城市体系位序-规模特征的空间计量分析——以中部地区地级以上城市为例

随着"中部崛起"战略的实施,中部地区的城市快速发展并引起广泛关注。为增进对中部地区城市体系发展规律的认识,根据1985～2009年城市人口数据,利用非参数密度估计方法得到该地区地级以上城市的Kernel密度图,发现城市规模的核密度曲线不断右移,城市整体规模日益扩大;采用空间计量模型对该地区地级以上城市的位序-规模特征进行分析,结果显示城市间的空间依赖性使空间滞后模型估计的Zipf指数值比OLS估计结果要小,表明考虑空间效应的城市体系规模分布更为集中。随后进一步解析空间依赖性影响城市规模结构演化的内在机制,认为要素集聚、产业调整和创新扩散等造成的空间相互作用提供了空间依赖性赖以存在的基础,影响城市体系的演化和位序-规模变动,使城市体系规模分布更趋均衡。结论对于明晰城市在区域城市体系中的定位,确定合理的发展战略具有参考价值。     

珠江三角洲城镇体系规模等级变动研究

采用市区非农人口和外来人口的统计资料,对珠三角城镇体系规模等级的变动进行研究,得出珠三角城市规模分布具有明显的层次性,且在研究时间段内城市规模等级总体变动不大,人口变动由相对均衡到非均衡,以及人口分布集中的力量大于分散的力量。最后,笔者在前面分析的基础上对变动趋势作出了预测:近期内,珠三角城镇体系规模等级的变动将保持稳定,大中城市仍然是该区域发展的主要力量;随着一批大中城市人口的增长,珠三角的首位度将保持下降的趋势。     

中国大都市区的界定和发展研究——基于第六次人口普查数据的研究

借鉴都市区概念,采用“六普”城乡统计口径,以区、县为基本单元,利用人口密度、城镇化率等指标界定了128个大都市区。其次,对2000~2010年中国大都市区人口规模结构和空间分布的特征及变动进行了研究。从规模结构上看,以大都市区人口表征的中国城市规模分布符合位序规模法则,且属于较为分散的类型,但斜率q从2000年的0.787提高到2010年的0.891,显示都市区的规模分布趋向集聚,且高等级都市区仍有一定发展空间。从空间分布上看,东部是中国大都市区的主要分布地带,且人口有进一步向该地区集聚的趋势,并形成了三大都市区连绵地区;中部地区都市区数量增加较多,但人口比重有所下降;西部地区大都市区发展最为滞后,都市区极化现象十分突出。最后就中国大都市区的发展提出了建议。     

基于分形理论的新疆干旱区绿洲城镇体系研究

城镇体系具有自分形性。运用分形理论,对新疆干旱区绿洲城镇体系等级规模与空间结构进行了分析,验证了新疆绿洲城镇体系的规模分布和空间布局均符合分形的特征,得出以下结论:第一,新疆绿洲城镇体系的分形结构在空间上是从核心城市向边缘地区扩散发育的分形结构;第二,新疆绿洲城镇体系空间城镇分布情况只在局部空间存在分形,空间结构虚有框架但缺乏内部联动,整体结构不佳;第三,新疆绿洲城镇体系等级结构较为松散,首位度过高,人口金字塔呈"倒三角"结构,城镇体系发育不成熟,交通可达性对分形具有缓冲的效果;最后在上述分析的基础上,结合近来主体功能区思想,对城镇体系结构优化提出建议。     

湖北省城市体系空间结构测度及其优化

在GIS技术支持下,利用分形方法和断裂点模型对湖北省城市体系空间结构进行定量测度和空间的次级划分,并对其形成演变规律进行时空分析和优化提升.研究显示:(1)该省城市分布密度较大,且区域人口分布与城市分布基本一致.(2)城市体系空间结构的类型现状正处于集聚型,城市空间分布有着"沿路、沿江、沿线"的三沿特点,次级城市体系的空间结构变化类型有着向均匀型演变的趋势.(3)城市体系空间结构变化正处于初步网络化阶段,大中城市向心集聚和扩散2种力量基本均衡,城市总体空间分布有着"沿江"的一元性向"三沿"的多元性演化的趋势.最后,基于上述研究,对其城市体系空间结构发展提出了优化思路.     

中国中部地区城镇体系规模结构演变

基于城区常住人口指标,运用城镇体系规模分析的多种方法,分析1995—2017年我国中部地区多尺度的规模结构演变特征。结果表明:(1)地级市数目与人口金字塔均由较规则塔形结构演化成"纺锤型";建制市数目金字塔趋于完善,人口金字塔演化成"纺锤型";城镇数目金字塔变化不明显,人口金字塔演化为不规则形。(2)城市首位度指数呈现波动性下降趋势且逐渐偏离理想值,以武汉、郑州为首的高位序城市的辐射带动作用不理想。(3)整体城市规模体系符合分形规律但体系分布日益分散,拟合线不断向外偏离。地级市视角下拟合线斜率波动变化,建制市及城镇视角下斜率逐渐减小。(4)城镇密集区范围均不断扩大,且在同时间段内集聚程度由强至弱、集聚范围由大到小依次为县城、建制市、地级市。地级市和建制市的核心集聚区最终演变为以合肥为顶端,以郑州、太原为"撇",以武汉、长沙为"捺"的"人字型"结构;城镇密集区由以武汉、郑州为核心的"双星"格局演变成以武汉、郑州、合肥、长沙为增长极的"四核T字型"分布格局。     

20世纪末中国迁移人口空间分布格局——基于城市的视角

基于人口普查资料,对20世纪末中国迁移人口在不同行政级别、不同规模城市的分布格局进行分析,并运用探索性空间数据分析技术进一步对地级及以上城市迁移人口的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:地级及以上城市在迁移人口流动中占主要地位,其中百万规模级别以上城市在人口迁移中地位尤为显著;县级市间迁移人口规模差异显著,东部地区县级市平均迁移规模要大于西部和中部;省际迁移中城市空间分布大体呈现3个梯状层次;省内迁移中城市空间分布总体表现出极大的相似性,均以各省会城市作为省内迁移人口的第一流入地;不论是省内迁移还是省际迁移,东部沿海地区的珠三角和长三角地区城市群都是迁移人口的高度集聚地。     

县域尺度下经济发展水平与社会福利水平之间的关系分析——以中部六省为例

经济发展水平与社会福利水平之间的关系,一直是学者们关注的焦点之一。以中部六省为例,通过计算中部六省各县市的人均GDP指数与福利指数,并提出上行与下行及其衍生概念,分析中部六省经济发展水平与社会福利水平之间的关系。结果表明:人均GDP指数的"伸缩性"明显大于人均福利指数的"伸缩性"。经济水平高的地区福利水平有下降的趋势;经济水平一般的地区福利水平比较稳定;经济水平低的地区福利水平有上升的趋势。     

基于分形理论的安徽省城市体系规模分布研究

文章通过测算安徽省近20年来城市体系规模分布的分维值，对该省城市体系规模现状及演化进行了具体分析，得出以下结论：现今安徽省城市规模分布较集中，人口分布呈现低水平均衡状态；1988年以来，就城市体系规模结构的演化特点来看可分为两个阶段：1988年-1999年，城市规模分布趋于集中；而进入2000年以来，城市规模分布趋于分散。并分析了这种现状及演化的原因，提出若干优化城市体系和促进经济发展的建议。     

新型城镇化背景下江西省城市人口增长与土地扩张协调性研究

城市人地协调关系是新型城镇化研究的重要内容。基于2001年、2012年城市人口与建成区面积数据,利用数理统计及GIS空间分析方法对江西省城市人地协调关系进行深入分析。结果表明:1)江西省城市人口在空间分布上逐步形成轴带状"核心-边缘"结构、而城市建成区则呈"一轴多核"格局,城市规模的南北差异随着赣南地区城市发展而逐步缩小。2)从城市类型空间分布看,土地扩张型城市主要集中在地级市及其周边县市、交通沿线城市,人口增长型城市则主要为省域边缘县市。3)对江西省人地协调关系进行多视角统计分析得到行政等级体系下市级以上城市土地扩张特征显著,人口规模体系下大中城市呈土地显著增长、中小城市人地相对协调,地形要素下城市类型分布与江西省"平原-丘陵-山区"的地形特征显著正相关。4)在人地关系多视角统计及空间分布基础上立足各类城市发展现状,提出新型城镇化背景下促进江西省城市人地协调发展建议及相关措施。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,