渤海海峡海岛站与沿岸站大风对比分析

统计了渤海海峡5个海岛站和3个沿岸站1年的大风资料,在每月大风日数、风速、年际和月际变化特征、主导风向等方面进行了对比分析,得出渤海海峡大风如下结论:大风的风力以6～7级为主,南部比北部更易出现大风,且风速也较大;出现大风的最高概率为57.5%,即平均不到2天就出现一次;海岛站与沿岸站大风风力极值相差最大为20.8 m/s;极大风风速43.2 m/s,创历史最高纪录;风速的月变化规律基本一致,呈现两峰两谷形势;大风年主导风向为NW-NNE,风速以偏北大风和偏南大风较大,而偏西风和偏东风较小;具有典型的季风性气候特征,冬季以偏北大风为主,夏季以偏南大风为主,春、秋季偏北大风和偏南大风交替出现;综合应用海岛站和沿岸站大风记录,能更加准确反映渤海海峡大风的气候特征。     

渤海海峡大风的气候特征分析

统计了烟台、大连沿海共6个台站3Ia的历史资料,分析了各站大风日数、年际和月际变化特征、主导风向、风力等特点,得出渤海海峡大风的如下结论:1、海岛站能较好的代表渤海海峡大风的情况;2、大风日数存在逐年减少的变化趋势,但也存在着突变的特点:3、具有典型的季风性气候特征,冬季以偏北大风为主,春秋季开始出现偏南大风,月际变化呈现两峰-谷的形势;4、大连沿海以北大风为主,烟台沿海春秋季南大风次数明显增多;5、大风的风力以6～7级为主;8级以上的强风只占总次数的6.7%;6、以偏北风和偏南风较大,而偏东风和偏西风较小;7、极大风速一般比最大风速大1～2个等级;8、时常出现持续时间较长的连续大风.     

青岛沿海地区大风特征及其预警评估

利用2007—2019 年青岛8 个海岛站和 22 个岸基站的观测数据,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析资料以及2015—2019 年青岛市气象台发布的大风预警信息,统计分析了青岛沿海地区的大风特征,检验评估了大风预警发布的命中率并由此提出了实况预警参考站点的建议。分析结果表明,青岛沿海地区60. 3%的大风日出现在冬、春季,82. 9%的大风出现在海岛站,青岛环胶州湾地区全年不易受到大风的影响;造成青岛大风的环流型主要由冷高压型、低压槽型、温带气旋型和台风型组成,其中冷高压型是以冬季大风为主,低压槽型以春季大风为主,温带气旋型以春、夏季大风为主;2015—2019 年青岛海岛站大风平均预警准确率为81. 0%,沿海地区大风预警发布提前量平均为12. 1 h,解除预警滞后 20. 8 h;海岛站中的田横岛、长门岩、朝连岛、灵山岛以及岸基站中的胶州营海、红岛休闲渔村、罗家营、奥帆基地和大涧山可作为大风实况参考站点,用以开展青岛沿海地区大风预警服务。     

烟台船舶自动气象站测风数据可用性初探

为进一步改造船舶自动气象站、提高其测风监测数据质量,对航行在烟台北部海域的渤海轮渡公司的5条客滚船和北海救助局的5条救助船上的船舶自动站的测风探测数据与海岛站气象数据进行了多角度对比分析,发现,渤海轮渡5艘船舶站航行时风速异常偏大,不能使用。船在港口停泊时,风速正常,但不能代表海面风。救助局船舶站风速无明显异常,可参考使用。据此提出了双GPS改造的合理化建议。渤海金珠轮进行双GPS改造后,异常值明显下降。     

闽东北沿海港湾岛屿测站风分布特征及预报指标站的选取

基于2011—2013年福建省宁德市港湾岛屿自动站观测的风的资料,统计分析3 a港湾岛屿风力的时空分布特征,结果表明:港湾岛屿各站的空间分布极为不均,具有明显的区域性差异,局地性特征突出。测站的主导风向以东北风为主,各地风向差异明显。大风风速的季节变化相对来说比较平缓,季节间的差异不大。大风风向的季节变化,冬、秋、春季盛行东北风,夏季则以西南风为主导。此外,通过对资料的完整性、可用性、服务的重要性、站点的地理分布和相关性等因素深入分析,对比论证自动站大风探测资料的代表性和适用性,确定宁德市港湾岛屿大风预报区域自动站的24个代表站,作为预报风力的指标站,将自动站纳入天气预报指标体系,以便对港湾岛屿风力预报进行精细化研究。     

龙口海洋站风况特征分析

根据龙口海洋站观测得到的2007年逐时10分钟平均风速、风向资料,对平均风速风向、大风风速风向、大风日数等方面进行了分析,得出结论:龙口海洋站的风具有典型的季风性气候特征,冬夏季主风向有180°的变化,平均风速的月际变化出现两峰两谷的趋势;常风向为S向和NE向,强风向为偏北向;偏东风的平均风速和出现频率最小;大风风力以6级为主,大风的年平均风速为13.3 m/s,出现大风的月最高概率为63.3%;大风年主导风向为NW-NE以及S,风速以偏北大风较大,偏东风最小;秋冬季节以偏北大风为主,春季偏南大风与偏北大风交替出现,夏季是大风最少的季节。     

ASCAT近岸风在山东沿海的适用性分析

利用2013年1月—2014年12月山东近海的8个浮标站、海岛站和自动站资料与ASCAT近岸风速和风向进行对比,以分析ASCAT反演风场在山东沿海的适用性。研究发现:总体上看,ASCAT近岸风速与代表站实况风速正相关,ASCAT近岸风速在山东沿海误差较小,风向有明显的偏离。ASCAT近岸风在渤海、渤海海峡和黄海北部的适用性优于黄海中部。风力不同时,ASCAT近岸风速与实况偏差有明显差别,表现为当实况出现6级及以上的大风,ASCAT近岸风速小于实况;当实况出现6级以下的风,ASCAT近岸风速大于实况。就ASCAT风速偏差而言,6级以下的风速偏差小于6级及以上风。ASCAT近岸风向与实况偏差也有明显差别,当实况出现6级及以上的大风,ASCAT近岸风向与实况的偏离变小;当实况出现6级以下的风,ASCAT近岸风向与实况的偏离变大。因此,ASCAT近岸风速在山东沿海有较好的适用性,6级以下风更优;ASCAT近岸风向也有一定的适用性,6级及以上风向可用性比6级以下强。     

冀东油田作业海区大风特征分析及气象信息应用研究

利用冀东油田作业海区2013年12月—2014年11月的观测数据,分析了东、西、南部海区的大风特征,对产生大风的天气形势作了分型,并针对风、浪的专业站点观测值和现场人工经验观测值之间的差异作了对比分析,提出了释用方法。结果表明:(1)南部海区年大风日数最多,约为150 d,西部海区最少,约为100 d;(2)大风的季节性分布整体呈两峰两谷的趋势,5、11月是大风日数最多的月份;(3)各海区大风风向均以NW、WNW和ENE、E为主导风向,呈现出非常明显的"极端化"分布;(4)低槽冷锋是产生大风日数最多的天气系统,约占所有个例的一半;(5)专业自动站观测的风力均比现场人工经验观测的风力小,可提高1～3个等级后用于实际作业,自动观测的浪高普遍比人工观测的浪高小,可通过增加修正值或使用线性关系式予以运用。     

WRF、EC和T639模式在福建沿海冬半年大风预报中的检验与应用

基于福建省冬半年沿海和港湾岛屿自动站的逐时极大风观测资料和WRF(Weather Research and Forecast)、EC(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)细网格以及T639(TL639L60)三种模式预报的10 m 风场资料, 将模式预报的风向风速与观测资料进行对比检验, 结果表明: 福建省沿海冬半年大风的盛行风向以东北风为主, 大风的时空分布极为不均, 沿海风力的脉动性、跳跃性、局地性突出。从三种模式对风速风向的模拟效果来看, WRF 和EC 细网格的预报效果较好, 有可参考性, T639可参考性不高。对于风速, 模式预报结果相比实况极大风速偏小, 港湾岛屿代表站风速的平均绝对误差均小于沿海代表站, 预报平均误差由沿海向内陆逐渐减小, 由中部向南北逐渐减小。风向相比风速的预报效果要差, WRF 和EC 细网格的风向预报误差在45°～50°, 有一定的参考意义; 港湾岛屿代表站风向的平均绝对误差大于沿海代表站, 以浮标站的误差最大。当观测风速出现7 级及以上风速时, 若对大风进行分级检验, 则较低风速的预报平均绝对误差小于较高风速; 风向预报的平均绝对误差也大大降低, 且误差都在45°以内, 具有良好的参考性。     

唐山湾精细化海区大风特征初步分析

根据唐山湾的特殊地理环境,将其分为西部、南部和东部3个海域,并选取3个沿岸站、2个海岛站和1个浮标站分别作为3个海域的代表站,对每个站点的大风日数、风速、年际和月际的变化特征进行对比分析。结果如下:南部海域出现≥6级的大风和极大风的天数最多,出现大风的概率与东部海域相当,均为西部海域的3倍左右;整个唐山湾海域大风具有典型的季节性变化特征,呈两峰两谷分布,5月和11月是出现大风最多的月份;3个海域的极大风速极值均在17.2 m/s以上(8级以上),7月16日急性型冷锋的出现使得嘴东站的极大风速达到31.2 m/s(11级);唐山湾3个海域的≥6级大风年主导风向为NE-ENE,≥6级极大风年主导风向为ENE-E,所有大风几乎没有偏南的风向,即唐山湾6级以上大风均以偏北风为主。综合分析3个海域代表站的大风资料,可以精确的反映唐山湾海域大风的气候特征,更为各个海域的天气预报提供辅助工作。     

JONSWAP谱的几个参量的研究

对著名的风浪频谱JONSWAP谱的几个参量进行了研究,给出了风浪谱的尖度因子P与峰升高因子γ、与平均频率和峰频率之比(?)/ω_0的两个函数逼近关系。     

海上不同高度风速换算关系的研究

本文用海上石油平台上观测的风梯度资料,计算了在不同风况下海面摩擦速度和粗糙高度。结果表明,海面摩擦速度u_*与海上10m高度处风速u_(10)的关系为u_*=0.055u_(10)-0.058。在4—5级风时,海面平均摩擦速度为50cm/s,粗糙度为0.022m,它相当于陆上的平均粗糙高度。在风速为2—3级时,二者与海上通常采用的数据接近。文中最后给出了上述两种风况下海上不同高度的换算系数。     

A ten-year data set for fetch- and depth-limited wave growth

This paper presents the key results from a ten-year data set for Lake IJssel and Lake Sloten in The Netherlands, containing information on wind, storm surges and waves, supplemented with SWAN 40.51 wave model results. The wind speeds U₁₀, effective fetches x and water depths d for the data set ranged from 0–24 m s^− 1, 0.8–25 km and 1.2–6 m respectively. For locations with non-sloping bottoms, the range in non-dimensional fetch x? ( = gxU₁₀^− 2) was about 25–80,000, while the range in dimensionless depth d? ( = g d U₁₀^− 2) was about 0.03–1.7. Land–water wind speed differences were much smaller than the roughness differences would suggest. Part of this seems due to thermal stability effects, which even play a role during near-gale force winds. For storm surges, a spectral response analysis showed that Lake IJssel has several resonant peaks at time scales of order 1 h. As for the waves, wave steepnesses and dimensionless wave heights H? ( = gH_m0U₁₀^− 2) agreed reasonably well with parametric growth curves, although there is no single curve to which the present data fit best for all cases. For strongly depth-limited waves, the extreme values of d? (0.03) and H_m0 / d (0.44) at the 1.7 m deep Lake Sloten were very close to the extremes found in Lake George, Australia. For the 5 m deep Lake IJssel, values of H_m0 / d were higher than the depth-limited asymptotes of parametric wave growth curves. The wave model test cases of this study demonstrated that SWAN underestimates H_m0 for depth-limited waves and that spectral details (enhanced peak, secondary humps) were not well reproduced from H_m0 / d = 0.2–0.3 on. SWAN also underestimated the quick wave response (within 0.3–1 h) to sudden wind increases. For the remaining cases, the new [Van der Westhuysen, A.J., Zijlema, M., and Battjes, J.A., 2007. Nonlinear saturation-based whitecapping dissipation in SWAN for deep and shallow water, Coast. Eng., 54, 151–170] SWAN physics yielded better results than the standard physics of Komen, G.J., Hasselmann, S., Hasselmann, K., 1984. On the existence of a fully developed wind-sea spectrum. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14, 1271–1285, except for persistent overestimations that were found for short fetches. The present data set contains many interesting cases for detailed model validation and for further studies into the evolution of wind waves in shallow lakes.     

风应力对印度洋上层环流的模拟研究

利用10aECMWF风应力资料强迫LASG／IAP L30T63大洋环流模式,模拟分析了印度洋海温变化的基本特征,重点分析了1982年印度洋偶极子事件。模式很好地模拟印度洋的季节变化;模拟的印度洋偶极子指数与实际资料大体上相似,但并非一一对应,且存在2～4月滞后,振幅也小于资料分析的结果;对1982年印度洋偶极子事件做个例分析,研究其发生、发展以及消亡的基本特征。     

Downward transfer of momentum by wind-driven waves

A model for the downward transfer of wind momentum is derived for growing waves. It is shown that waves, which grow due to an uneven pressure distribution on the water surface or a wave-coherent surface shear stress have horizontal velocities out of phase with the surface elevation. Further, if the waves grow in the x-direction, while the motion is perhaps time-periodic at any fixed point, the Reynolds stresses associated with the organized motion are positive. This is in agreement with several field and laboratory measurements which were previously unexplained, and the new theory successfully links measured wave growth rates and measured sub-surface Reynolds stresses. Wave coherent air pressure (and/or surface shear stress) is shown to change the speed of wave propagation as well as inducing growth or decay. From air pressure variations that are in phase with the surface elevation, the influence on the waves is simply a phase speed increase. For pressure variations out of phase with surface elevation, both growth (or decay) and phase speed changes occur. The theory is initially developed for long waves, after which the velocity potential and dispersion relation for linear waves in arbitrary depth are given. The model enables a sounder model for the transfer to storm surges or currents of momentum from breaking waves in that it does not rely entirely on ad-hoc turbulent diffusion. Future models of atmosphere-ocean exchanges should also acknowledge that momentum is transferred partly by the organized wave motion, while other species, like heat and gasses, may rely totally on turbulent diffusion. The fact that growing wind waves do in fact not generally obey the dispersion relation for free waves may need to be considered in future wind wave development models.     

Ekman drift and vortical structures

In this article, the authors study the influence of a constant wind on the displacement of a vortex. The well known Ekman current develops in the surface layer and is responsible for a transport perpendicular to the wind: the Ekman drift.An additional process is, however, evidenced, whose importance is as strong as the Ekman drift. There indeed exists a curl of the wind-driven acceleration along isopycnic surfaces when they are spatially variable (they enter and leave the depth where the wind stress acts), which generates potential vorticity anomalies. This diabatic effect is shown to generate potential vorticity anomalies which acts on the propagation of vortical waves and non linear vortices.It is shown that this effect drastically reduces the effect of the Ekman drift for linear waves and surface intensified vortices, while extending its effect to subsurface vortices. It also generates along wind propagation, whose sign depends on the vortex characteristics.     

AEL—1型风向,风速仪

本文介绍并叙述了AEL-1型风向、风速仪的设计原理,仪器各部分的电路设计,工作过程及系统软件。该仪器适用于气象台站、工矿企业、海上浮标及科研单位等部门。     

Wave model predictions in the Black Sea: Sensitivity to wind fields

This paper evaluates the impact of using different wind field products on the performance of the third generation wave model SWAN in the Black Sea and its capability for predicting both normal and extreme wave conditions during 1996. Wind data were obtained from NCEP CFSR, NASA MERRA, JRA-25, ECMWF Operational, ECMWF ERA40, and ECMWF ERA-Interim. Wave data were obtained in 1996 at three locations in the Black Sea within the NATO TU-WAVES project. The quality of wind fields was assessed by comparing them with satellite data. These wind data were used as forcing fields for the generation of wind waves. Time series of predicted significant wave height (H_mo), mean wave period (T_m02), and mean wave direction (DIR) were compared with observations at three offshore buoys in the Black Sea and its performance was quantified in terms of statistical parameters. In addition, wave model performance in terms of significant wave height was also assessed by comparing them against satellite data.The main scope of this work is the impact of the different available wind field products on the wave hindcast performance. In addition, the sensitivity of wave model forecasts due to variations in spatial and temporal resolutions of the wind field products was investigated. Finally, the impact of using various wind field products on predicting extreme wave events was analyzed by focussing on storm peaks and on an individual storm event in October 1996. The numerical results revealed that the CFSR winds are more suitable in comparison with the others for modelling both normal and extreme events in the Black Sea. The results also show that wave model output is critically sensitive to the choice of the wind field product, such that the quality of the wind fields is reflected in the quality of the wave predictions. A finer wind spatial resolution leads to an improvement of the wave model predictions, while a finer temporal resolution in the wind fields generally does not significantly improve agreement between observed and simulated wave data.     

福建风能的区划和开发利用

根据有效风速（３￣２０ｍ／ｓ）的累积小时数、有效风能密度、风能季节变化以及３０ａ一遇的最大风速等指标，将福建省划分为风能丰富、较珂利用和贫乏４个区，７个副区。通过分区找出全省各地风能资源的差异，为充分开发和利用风能资源提供资料和依据。文中还提出了风能开发利用的设想和存在的问题。     

风传感器智能化接口研究

介绍了应用于大型海洋资料浮标FZF3—1系统上的智能风速、风向采集系统，论述了该系统的软、硬件的设计原理和性能以及在无人值守、自动采集浮标上的应用情况。