有深入探讨水文与土壤侵蚀之间的关系; ( 4) 目前大多数分布式土壤侵蚀模型没有考虑次暴雨产流的时间变化与空间变化。     

长江上游侵蚀产沙与社会经济因子的关系

近年来,随着一系列水利水保工程的建设和使用,长江上游地区人类活动改变泥沙过程的作用越发明显,有必要对其地位和作用进行宏观层面的分析。以四川省和重庆市为例,利用2007 年和1989 年县域截面数据研究了长江上游侵蚀产沙与社会经济因子的关系,结果表明：人口密度、耕地面积与侵蚀产沙具有显著的相关性,其中人口密度与侵蚀产沙的联系更为紧密,并且存在一个临界区间,当人口密度超过这个临界,侵蚀产沙随着人口密度与耕地面积的增加而减少;反之,则侵蚀产沙随着人口密度的增加而增加。这种临界现象实质上体现了地形、降水、土壤等自然环境对产沙的影响,也有部分人为作用。从时空变化来看,人口在不断的向产沙较少、自然条件良好的地区集中,从产沙较多、不适宜生产生活的地区迁离。自然因子对东部高人口密度地区产沙影响较小,对西部低人口密度地区的影响较大。总体上,自然因子对长江上游产沙格局的影响占主导。     

砒砂岩地区降雨与植被耦合关系对侵蚀产沙的影响

研究降雨--植被耦合关系对侵蚀产沙的影响,为侵蚀治理提供数据支持.基于TRMM降雨数据和MODIS 250 m NDVI,分析降雨和植被的年内分布模式和匹配关系,并构建降雨--植被耦合指数RV,用于反映侵蚀产沙状况.进一步利用年降雨量,NDVI以及其分布参数(峰度系数和偏斜度)与输沙量进行相关分析和多元回归分析.结果显示:降雨的集中,偏斜程度和波动性要比植被更为明显;RV与实际输沙量的相关系数为0.84,可以很好地反映侵蚀产沙的相对大小;年输沙量与降雨的分布参数相关性最高,达到0.94和0.87,对提高回归模型的拟合程度影响也最大;考虑降雨量,NDVI及其分布参数的模型的拟合程度最好,R_a²达到0.9232.因此,降雨与植被的年内匹配模式对侵蚀产沙具有重要影响.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区流域系统侵蚀与产沙关系

从长期来看流域系统的侵蚀与产沙基本可以达到平衡,泥沙输移比约等于１。但次降雨或分年度泥沙输移比有相当大的变幅,在短期内会经常存在泥沙的滞留和滞留的泥沙被重新锓蚀搬运,而出现泥沙输移比小于１和大于１的情况。这主要与降雨的空间分布和洪峰增减幅度及径流深度增减幅度密切相关。流域系统次降雨泥沙输移比及各级沟道含沙水流的挟沙能力变化可用单位面积上洪峰增减幅度变化时暴雨洪水的剪切力的转化机制来描述。     

Material component to non-linear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development:an flume experimental study

1 IntroductionThe drainage network is one of the important components in a fluvial system, as Schumm[1] pointed out that three zones compose a typical fluvial system. As early as in the mid 20th century, Horton[2] made a significant quantitative explanation to hydro-geomorphology in a drainage network system. Since the 1960s, Leopold and Langbein have studied the network structure with random walk and entropy, and Shreve, Smart and Scheideger have topologically studied network structure[3-1…     

Material component to non-linear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development: an flume experimental study

This paper examines the experimental study on influence of material component to nonlinear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development completed in the Lab. The area of flume drainage system is 81.2 m2, the longitudinal gradient and cross section slope are from 0.0348 to 0.0775 and from 0.0115 to 0.038, respectively. Different model materials with a medium diameter of 0.021 mm, 0.076 mm and 0.066 mm cover three experiments each. An artificial rainfall equipment is a sprinkler-system composed of 7 downward nozzles, distributed by hexagon type and a given rainfall intensity is 35.56 mm/hr.cm2. Three experiments are designed by process-response principle at the beginning the Ψ shaped small network is dug in the flume. Running time spans are 720 m, 1440 minutes and 540 minutes for Runs I, IV and VI, respectively. Three experiments show that the sediment yield processes are characterized by delaying with a vibration. During network development the energy of a drainage system is dissipated by two ways, of which one is increasing the number of channels (rill and gully), and the other one is enlarging the channel length. The fractal dimension of a drainage network is exactly an index of energy dissipation of a drainage morphological system. Change of this index with time is an unsymmetrical concave curve. Comparison of three experiments explains that the vibration and the delaying ratio of sediment yield processes increase with material coarsening, while the number of channel decreases. The length of channel enlarges with material fining. There exists non-linear relationship between fractal dimension and sediment yield with an unsymmetrical hyperbolic curve. The absolute value of delaying ratio of the curve     

Factors affecting runoff and sediment yield on the semiarid loess area in Northern Shaanxi Province,China

The semiarid loess area in north Shaanxi Province is one of the most serious areas of water erosion in China. The Chinese government initiated the project “Grain-for-Green” for soil erosion control in 1999, with significant effect. Vegetation, rainfall, soil, and topography are the most dominant natural factors affecting soil erosion; therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of these four factors on runoff and soil loss at the runoff-plot scale over five years and use the Gray relational analysis methods to compare the impacts of these factors. Five runoff-measuring sites were established in five different vegetation types. The results show that the relative impacts of the four factors on runoff were: rainfall > soil > topography > vegetation, and the relative impacts of the factors on sediment yield were soil > runoff > rainfall > topography > vegetation. We also analyzed the weights of these four factors on runoff and sediment yield during the wettest year alone. For that year, the relative weights of the factors on runoff were topography > rainfall > soil > vegetation, and the relative weights of the factors on sediment yield were runoff > soil > rainfall > topography > vegetation.     

不同坡面植被空间布局对坡沟系统产流产沙影响的实验

植被在有效控制水土流失、改善生态环境中具有重要作用。为探讨坡面不同植被覆盖度、不同植被空间布局对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙的影响,以4 m长坡面(坡度为20°)和3 m长沟坡(坡度为50°)组成的坡沟系统为研究对象,采用不同放水流量(3.2 L/min、5.2 L/min)的放水冲刷实验,研究了不同放水流量、不同植被覆盖度、不同植被布设部位对坡-沟系统及沟坡侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,在实验条件下,不同植被布设部位在相同放水流量、相同植被覆盖度条件下对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙有明显影响,而对产流量无明显影响;沟坡部分侵蚀产沙量不随坡面植被覆盖度的增大而减小,相反呈增大趋势。说明在实验条件下,对坡沟系统而言,仅在坡面部分布设植被,尽管能在一定程度上减少坡沟系统侵蚀产沙,但并不能有效减小沟坡部分的侵蚀产沙,甚至引起沟坡部分侵蚀产沙的增大。因此,水土流失治理过程中采取有效措施进行坡沟兼治将是减少水土流失的有效手段。     

Modeling stream flow and sediment yield using the SWAT model: a case study of Ankara River basin,Turkey

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was tested for prediction of stream flow and sediment yield in the Ankara basin, Turkey. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and applicability of the SWAT and generate a soil erosion map. Thirteen years of daily/monthly flow and monthly sediment data were used for calibration and validation. Model performance was evaluated using statistical measures to assess the applicability of the model in simulating stream flow and sediment yield during calibration (1989–1996) and validation (1982–1984) periods. Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), relative error (RE), and R² (coefficient of determination) for daily flow were computed as 0.61, ?0.55, and 0.78, respectively; and as 0.79, ?0.58, and 0.89 for monthly flow during the calibration. Statistical comparisons of sediment yield produced values for NSE, RE, and R² of 0.81, ?1.55, and 0.93, respectively, during the calibration. The resulting map suggests that significant portions of urbanized and highly cultivated areas in the vicinity of stream channels are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion. SWAT satisfactorily simulated hydrology and sediment yield and can be used as a tool in decision-making for water resources planning in a basin with similar characteristics.     

黄河中游的侵蚀环境与植被恢复前景

黄土高原的土壤侵蚀和生态环境问题世界瞩目。在保证蓄水拦沙效益基础上,提高林、草保存率,使植被恢复得到最佳的生态效益,是黄土高原环境整治中亟待解决的关键问题。本文根据黄土高原不同空间地理位置的流域、重点县水文监测资料,研究了气候、地表覆被、土地利用方式的变化对流域侵蚀产沙的影响以及流域产沙与地理环境要素间的耦合关系,定量分析了黄土高原,特别是多沙粗沙区自然与人文要素对流域侵蚀产沙的综合影响和因子的权重分析,并利用天然降雨植被生态需水适宜性系数和林、草恢复度的概念,重点探讨了黄河中游主要产沙区、尤其是多沙粗沙区退耕还林等土地利用方式宏观格局变化与植被恢复前景。研究表明,在植被生长主要依赖天然降雨的黄土高原,生物措施(植被类型)要与自然带相适应,应根据植被恢复度和植被生态需水适应性系数来进行宏观植被的恢复与实施。这是目前在不断增长的人口压力下,进行水土保持,解决好经济发展与环境保护、减少垦殖率与保证老百姓的基本农田、造林种草与植被类型的自然适应性、以及控制泥沙作用中生物措施与工程措施合理布局等诸多矛盾的关键所在。     

The recent history of erosion and sedimentation on the Southern Tablelands of southeastern Australia: sediment flux dominated by channel incision

As in other regions colonised from Europe within the last few centuries, Australia's vegetation and soils have been dramatically changed by clearing, cropping and grazing. In southeastern Australia, particularly on the Southern Tablelands, the impacts of European settlement are clearly manifested by channel incision. By using stratigraphic and documentary evidence, in conjunction with aerial photographs, sediment budgets for the post-settlement period have been constructed to define the fluxes and stores of sediment for each of the major geomorphic components of the 136 km² catchment of Jerrabomberra Creek near Canberra. Using these budgets, and some plausible assumptions, it has been possible to approximate the history of both the sediment delivery ratio and sediment yield for this catchment. While the quantities estimated in this analysis are approximations, the trends through time are credible. Sediment yield increased rapidly to a peak after European settlement, and has returned to a level between the peak and the pre-European value. The delivery ratio has followed a similar trend. The most general conclusion to emerge is that in this landscape both the total sediment flux and the sediment yield of the catchment have been dominated by channel erosion. This result is contrary to the findings in many parts of the world where sheet and rill erosion dominates the fluxes. The soil conservation implication of these results is clear: to control off-site effects of erosion, the focus must be on the channels.     

水电开发对河流水沙变化的综合影响评价新方法(英文)

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of cascade dams building in international rivers has been widely discussed in China and ASEAN countries since the 1990s. In Southwest China, all the great mountainous rivers have been the major state base for large-scale hydropower development. Among these rivers, the environmental change and response of the watercourse under the cascade dams building in the upper Mekong (called Lancang River in China) has been the focus in recent 20 years. In this paper, the Lancang River, which has over 25 years of large-scale hydropower development, was chosen as a case study for establishing the affected evaluation indicators system and its regression model of runoff and sediment, determining the indicators weight by the hierarchy analysis method and factor analysis method, and setting up the quantitative evaluation models of indicators affected level based on the "marginal efficiency" principle. Using these methods and model established, the influence degree of runoff and sediment in the Lancang River from 1986 to 2007 were assessed. The major results are: (1) the impact of sediment transport change by the cascade development is much higher than that of the runoff change; (2) the years’ number with different impact levels respectively are 72.7% as the "smallest" level, 18.2% as "smaller", and 9.1% as "general"; (3) the change process of runoff and sediment shows a "U-shaped" pattern, which indicates the balance of sediment change because of the interaction of sediment reduction by Manwan reservoir storage and the increase by the Dachaoshan dam construction.     

东北地区县域粮劳变化耦合模式与乡村发展类型

本文选取2001年、2008年和2015年3期截面数据,综合运用标准差椭圆等空间分析法和非参数检验等数理统计法,对东北地区183个县域粮食产量与农业劳动力变化的耦合模式及其表征的乡村发展类型进行研究。结果表明：① 2001—2015年东北地区总的粮劳变化耦合模式在2008年发生转折,2001—2008年为粮增劳减模式,2008—2015年为粮劳同增模式,这实际上是一种在多因素综合作用下发生的退化。② 县域层面,2008年前后两时段东北地区粮增劳减耦合模式的比例由45.90%下降为37.16%,同时粮减劳增与粮劳同减耦合模式的比例明显上升。从空间格局看,粮劳变化耦合模式转换的差异明显。③ 县域粮劳变化耦合模式可以较好的表征相应的乡村发展类型。县域乡村发展类型实际上具有一定的层级性和结构演进规律。④ 东北地区各县域乡村发展类型所面临的约束和机遇不同,应有针对性的采取差别化的推进策略。