水文物探测井解释模型研究

本文从目前国内水文物探测井技术的现状和常规技术方法出发，通过对大量第三系、第四系松散岩石孔隙含水层水文物探测井实际资料的研究，对含水层的矿化度ＣＷ、导水系数Ｔ、渗透系数Ｋ、单位涌水量ｑ、孔隙度ψ、粒度中值Ｍｄ和泥质含量Ｖｓｈ等７个测井解释模型进行了探讨研究，并给出了具体方法。     

煤层气开发中不同粒度煤粉的聚集沉降实验

在煤层气开发过程中,煤粉聚集及沉降会堵塞煤层气运移通道及导致卡泵、埋泵等事故。为了查明不同粒度煤粉的聚集及沉降特征,选取粒度>140目（<106 μm）、>70~140目（106~<212 μm）和>50~70目（212~<300 μm）3种粒度范围的煤粉,开展了在去离子水中煤粉的聚集及沉降实验,从煤粉聚集及沉降特征观察、悬浮液中煤粉含量及煤粉粒度分布探究不同粒度煤粉在去离子水悬浮液中的聚集及沉降特征。结果表明,随着静置时间的增加,各粒度煤粉悬浮液的颜色均不同程度地变浅,逐渐出现分层,其中,粒度>140目的煤粉悬浮液最先出现分层。煤粉粒度越小,煤粉悬浮液顶部漂浮的煤粉量越多;煤粉粒度越大,其下沉到煤粉悬浮液底部的煤粉量越多。不同粒度煤粉悬浮溶液中煤粉含量均随着静置时间的增加呈现不同程度的降低,在停止搅拌后3 min内,煤粉含量下降最快,粒度为>70~140目的煤粉悬浮液中煤粉含量最大。根据不同粒度煤粉悬浮液中煤粉粒度分布曲线,将煤粉聚集及沉降过程分为3个阶段:单峰变双峰阶段（煤粉快速上浮及沉降）、双峰变单峰阶段（煤粉快速聚集及沉降）和单峰阶段（煤粉缓慢沉降）。粒度>140目的煤粉在悬浮液中最先达到缓慢沉降阶段,粒度>70~140目的煤粉在悬浮液中最后到达缓慢沉降阶段。从煤粉的受力、扩展的DLVO理论及煤粉的有机分子结构方面探讨了煤粉聚集沉降的机理:煤样含有大量的脂肪烃和芳香烃等疏水性基团,疏水性强,润湿性低;随着煤粉粒度的减小,其比表面积显著增大,煤粉表面吸附大量空气,形成气膜;同时,煤粉颗粒间相互吸附聚集,内部形成很多微孔隙,导致粒度小的煤粉易聚集漂浮在悬浮液面上。实验得到的不同粒度煤粉的上浮、下沉及悬浮情况,为后期煤层气开发中煤粉管控措施提供依据。      

煤及煤层顶底板的孔隙结构特征

使用９３１０型微孔结构分析仪,对煤和煤层顶、底板岩石的孔隙特征作了系统研究,取得下列结论：煤的孔隙发育主要受煤的变质程度、煤岩组分及成煤植物和后期构造破坏等因素的综合控制;碎屑岩的孔隙发育主要受岩石粒度和充填胶结程度控制;灰岩孔隙发育特征主要受溶蚀作用强度控制。     

安徽天长地区阜宁组砂岩成岩特点与储层微观特征研究

安徽天长地区阜宁组砂岩储层以细一粉长石砂岩为主。利用岩石薄片、粒度、物性、扫描电镜、X—光衍射、压汞和孔隙结构图像分析等资料，对砂岩的岩石成分、成岩特点、孔隙演化、孔隙类型、孔隙结构等进行了分析研究，在此基础上，对储层进行了分类，     

砂岩质文物内部毛细水运移过程微电极响应特征

盐结晶病害是砂岩质文物中最为常见的病害之一,可溶盐溶液在砂岩内部的毛细运移直接影响着文物保存的完整性。为了进一步了解不同因素影响下砂岩质文物内部中毛细水运移特征,以大足石刻砂岩材料为研究对象,自主设计了毛细吸水试验及微电极电阻率测试装置,定量分析孔隙结构、孔隙溶液、干湿循环及相对湿度对毛细运移和电阻率分布特征的影响。结果表明,松散的孔隙结构及较低的相对湿度对毛细运移有促进作用。毛细运移受可溶盐溶液表面张力影响明显,吸水量和运移速率随表面张力增加呈递增趋势。干湿循环作用导致内部孔隙扩张使毛细迁移速率加快,同时呈现出试样饱和度和砂岩电阻率的负相关性。可溶盐的存在极大降低了砂岩的电阻率,通过电阻率的时空分布特征,识别湿润锋的视电阻率范围与试样表层盐结晶劣化区域大致重合,整体趋势沿深度方向呈凹曲面变化。研究结果揭示了砂岩质文物内部毛细水运移规律,可为合理追踪盐害范围提供理论支撑。     

辽宁本溪牛毛岭马家沟组顶部剖面的成岩作用

本文以阴极发光为主要研究手段，通过胶结物形态和结构以及接触关系的观察，对本溪市牛毛岭马家沟组顶部剖面成岩作用进行研究，重建成岩历史和孔隙演化过程。研究结果表明，该剖面成岩作用主要包括机械压实、胶结、白云岩化、溶蚀、早期破裂作用；同生成岩阶段的成岩作用多样：分层(1)、(2)和(5)经受较强压实作用，分层(3)—(5)白云岩化特征符合回流渗透模式，分层(4)由于溶蚀形成溶塌角砾；早成岩阶段主要为胶结作用，主要发生于浅埋藏环境：分层(1)的掘穴和破裂等大孔隙被铁方解石充填，分层(3)—(5)中晶间孔隙、小窗状孔隙、溶塌裂缝、硬石膏晶体铸模等孔隙被白云石充填；中、晚成岩阶段的成岩作用很少。该剖面的成岩作用主要发生在同生—早成岩阶段，这与鄂尔多斯盆地中部中奥陶统埋藏史相似。     

西宁的黄土研究

根据古地磁，磁化率，粒度和重矿物分析及电镜扫描石英砂表面特征等测试手段的综合研究，西宁地区的黄土何分出林Ｓ０到Ｌ１７的连续黄土－古土壤序列。它包括全新世黄土，马兰黄土，离石黄土和午城黄土，形成的时间为１．２ＭａＢ．Ｐ。黄土粒度粗，且含有两个风成细砂分层。重矿物以不透明矿物，角闪石为主，次为绿泥石，锆石和金红石等。     

杭州绕城高速公路软基处理试验的现场研究

对杭州绕城高速公路软基处理进行了现场试验研究，包括土性参数的确定，原位表面沉降观测，分层沉降观测，水平位移观测和孔隙水压力观测，试验结果对设计和施工有重要的指导意义。     

福建长乐海岸横向前丘表面粒度分异研究

在我国横向海岸沙丘分布的典型地区之一——福建长乐海岸,选择典型的横向前丘,按与横向前丘走向相垂直方向,分三个采样断面近等间距地采集了共81个沙丘表面沉积物的粒度样品,通过对采集样品平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰态等粒度参数的计算与分析,研究横向前丘表面的粒度分异特征。结果表明,福建长乐海岸横向前丘表面粒度的总体特征为细沙、分选较好、近对称和中等峰态,符合海岸沙丘粒度一般规律;长乐海岸横向前丘表面的粒度参数在沙丘表面不同部位基本一致,整个沙丘表面的粒度没有明显差别;粒度无明显差异的分布模式应是该区域风向交替变化的季风、强劲风力的台风、平缓的地势、沙丘高度不够、植被覆盖较好等作用的结果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地特低渗砂岩储层微观孔隙结构特征研究--以姬塬油田长6储层为例

通过常规物性、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、粒度、高压压汞等实验测试分析,对储层岩石学特征、微观孔隙结构特征进行全面分析。研究表明：该区的储集空间主要为残余的原生孔隙,次为溶蚀孔隙,包含少量微裂缝;根据毛管压力曲线形态以及相应的参数,将储层孔隙结构分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类,四类孔隙结构的储集性能和渗流能力依次变差,研究区以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类孔隙结构为主。喉道半径是体现孔隙结构品质的直观参数。     

河南洛阳龙门石窟溶蚀病害机理的研究

河南洛阳龙门石窟位于碳酸盐岩体中,易于溶蚀。近年来,石窟区伊河水以及雨水中Cl-、SO2-3等有害离子明显增加,加剧了石窟的岩溶病害。在龙门石窟溶蚀现4、NO-4、NH+状调查的基础上,从岩溶的空间分布规律、岩体结构渗水连通网络和微观结构等方面探讨了溶蚀病害的机理。提出治理龙门石窟溶蚀病害的根本途径是治水,应该通过裂隙注浆,设置地表防渗铺盖和地表排水系统等止水措施,杜绝雨水入渗到洞窟内溶蚀雕刻品。此外,对现有岩溶沉淀物可以采用软化剥离的方法进行人工清除,对雕刻品上的溶洞、溶沟等可采用石窟原岩岩屑调制的修复砂浆进行充填修复。     

大同云岗石窟文物渗水病害防治方案探讨

大同云岗石窟是国家级重点文物保护单位。多年来其水害严重，造成了文物的损坏，对其治理已经列入文物保护部门的日程。本文分析了大同云岗石窟石质文物渗水病害的类型与成因，并提出了新的渗水病害防治方法，为我国石质文物的保护提供参考。     

超声波无损探伤检测在现代出土石质文物保护中的应用

以超声波法对保护和复原近日在北京出土的乾隆御碑所做的无损探伤试验为例,介绍了用超声波定量检测石质文物内部裂纹缺陷及其风化程度的一种新的方法.对于不同年代的石质文物(如石佛像雕、石碑、石柱等),采用该方法不但能够探测其内部裂隙的走向和发育程度,而且能根据声波的特征判断其风化程度和强度,为文物的保护和复原提供可靠的资料.      

草酸钙生物矿化膜的形成机理和化学仿制－－一种新型石质文物表面防护材料的开发研究

已经发现一些年代久远的含钙岩石表面有一层天然生成的矿化膜，矿化膜保护下的石刻文字可以历经上千年的风雨而保持完好。本工作探讨了这种膜的组成和来源。膜的样品用FTIR、PLM、EDAX、SEM和TEM进行了分析。检测发现天然矿化膜的主要成分为草酸钙，许多证据表明这是一种生物矿化膜。本文讨论了膜的形成机理。为了开发新型石质文物表面防护材料，我们在实验室中用化学仿制的方法在含钙岩石上生成了这种保护膜，同时研究了膜的生成条件与保护效果之间的关系。     

Assessment of weathering damage on the Petroglyphs of Cheonjeon-ri, Ulsan, Republic of Korea

The Petroglyphs of Cheonjeon-ri in the area of Ulsan Metropolitan City in the southeastern part of the Republic of Korea represent outstanding cultural property of the country. The rock carvings—discovered about 40 years ago—provide valuable information on the life of the ancient people of different periods. In 1973, the petroglyphs were designated Korean National Treasure. Apparently, the petroglyphs have suffered damage from weathering such as loss of stone material, current detachment of stone material and deposits on the stone surface. The protection of this masterpiece of historic rock carving has become an important concern in the country. Geoscientific studies were carried out, targeted to stone analysis and to characterization and rating of weathering damage. The diagnostic studies combined laboratory analysis of representative unweathered and weathered stone material and in situ investigation by means of profile measurements at the carvings, mapping of weathering forms, ultrasonic measurements and rebound hardness measurements. Methodology and results of the material and damage diagnosis are presented. The results on type and extent of damage in combination with deduced risk prognosis reveal a considerable threat to the historical site of Cheonjeon-ri due to weathering and they indicate the need of intervention for monument preservation.     

Quantification of the dry aeolian deposition of dust on horizontal surfaces: an experimental comparison of theory and measurements

Eight techniques to quantify the deposition of aeolian dust on horizontal surfaces were tested in a wind tunnel. The tests included three theoretical techniques and five measurement techniques. The theoretical techniques investigated were: the gradient technique, the inferential technique without grain-shape correction, and the inferential technique corrected for grain shape. The measuring techniques included the following surrogate surfaces: a water surface, a glass surface, a metal surface, a vertical array of metal plates, and an inverted frisbee filled with glass marbles. The efficiency of the techniques was investigated for the sediment as a whole (all grain sizes together) as well as for a large number of grain sizes extending from 1 to 104 μm. The surrogate surfaces showed more or less comparable catch efficiencies, although the water surface nearly always caught the highest quantities of dust and the marble-filled frisbee and the vertical array of metal plates the lowest quantities of dust. The dust fluxes calculated by theoretical methods were markedly different from those obtained by direct measurements. The fluxes calculated by the inferential technique approximated those of the direct measurements only for grain sizes between 30 and 40 μm. For smaller and coarser grains, deviations from the measured fluxes were high. The gradient method, in its turn, provided extremely low calculated fluxes for grains in all size classes investigated. The latter technique was not considered very reliable for the dust used in the tests.     

Computer simulation of the structure and stability of forsterite surfaces

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that atomistic simulations can be used to evaluate the structure of mineral surfaces and to provide reliable data for forsterite surfaces up to a plane index of 2 using the code METADISE. The methods used to calculate the surface structure and energy which have more commonly been used to study ceramics are briefly explained as is a comparison with experimental data, most notable the crystal morphology. The predicted morphologies show that all the methods (Donnay-Harker, Attachment energies and equilibrium) show most of the surfaces that are expressed in observed crystals. The equilibrium morphology calculated from the relaxed surface energies is the only method which expresses the {201} surfaces and the {101} surfaces, which appear only upon relaxation. The more stable surfaces are shown to be those which have the highest surface density and more closely resemble close packed structures with highly coordinated surface ions and silicon as far from the surface as possible. The most stable surfaces the {100} which has alternating layers of MgO and SiO₂ terminating with an MgO layer. The structure is similar to the MgO {100} surfaces and has a similar energy (1.28?Jm^?2 compared to 1.20). The second most stable are the {201} which have a stepped surface topology, but is also compact with a relaxed surface energy of 1.56?Jm^?2. The results indicate that atomistic simulation is well suited to the prediction of surface structure and morphology although care must be taken in choosing potentials which model the structure and elastic properties accurately.     

衢州古城墙通仙门不同岩性岩石砌块相对风化速度研究

岩石的长期风化作用会造成岩石表面的剥落,这将导致石质文物产生无可挽回的破坏。为了更好地保护它们,需要开展在相同风化环境下岩石风化剥落深度和相对风化速度及其与不同岩性关系的研究。本文以衢州古城墙通仙门的多块岩石砌块为研究对象,利用自制的测量仪器,对不同岩性岩石砌块风化剥落深度和风化速度进行了研究; 通过分析量测结果得出凝灰岩、砂岩、砾岩、含砾砂岩和粉砂岩相对灰岩的风化速度分别为0.005～0.059mm a-1、0.032～0.097mm a-1、0.004～0.058mm a-1、0.021～0.033mm a-1 和0.015mm a-1。研究结果表明:在相同的风化环境之中不同岩石砌块的风化速度从大到小排序为V砂岩V凝灰岩V含砾砂岩 V砾岩V粉砂岩V灰岩,即岩石抗风化能力从强到弱为:灰岩粉砂岩砾岩含砾砂岩凝灰岩砂岩。由此,为石质文物的长期保护以及制定相关的保护措施提供了重要的理论依据。     

Analysing laser‐scanned digital terrain models of gravel bed surfaces: linking morphology to sediment transport processes and hydraulics

The grain‐scale topography of a sediment surface is a key component of a fluvial system, affecting aspects including sediment transport, flow resistance and ecology. However, its effect is hard to quantify because of the need for grain‐scale elevation data from in situ fluvial gravel surfaces which are difficult to collect. The sediment surface properties are, therefore, commonly estimated as a function of the sediment grain‐size distribution; however, because of additional factors, such as grain packing and shape, there is not necessarily a unique relationship between the two. A new methodology has been developed that uses terrestrial laser scanning to collect grain‐scale topographic data from in situ fluvial gravel surfaces, from which digital terrain models are created. This paper investigates methods of analysing such digital terrain models, and possible sedimentological interpretations that can be drawn from the analysis. Eleven digital terrain models from exposed gravel surfaces in two contrasting rivers (the River Feshie and Bury Green Brook) were analysed by calculating: the distribution of surface elevations, semivariograms, surface inclinations, surface slopes and aspects and grain orientation. The distribution of surface elevations and surface slope and aspect analysis were found to be most informative. In the River Feshie, grain‐size was interpreted as being a dominant control on sediment surface structure and gravel imbrication was identified. In Bury Green Brook, the location of the digital terrain models within the riffle–pool sequence was the dominant control on surface structure and grain orientation. Such digital terrain models therefore provide a new approach to measuring and quantifying the topography of fluvial sediment surfaces.     

安徽省石台县沟汀新石器时代遗址的发现和初步研究

报道了安徽省石台县沟汀新石器时代遗址的发现，并对采集到的文化遗物作了分类与描述，遗物中打制石器、磨制石器和陶器共存，并含有独具特色的石网坠。石制品大部分（７６％）以砾石为原料制成，这类遗址在皖南地区尚属首次发现。这一发现，对研究我国南方新石器时代早期的古人类活动具有重要的参考价值。