江苏盛夏飞机人工增雨作业的雷达气象学分析

本文对盛夏季节33次飞机人工增雨作业过程作业前后的天气雷达回波资料、天气背影和地面降水资料进了分析,发现作业效果明显的云系主要是：浓积云或浓积云群;复合型层状云;积层混合云;其中最明显的是积层混合云。通过分析,提出了一套飞机对冷云部位进行人工增雨作业的具体指标和作业方式。     

聊城市高炮火箭人工增雨作业分析

利用聊城市2004-2006年春季人工增雨作业的雷达回波资料和实况资料,对13次高炮、火箭人工增雨作业云系、作业时机、部位以及催化剂量的选择进行综合分析。结果表明：聊城市高炮、火箭人工增雨的作业以混合云和层状云为主要目标云系,层状云作业效率最高,可达80．5％;层状云系作业部位应选在0℃层亮带以上,混合云系应选在强回波区附近;选择催化时机,层状云应在云顶高度大于或等于6km,回波强度大于或等于25dBz,混合云云顶高度大于或等于7．5km,回波强度大于或等于35dBz为宜;一次过程,一个作业点每波次炮弹以8～12发效果较好,火箭弹2～4枚为宜。     

增雨作业火箭可催化性分析

提出人工增雨机制和“播云温度窗”概念,分析了红河地区增雨作业可播撒区高度的年变化值,对现行增雨作业火箭和云体可播区高度进行分析,得出:人工增雨不仅仅是对云体发射几枚增雨火箭弹就可以达到增加降雨,而是要根据作业时间、地点、天气条件、云体可播区高度和选择适合的增雨火箭等进行科学分析,并充分利用现代天气预测方法和大气探测手段,实施有效的人工增雨作业。     

增雨作业火箭可催化性分析

提出人工增雨机制和“播云温度窗”概念，分析了红河地区增雨作业可播撒区高度的年变化值，对现行增雨作业火箭和云体可播区高度进行分析，得出：人工增雨不仅仅是对云体发射几枚增雨火箭弹就可以达到增加降雨，而是要根据作业时间、地点、天气条件、云体可播区高度和选择适合的增雨火箭等进行科学分析，并充分利用现代天气预测方法和大气探测手段，实施有效的人工增雨作业。     

渭南市高炮火箭人工增雨作业分析

利用渭南市2001—2004年人工增雨作业的雷达回波资料和实况资料,运用统计和对比的方法,对13次高炮、火箭人工增雨作业云系、作业时机、部位以及催化剂量的选择进行综合分析。总结出渭南市高炮、火箭人工增雨的作业技术要点:以混合云和层状云为主要目标云系,层状云作业效率最高,可达83.3%;层状云系作业部位应选在0oC层亮带以上,混合云系应选在强回波区附近;选择催化时机,层状云应在云顶高度≥6 km,回波强度≥25 dB z,混合云云顶高度≥7.5km,回波强度≥35 dB z为宜;一次过程,一个作业点炮弹以40发左右效果较好,火箭弹2~4枚为宜。     

渭南市人工增雨作业技术指标与判据

利用渭南市1997—2006年10a 46次人工增雨过程的711雷达回波、天气形势、地面观测、实况等资料,结合近2a的多普勒雷达产品资料进行统计、对比、分析,得出渭南市高炮火箭人工增雨作业技术指标和判据。西风槽是主要影响天气系统;增雨时段2—9月,以3—7月为主;作业主要云系为层状云、对流云和混合云;首次分析出层状云0oC层亮带变化规律,强度20~35dB z,厚度0.3~0.5km,亮带高度随季节变化;根据不同云系的回波判据确定作业时机、部位、方式及用弹量;回波的移向移速也是确定作业时机的重要判据;得出多普勒雷达产品在人工增雨应用中的简易指标。     

红河州2005年初夏干旱火箭增雨技术研究

对2005年红河州初夏干旱进行4次大规模人工增雨作业过程、影响天气系统、雷达回波和探空资料进行研究分析,得出初夏降雨天气过程的前锋主要为对流云系,然后演变成混合云或深厚层状云,其云系均具有较大催化潜力,是人工增雨的有利作业对象。提出人工增雨机制,指出现行两种增雨火箭播撒催化能力和作业催化的利弊。初步提出适合人工增雨的条件、监测识别方法和催化部位、催化时机和催化剂量理论参数。     

浙江省夏秋季人工增雨作业雷达指标研究

为指导地市更加科学合理地开展人工增雨作业,基于2018—2020年夏秋季浙江人工增雨作业记录、多普勒雷达数据、MICAPS数据、自动站小时雨量及探空数据,在对增雨作业效果分析后利用逆推法对浙江省夏秋季人工增雨作业雷达指标进行研究。浙江有利于开展人工增雨作业的天气系统主要有切变线、高空槽和台风,占比分别为28.6%、21.4%和21.4%。根据雷达回波和降水特征,作业云系可分为层状云、积状云、层状云为主和积状云为主的混合云,其中混合云是最常见的作业云系,占比高达82.5%。在日常增雨作业中,增雨效果明显的作业比例较低,占比仅13.4%。回波强度、回波顶高、负温层厚度、垂直积分液态水含量为增雨作业条件判别的有效指标,不同季节和不同云系对应的雷达指标有所不同。统计发现未能合理开展作业是无法获取正增雨效果的主要原因,占比高达49.2%,其他常见原因还包括作业时机不合适、作业部位不合适和作业对象不合适。本文所建立的雷达指标在临近作业指挥中具有一定的指导意义。     

湖南秋季积层混合云系飞机人工增雨作业方法

统计分析2007—2016年秋季湖南省长沙市地面气象观测资料、湖南省飞机人工增雨作业资料, 得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系的降水分布情况、一般结构特征和相应的飞机增雨作业方法。使用多普勒天气雷达、GRAPES_CAMS数值模式和中小尺度气象站网等资料对典型作业天气过程进行云降水物理和数值模拟分析, 采用成对对流云和基于TREC算法的回波跟踪等方法进行作业效果评估。归纳得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系人工增雨作业条件判别的12个宏微观指标, 探讨在使用运7飞机、碘化银烟条作业装备条件下, 开展飞机增雨作业的最佳催化时机、部位和剂量。针对积层混合云系中的降水性层状云系、积云对流泡, 飞机增雨适宜作业的区域、播撒高度和催化剂量:在过冷高层云的-15~-5℃层, 播撒达到30 L-1的人工冰晶浓度; 在过冷积云的-15~-7℃层, 静力催化使冰晶浓度达到30 L-1或动力催化达到100 L-1。这些方法在实践中取得了较好的人工增雨作业效果。     

贵州省兴义市05-12人工增雨试验效果分析

2006年入春以来,贵州省黔西南出现了较为严重的高温、少雨干旱天气,农作物受旱严重,部分乡镇农村人畜饮水困难。05-12天气过程为典型的冷锋切变天气,持续时间长,锋前以对流云系为主,伴有打雷下雨,人影作业后,天气过程演变为混合云降水,最后演变为稳定的层状云降雨后逐步消散。该文从灾情发生、天气形势、作业情况、云状变化、雷达回波演变、降雨量及分布、增雨效果等方面,对05-12人工增雨试验进行总结分析,为今后提高人工增雨效益作借鉴。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.