中纬电离层的低频等离子体不稳定性

本文研究了中纬电离层Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性和漂移不稳定性的基本性质.如果不存在中性风和背景电场,中纬Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性的增长率比赤道相应条件下的小.中性风和电场对中纬Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性有重要影响.当中性风速度达到10m/s时,其作用就超过了重力.漂移不稳定性也受到重力、中性风和电场的影响,离子-中性粒子碰撞能降低漂移不稳定性的增长率.本文的分析表明,在赤道电离层容易产生大尺度的Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性,在中纬电离层易产生小尺度的漂移不稳定性.     

波粒相互作用导致环电流质子沉降的卫星共轭观测

波粒相互作用是环电流损失的重要机制之一,但波粒相互作用导致的环电流离子沉降而损失迄今为止缺乏直接的观测证据.基于磁层及电离层卫星的协同观测,本文报道了发生在2015年9月7日,由电磁离子回旋波(EMIC波)导致环电流质子沉降的共轭观测事件.在等离子体层的内边界,Van Allen Probe B卫星观测到,存在EMIC波的区域和不存在EMIC波的区域相比,离子通量的投掷角分布的各向异性变弱.我们将Van Allen Probe B卫星沿着磁力线投影到电离层高度,同时在该投影区域内DMSP 16卫星在亚极光区域观测到环电流质子沉降.而且,通过从理论上计算质子弹跳平均扩散系数,我们进一步证实观测的EMIC波确实能将环电流质子散射到损失锥中.本文的研究工作为EMIC波导致环电流质子沉降提供了直接的观测证据,揭示了环电流衰减的重要物理机制:EMIC波将环电流质子散射到损失锥中,从而沉降到低高度大气层中而损失.     

对流层上传重力波的非线性演化

利用二维全隐欧拉格式对重力波在可压、非等温大气中的非线性传播过程进行了数值模拟和分析.分析结果表明，从对流层顶激发的重力波能稳定地经平流层传到中层顶，从而将能量和动量从一个区域带到另一个区域；在向上传播过程中，重力波经历了发展、位温翻转、对流直至最终破碎的演变；重力波的破碎是对流和小尺度波动的重要的源，对流不稳定和翻转是非线性现象的一个基本特征.计算还显示，扰动源的大小直接影响着重力波的非线性传播过程，当扰动源足够小时，重力波能稳定传播，而大振幅扰动可以加速重力波的破碎.     

磁重联与等离子体波动

磁场重联与等离子体波动之间存在显著的联系.其中准静态波动、激波和动力学阿尔芬波的本征模是磁重联结构的重要组成部分.而其它的高频波动,不仅能吸收粒子的自由能,还可以导致粒子的加热和反常电阻的产生.这些多尺度的波动过程揭示了磁重联中能量转换的多尺度性质.本文探讨了地球磁层磁重联过程中的各种等离子体波动,涵盖了动力学阿尔芬波、低混杂波、哨声波、静电孤波、离子声波以及电子尺度的高频静电波,并分析了它们在磁重联中的特性和作用.近期的研究成果表明,动力学阿尔芬波（kinetic Alfven wave, KAW）能够描述磁重联区域的微观结构,其中包括霍尔磁场、霍尔电场、平行电场、霍尔电流以及场向电流.在这一过程中,霍尔电场作用于离子,有助于提高重联速率.低混杂波主要在电流片的密度梯度较大处被激发,并对电子进行平行加热.而哨声波是由朗道共振和回旋共振机制驱动的.据当前研究所示,低混杂波和哨声波对于重联过程中的反常电阻效应的影响是次要的.静电孤波多在磁重联分界线区域出现,其对等离子体的加热效应仍需进一步研究.与此同时,关于高频静电波（例如高混杂波和电子伯恩斯坦波）的研究重点在于磁重联的扩散区,这些波被...     

正压大气模式中在地形效应和β效应作用下的非线性Rossby包络孤立波

在正压大气模式下,采用多重尺度法研究了基本气流具有弱切变的正压非线性Rossby孤立波包,得到了当波振幅和纬向波数都是缓变情况下Rossby波包振幅的演变满足带有β效应和小尺度地形作用的非线性非齐次Schrdinger方程.说明β效应和地形效应是诱导Rossby包络孤立波的重要因素.     

基于机器学习的时间反转散射体检测方法

地下小尺度散射体的检测和识别对于提高地震勘探的分辨率具有重要意义,目前业界普遍采用绕射波分离及成像方法检测地下散射体,而绕射波成像的质量主要取决于绕射波和反射波波场分离的程度.本文将被动源震源定位问题中常用的时间反转原理引入到地下散射体检测中,首先通过分析被动源和主动源模型反传波场的聚焦状态,验证了时间反转原理应用于地下散射体检测中的可行性;并引入机器学习中的朴素贝叶斯分类算法,给出适用于时间反转散射体检测的分类算法框架,计算模型中每个点成为散射体的概率,最终检测出地下散射体最有可能存在的位置.散射体模型和Sigsbee2a模型的试算结果证实了本文方法在不需对反射波和绕射波分离的情况下,即可实现对地下散射体的检测和定位,同时由于考虑了多次散射的影响,检测结果能准确反映地下散射体的位置.     

自相似型各向异性自组织介质中地震波场动力学响应

地下岩石结构/构造和矿物组成在小尺度上存在的不均匀性和各向异性会导致地震波速度的分形分布,进而衍生出自组织介质模型. 本文针对地球内部岩浆垂向侵入及横向溢流为特征的岩浆作用,开展自相似型各向异性自组织介质的地震波动力学响应研究. 基于二维自组织介质模型和声波方程,本文利用有限差分法模拟了不同强度岩浆侵入和溢流作用形成的自组织介质中地震波场,并进行了波场特征分析. 研究结果表明：（1）在横向溢流作用为主的自组织介质中,横向相关长度小于地震波波长的条件下,聚焦效应随着横向相关长度的增大而增强,地震波能量随之增强;反之,在横向相关长度大于地震波波长的条件下,散射效应随横向相关长度的增大而增强,地震波能量随之减弱. （2）在垂向侵入作用为主的自组织介质中,随着垂向相关长度增大,散射效应增强,地震波的能量也随之迅速减弱. （3）岩浆作用的自组织强度增强,地震波的能量增大,而中心频率无变化. （4）自组织介质具有相同的小尺度扰动,其速度梯度背景越小,地震波能量在炮点附近越集中. （5）当多层自组织介质共存,特征层位的波场特征仍以各自的自组织特性为主,因此利用实际资料中不同层位的地震反射特征可推测地下介质的自组织性质.     

弹性波在含双裂纹岩体中的传播分析

岩石和岩体是具有复杂细微观结构的非均匀介质.弹性波在岩体中传播时,与岩体细微观缺陷相互作用表现出弹性波的频散效应.为研究岩体内部细观结构对弹性波频散效应的作用,本文采用双裂纹模型:在模型内部,考虑裂纹间的相互作用对弹性波的影响,以分析弹性波在双裂纹体系间的多次散射作用;在双裂纹体系间,采用线性叠加分析法,以考虑岩体缺陷影响的局部化.对波动方程应用Green函数基本解,利用边界积分方法,将双裂纹体系作为内边界处理,得到相应的频散方程,由此对比分析了双裂纹体系在上述两种分析方法下的区别,进一步探讨了双裂纹体系参数、孔隙流体压力和卸荷对岩体频散特性的影响.     

ESF小尺度湍动谱簇射和非线性稳定性理论（Ⅰ）

本文从等离子体二流体方程出发,推导了适于描述赤道扩展F（ESF）层小尺度湍流的二维静电模型方程.对模型方程进行了线性分析,并且导出了描述波波相互作用的三波非线性耦合方程,以此为基础详细讨论了若干情况下的非线性稳定性和能谱簇射过程.结果表明,赤道F层不仅可以存在正能波,而且可能存在负能波;正能波和负能波的相互作用可以导致爆炸型不稳定性;各种可能的三个波（如三个正能波,二个正能波和一个负能波,等等）之间的相互作用可以产生不同类型的非线性不稳定性,导致不同形式的能量簇射,例如能量可以向大波数方向簇射,也可相反,还可能同时向大和小波数方向簇射等。     

小尺度地磁场勒让德多项式建模方法

根据地面实测地磁场数据,提出一种基于勒让德多项式的对小尺度地磁场的模型建立方法,结合数据预处理、最小二乘拟合方法,采用高阶的模型描述典型小尺度区域的地磁场,绘制出地磁图.通过实验验证,模型拟合实验点的数据与真实数据的磁场总强度平均误差小于30 nT,并且反映出小尺度区域中磁场的精细结构,有效地抑制了边界效应,大大提高了地磁场建模能力.另外讨论了勒让德多项式建模方法的优缺点以及使用范围.这为地磁场在空间延拓、探矿、地下结构分析提供了重要的方法和理论基础.     

Effect of the charged dust grains on the neutral induced low frequency drift instability in a weakly ionized and magnetized dusty plasma

The role of neutrals in a partially ionized collisional dusty plasma is analyzed. In a magnetized inhomogeneous collisional dusty plasma, where plasma components have density gradients, neutrals can affect the instability significantly. Neutral induced instability and the effect of charge variation in such a dusty plasma are investigated. Dust size can control the neutral scale length which can answer the observed density irregularities in the ionosphere. Small sized dust particles favour damping due to charge variation while large sized particles assist collisional damping.     

The generation of non aspect sensitive plasma density irregularities by field aligned drifts in the lower ionosphere

A theory of the generation of plasma density irregularities with virtually no aspect sensitivity, in the lower ionosphere at high latitudes, by electron drifts aligned with the geomagnetic field, is presented. The theory is developed through fluid equations in which the destabilising mechanism involves positive feedback from electron collisional heating. When field aligned electron drift speeds exceed a few km s^–1, this effect destabilises waves with wavelengths in excess of a few tens of metres in the lower E-region, where collisional effects are sufficiently large. Furthermore, the threshold conditions are almost independent of the wave propagation direction and the unstable waves propagate at speeds well below the ion acoustic speed. The role that this new instability may play in recent radar backscatter observations of short scale irregularities propagating in directions close to that of the geomagnetic field, in the lower E-region is also considered.     

Effects of molecular ions on the Rayleigh–Taylor instability in the night-time equatorial ionosphere

In view of composition measurements in the night-time equatorial ionosphere, the role of molecular ions on the collisional Rayleigh–Taylor instability is examined using a linear perturbation analysis and a growth rate expression in the presence of double-ion species is obtained. The expression reveals that the growth rate depends on the number densities of both the ion species. This is in contrast to a single ionic constituent wherein the growth rate is independent of number density. The numerical calculation under realistic conditions reveals that the growth rate of the instability reduces with the introduction of the second dominant ion species and never exceeds the growth rate corresponding to a single ionic constituent. Further, the growth of the plasma instability is feasible even when the scale length of the second dominant ion is negative.     

大气重力波产生的大尺度赤道电离层扰动

本文研究了大气重力波产生的大尺度赤道电离层扰动的性质．当重力波的传播方向与磁场方向倾斜相交时，重力波在Ｆ区产生行进电离层扰动．当重力波垂直于磁场传播时，能触发等离子体Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ不稳定性，形成大尺度赤道扩展Ｆ不均匀体．重力波引起的扩展Ｆ主要出现于晚上，行进电离层扰动则可能出现于任何时间．本文建立了行进电离层扰动和大尺度赤道扩展Ｆ的统一理论模型，深入全面地揭示了电离层扰动的性质．     

Submerged granular channel flows driven by gravity

The paper presents a rheological model for gravity driven granular flows saturated with water. The model adopts the kinetic theory for the collisional regime, which is dominant near the free surface, while for the frictional regime a specific model is proposed, which matches the Coulombian condition at the boundary with the loose static bed. The solution for the frictional regime is based on the observation that the frictional and the collisional regimes are not stratified but coexist across the flow depth.The model is able to predict the distribution along the depth of velocity, concentration, granular temperature, shear and normal stresses. In particular, it is possible to discriminate between the collisional and the frictional components of the normal and shear stresses.The results of the model are compared with the data of a laboratory investigation on a steady, uniform, highly concentrated saturated granular flow, composed of spheres with a uniform diameter of 6 mm.Another important issue addressed in the paper concerns the balances of the kinetic energy of the granular phase. The model is able to describe the mechanisms of production, diffusion and dissipation of kinetic energy, relevant to both the mean component of the flow and the fluctuating component (i.e., the collisional component). Also in this case the comparison with the experimental data is reasonably good. Near the static loose bed, the model predicts that the flux of the diffused fluctuating energy exceeds an order of magnitude the locally dissipated flux of fluctuating energy. This suggests that the motion of the grains, even at concentrations close to that of packing, is always accompanied by a certain degree of granular temperature.     

Delay-dependent stability and added damping of SDOF real-time dynamic hybrid testing

It is well-recognized that a transfer system response delay that reduces the test stability inevitably exists in real-time dynamic hybrid testing (RTDHT).This paper focuses on the delay-dependent stability and added damping of SDOF systems in RTDHT.The exponential delay term is transferred into a rational fraction by the Padé approximation, and the delay-dependent stability conditions and instability mechanism of SDOF RTDHT systems are investigated by the root locus technique.First, the stability conditions are discussed separately for the cases of stiffness, mass, and damping experimental substructure.The use of root locus plots shows that the added damping effect and instability mechanism for mass are different from those for stiffness.For the stiffness experimental substructure case, the instability results from the inherent mode because of an obvious negative damping effect of the delay.For the mass case, the delay introduces an equivalent positive damping into the inherent mode, and instability occurs at an added high frequency mode.Then, the compound stability condition is investigated for a general case and the results show that the mass ratio may have both upper and lower limits to remain stable.Finally, a high-emulational virtual shaking table model is built to validate the stability conclusions.     

Deriving the normalised ion-neutral collision frequency from EISCAT observations

Common programme observations by the EISCAT UHF radar revealed an extended interval, post geomagnetic local noon on 03 April 1992, during which the F-region ion velocity orthogonal to the geomagnetic field was significantly enhanced, to values exceeding 2 km s⁻¹ corresponding to a perpendicular electric field of some 100 mV m⁻¹. Observations from this interval are used to illustrate a method by which estimates of the E-region ion-neutral collision frequency may be derived in the presence of enhanced electric field. From both the rotation of the ion velocity vector and the reduction in the ion velocity magnitude relative to that in the F-region, independent estimates of the normalised ion-neutral collision frequency are made at the UHF E-region tristatic altitudes; the derived values are, in general, lower than model predictions. Although initial calculations assume a stationary neutral atmosphere, first-order estimates of the E-region neutral wind are subsequently employed to calculate revised estimates of the normalised ion-neutral collision frequency; these neutral winds are derived by attributing the difference between predicted and observed enhancements in field-parallel ion temperature to thermospheric motion. The inclusion of neutral winds, which are themselves not inconsiderable, appears to have only a limited effect on the normalised collision frequencies derived.     

Instability of a geostrophic front and its energetics

Abstract

The instability of a current with a geostrophic surface density front is investigated by means of a reduced gravity model having a velocity profile with nearly uniform potential vorticity. It is shown that currents are unstable when the mean potential vorticity decreases toward the surface front at the critical point of the frontal trapped waves investigated by Paldor (1983). This instability is identical with that demonstrated by Killworth (1983) in the longwave limit.

The cross-stream component of mass flux and the rates of energy conversions among the five energy forms defined by Orlanski (1968) are also calculated. The main results are as follows, (a) The mass flux toward the surface front is positive near the front and negative around the critical point. The positive mass flux near the front does not vanish at the position of the undisturbed surface front, so that the mean position of the front moves outward and the region of the strong current spreads. (b) The potential energy of the mean flow integrated over the fluid is released through the work done by the force of the pressure gradient of the mean flow on the fluid, and is converted into the kinetic energy of the mean flow. (c) In the critical layer, the mean flow is rapidly accelerated with the growth of the unstable wave. This acceleration is caused by the rapid phase shift of the unstable wave in the critical layer.     

多次透射公式的一种高频失稳机制

本文利用一维双曲型偏微分方程组初边值问题数值稳定性的GKS定理的物理解释和推广，分析了多次透射公式在数值实现中可能出现的一种高频失稳机制，即在多维离散网格，沿某一空间方向的外行简谐波，由于与其他空间方向节点运动的耦合效应可以使能量传播方向反向。文中通过数值试验对这一失稳机制作了初步验证。