北京地区正地闪时间分布及波形特征

为了给雷电防护及机理研究提供必要的基础数据,利用闪电定位资料和电场快慢变化资料,对北京地区正地闪的时间分布规律及波形特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:北京地区正地闪分布随月份而不同,较大频次出现在5—7月,较高比例出现在春、秋季(3—5月和10—11月);而一天内的正、负地闪分布具有反对应关系,正地闪在傍晚(15:00—21:00,北京时)具有较大的频次和较高的比例,且该比例随闪电频次增大而呈减少的趋势;正地闪多为单次回击,多回击正地闪数占正地闪总数的3.89%;正地闪波形上升沿时间分布范围为5～28μs,平均为11.55μs,慢前沿时间分布在2.8～23.6μs之间,平均值为9.41μs,慢前沿幅度与回击峰值比为53%,过零时间为43.97μs,负反冲深度均值为20.75%,辐射场归一化到100 km的回击场强峰值为13.66 V/m;正地闪连续电流持续时间平均值为113 ms,具有连续电流的正地闪比例高达69.2%,其中48.7%具有长连续电流过程。     

中国内陆高原地闪特征的统计分析

利用微秒级时间分辨率的宽带慢天线电场变化仪首次在中国内陆高原地区对雷暴过程中的正、负地闪特征进行了测量和系统分析 ,发现每次雷暴过程中正闪的比例有随总闪频数增大而减少的趋势 ,弱雷暴过程更有利于正地闪的产生。平均来讲 ,正地闪占闪电总数的 16 % ,介于美国夏季雷暴和日本冬季雷暴之间。负地闪闪击间隔的算术平均值和几何平均值分别为 6 4.3ms和 46 .6ms。 5 4%的负地闪有至少一次继后回击强度大于首次回击 ,而且有 2 0 %的继后回击其强度大于首次回击强度。继后回击强度与首次回击强度的比例几何平均值为 0 .46 ,算术平均值为 0 .70 ,平均回击数为 3.76 ,39.8%为单次回击地闪。正地闪的多次回击只占 13.0 % ,且闪击之间的时间间隔也较大 ,算术平均值为 91.7ms。     

大兴安岭林区负地闪电荷源的反演

在中国东北大兴安岭林区进行了基于全球定位系统(GPS)时间同步的闪电地面电场变化多站观测.利用2010年7月14日一次过境雷暴多站同步的闪电电场变化资料,采用非线性最小二乘拟合法对雷暴成熟阶段的15次负地闪(包含57次回击和8次连续电流过程)中和的电荷源进行了拟合.大兴安岭林区负地闪单次回击中和的电荷量平均为1.0C(范围为0.1-5.0C),20%的继后回击中和电荷量大于首次回击,继后回击与首次回击中和电荷量的比为0.1-6.1,平均为0.8±1.0.单次连续电流中和的电荷量平均为3.8C(范围为0.4-7.3C),连续电流期间通道中的平均电流估计为25.3A(范围4.9-50.8A),一次负地闪中和的总电荷量平均为6.4C(范围为1.4-12.4C).负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源的高度分布与雷暴云的发展有关,对应的环境温度为-10--25℃.在雷暴成熟阶段前期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的高度从5.0km缓慢上升至10.5km;在雷暴成熟阶段后期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的平均高度从9.0km下降到6.0km,单次回击中和的电荷量也较前期减小约一个量级.与雷达回波的叠加显示,负地闪回击和连续电流中和的电荷源主要位于大于40dBz的强对流中心区,部分位于30-40dBz的强回波区边缘或较弱的回波区.     

正极性地闪和双极性闪电特征

总结了正极性地闪和双极性闪电的特征,并对各种不同类型的正地闪和双极性闪电进行了讨论.通过分析2007年6月7日发生在广州从化的正地闪个例及以往的研究成果,得出正地闪易出现单次回击,且回击之后常常伴随着连续电流,其持续时问一般为几十到几百毫秒.正地闪先导一般不表现出像负地闪先导那样明显的梯级特征,其甚高频辐射比负地闪先导要弱;正地闪与云闪放电有密切的关系.     

地闪连续电流特征的统计分析

利用高时间分辨的闪电电场变化资料,统计分析了我国甘肃和广东地区闪连续电流特征。结果表明：在甘肃中川地区１０３产次地闪中,带有连续电流的地闪有４９．５％,连续电流的平均持续时间为８８．９ｍｓ;在广东地区的９８次地闪中有连续电流的地闪占５２％,连续电流的平均持续时间为１５８．２ｍｓ。在这两个地区,带有连续电流最多的是有２次或３次回击的地闪,连续电流的持续时间与产生它的回击和前一回击之间的时间间隔△Ｔ呈     

基于不间断闪电波形采集的一次皖北雷暴负地闪特征观测

利用具有不间断信号记录能力系统记录的闪电波形资料,借助人工识别判定各次地闪的回击过程,研究了2012年7月9日发生在安徽淮北地区一次夏季雷暴过程的连续负地闪活动特征。该次雷暴3141次负地闪中,单回击地闪占15.5%,最大回击次数为18次,每次地闪平均回击次数为4.2次;在整个雷暴期间,单回击地闪比例和每次地闪平均回击次数存在显著的大小变化。负地闪过程平均持续时间为363.7 ms,相邻回击间隔时间的几何平均为75.3 ms,雷暴成熟期的回击间隔明显小于其它阶段。总体上后继回击强度远弱于首次回击,10031例后继回击与首次回击峰值强度之比几何平均为0.49,但是强于首次回击的后继回击过程并不罕见,34.8%的多回击地闪至少有一次后继回击强度大于首次回击,全部后继回击中有19.7%的强度超过首次回击。后继回击强度和回击间隔呈明显的随回击序号的系统性变化特征。约有38.6%的负地闪伴随可辨的双极性脉冲活动,该脉冲活动与首次回击之间的时间间隔几何平均为23.2 ms。     

基于高时间分辨率快电场变化资料的北京地区地闪回击统计特征

利用2014年北京闪电网观测到的4站及以上同步高时间分辨率闪电快电场变化资料,对北京地区5次雷暴过程中304次正地闪和1467次负地闪的回击特征进行了统计分析,主要包括:回击次数、10%~90%上升时间、下降时间、半峰值宽度、回击间隔、回击峰值电场强度、回击间隔和回击序数的关系等。结果表明,正、负地闪中单回击地闪所占比例分别为91.1%和24.2%,单次负地闪的平均回击次数为3.8次,观测到的最大回击数可达20次。304次正地闪首次回击的10%~90%上升时间、下降时间和半峰值宽度的算术平均值分别为4.2μs、14.5μs和6.2μs;29次正地闪继后回击对应值分别为3.6μs、12.6μs和5.7μs;1467次负首次回击的对应值分别为2.4μs、23.9μs和5.3μs;4109次负继后回击的对应值分别为1.7μs、19.5μs和3.4μs。正、负地闪回击间隔的几何平均值分别为106 ms和59 ms。负地闪回击间隔呈对数正态分布,平均回击间隔随着回击序数的增加有逐渐减小的趋势。最后,还对70次正回击、421次负首次回击和789次负继后回击峰值电场进行了统计,将其归一化到100 km的平均值分别为11.2 V/m、7.2 V/m和5.0 V/m。平均来看,负地闪首次回击峰值电场比继后回击峰值电场大1.4倍,但是有23.5%的继后回击峰值电场大于其对应的首次回击。     

青藏高原东部地区的大气电特征

对青藏高原东部地区大气电热特征的分析发现：晴天大气电场的日变化呈单峰单谷型,峰值出现在０４：００￣０５：００左右,谷值出现在１７：００￣１８：００左右;雷暴电荷结构主要为偶极性,雷暴持续时间短,大约有７３．３％的雷暴持续时间小于０．５ｈ,闪电较少。不同降水过程的雷暴,地面电场特征不同。负地闪比正地闪多,正负地闪的比例约为１：８。７７．８％的负地闪为单次回击,正地闪均为单次回击。正地闪比负地闪的强度     

一种正地闪触发过程观测和分析

利用2008年夏季在山东滨州获得的无线电窄带干涉仪及同步快慢电场资料,对发生于2008年6月29日的一次具有2次回击的正地闪进行了波形特征分析及定位处理。结果表明,正地闪预击穿过程起始于云中部负电荷区域,有持续时间长达163ms的预击穿过程,并在预击穿后期产生很多双极性脉冲。通过与负地闪的比较,发现云下部正电荷区的浓度对云中触发闪电的极性有一定的影响。正先导的触发和传输过程需要长时间的云内放电过程来提供能量,正流光传输是非阶梯型,结合同步观测的快电场三维定位结果的结合,得到正地闪首次先导速度约为4.1×105 m.s-1,首次回击的速度约为9×107 m.s-1,直窜先导的速度约为4.7×106 m.s-1,继后回击的速度约为9.6×107 m.s-1。正地闪的回击速度偏小,可能是由于干涉仪通道是二维的,且有一定的误差,还讨论了正地闪继后回击产生的原因是由于下部正电荷区很强,不同于一般的正地闪且只有1次回击过程。在该个例中还观测到正先导传输过程中的VHF辐射,这可能是由于雷暴过程下部正电荷区域很强。     

平凉黄土高原地闪VHF辐射特征分析

利用亚微秒级时间分辨率的VHF辐射接收系统与快电场变化测量仪,对甘肃平凉黄土高原雷暴过程中地闪VHF辐射及相应电场变化特征进行了分析研究,发现负地闪回击前VHF辐射与快电场变化在时间上有很好的对应关系。回击前后300μs内的VHF辐射波形可以归纳为三种类型,90%的负地闪首次回击过程VHF辐射波形属于第三类,表现为连续脉冲贯穿回击过程,平均持续时间为600μs;同负地闪相比,正地闪回击过程产生的连续辐射持续时间较长。统计表明,负地闪首次回击过程辐射峰值出现在回击启动后10~100μs,算术平均值为45μs;继后回击启动后10~260μs辐射达到峰值,算术平均值为91μs。首次回击过程辐射峰值强度往往大于梯级先导过程,与回击主峰后主通道分支产生的电磁辐射较强有关。     

基于ADTD资料的浙江地区多回击地闪特征分析

利用2007-2018年浙江省ADTD闪电定位资料,分析了该地区多回击地闪分布及相关参数特征.结果表明:浙江省多回击地闪占总地闪的26.74％,其中正闪以单回击地闪为主;正、负闪平均回击数分别为1.04次和1.65次,最大回击数分别为5次和21次.回击数和地闪数存在较为一致的年际变化,正、负多回击地闪日变化分别呈多峰和...     

一次正地闪触发两个并发上行闪电的光电观测

广州高建筑物雷电观测站光电同步观测系统于2017年6月16日记录到一次峰值电流达+141 kA的单回击正地闪触发两个并发上行闪电过程。利用高速摄像、普通摄像和电场变化数据分析了触发型上行闪电的始发特征和机理。结果表明:正地闪回击后约0.8 ms内,在距正地闪接地点约3.9 km的广州塔（高600 m）和4.1 km的东塔（高530 m）分别有上行闪电始发。正地闪回击过程中和大量正电荷以及之后可能有云内负先导朝高塔方向快速伸展造成塔顶局部区域的电场发生突变是两个上行闪电激发的原因。两个上行闪电在353 ms内发生7次回击,其中6次在广州塔上,仅1次在东塔上,且广州塔回击峰值电流平均值（-21.4 kA）约为东塔回击峰值电流（-7.3 kA）的3倍,表明广州塔上行闪电通道可能比东塔上行闪电通道伸展至分布范围更广、电荷量（或电荷密度）更大的负电荷区。两个上行闪电先导的二维速率变化范围为9.4×104~1.8×106 m·s-1,平均值为6.9×105 m·s-1。     

中国内陆高原地区典型雷暴过程的地闪特征及电荷结构反演

利用2002年夏季在青海省大通县进行的雷暴及闪电综合观测实验中所获取的6站GPS同步闪电电场变化资料,对8月4日一次下部具有大范围正电荷区的典型性雷暴过程的雷电特征进行详细研究。利用点电荷模式对16次负地闪和2次正地闪所包含的共65次回击所中和电荷源进行的非线性最小二乘法拟合研究发现,负地闪所中和的负电荷距离地面的相对高度在3~5 km,而两次正地闪所中和的雷暴云电荷在5~6 km的高度,表明该雷暴云呈三极性电荷结构。负地闪单次回击所中和电荷量平均为1.48 C,而两次正地闪都为单次回击且中和的电荷量分别为1.37 C和2.68 C。     

2011—2012年广州高建筑物雷电磁场特征统计

为研究不同高度的建筑物对雷电磁场的影响,对2011年7月—2012年8月广州高建筑物雷电观测试验中获取的雷电磁场波形数据进行统计分析,共选取击中14个高建筑物的40次雷电 (均为负极性雷电) 的磁场数据,结果表明:高建筑物对回击磁场峰值有增强作用,且建筑物越高对回击磁场峰值的增强作用越大,高度在200 m以上的建筑物上雷电首次回击磁场峰值的几何平均值是高度在200 m以下的建筑物上的2.4倍;高建筑物雷电回击的磁场波形呈多峰特征;观测到的20次击中200 m以下高建筑物的雷电中,有13次 (65%) 雷电首次回击的磁场波形出现后续峰值比初始峰值大的现象,击中200 m以上高建筑物的14次雷电中有8次 (57%) 出现该现象;40次高建筑物雷电中有22次 (55%) 为多回击雷电,135个回击间隔时间的几何平均值为69.1 ms, 多回击高建筑物雷电中有10次 (45%) 出现继后回击的磁场峰值大于首次回击磁场峰值的现象。     

Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in warm-season thunderstorms in the Central Great Plains

In July 2005, a field campaign was conducted in the Central Great Plains to obtain 60-field/s video imagery of lightning in correlation with reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and broadband electric field waveforms from the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). A total of 342 GPS time-stamped cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were recorded in 17 different sessions, and 311 (91%) of these were correlated with reports from the NLDN. Only 6 of the 17 recording sessions were dominated by flashes that lowered negative charge to ground, and 11 were dominated by positive CG flashes. A total of 103 flashes recorded on video were correlated with at least one NLDN report of negative CG strokes, 204 video flashes were correlated with one or two positive stroke reports, and 4 had bipolar reports. In this paper, we will give distributions of the estimated peak current, I_p, as reported by the NLDN, of negative and positive first strokes that were recorded on video, the multiplicity of strokes that were recorded on video, and the number of ground contacts per flash that were resolved on video. 41 (40%) of the negative flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 62 (60%) showed two or more strokes. The observed multiplicity of negative flashes averaged 2.83, which becomes about 3.14 after correcting for the finite time-resolution of the video camera. 195 (96%) of the positive flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 9 (4%) showed two strokes; therefore, the observed multiplicity of positive flashes averaged 1.04. Five out of 9 (56%) of the positive subsequent strokes re-illuminated a previous channel, and 4 out of 9 (44%) created a new ground contact. Simultaneous video, LASA, and NLDN measurements also allowed us to examine the classification of NLDN reports during 3 single-cell storms (one negative and two positive). Based on the LASA waveforms, a total of 204 out of 376 (54%) NLDN reports of CG strokes were determined to be for cloud pulses. The misclassified negative reports had |I_p| values ranging from 3.8 kA to 29.7 kA, but only 58 (24%) of these had |I_p| > 10 kA, and only one misclassified positive report had I_p > 20 kA. Radar analyses showed that most of the negative and positive CG strokes that were recorded on video were produced within or near the convective cores of storms. The radar imagery also showed that single-cell storms tended to produce one polarity of CG flashes at a time, and that such storms could switch rapidly from negative to positive CG flashes when the reflectivity was near maximum. Multiple-cell storms produced both negative and positive flashes over a broad region, but each polarity tended to cluster near regions of high-reflectivity.     

Waveshapes of continuing currents and properties of M-components in natural positive cloud-to-ground lightning

This work analyses the waveshapes of continuing currents and parameters of M-components in positive cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes through high-speed GPS synchronized videos. The dataset is composed of only long continuing currents (with duration longer than 40 ms) and was selected from more than 800 flashes recorded in São José dos Campos (45.864°W, 23.215°S) and Uruguaiana (29.806°W, 57.005°S) in Southeast and South of Brazil, respectively, during 2003 to 2007 summers. The videos are compared with data obtained by the Brazilian Lightning Location System (BrasilDAT) in order to determine the polarity of each flash and select only positive cases. There are only two studies of waveshapes of continuing currents in the literature. One is based on direct current measurements of triggered lightning, in which four different types of waveshapes were observed; and the other is based on measurements of luminosity variations in high-speed videos of CG negative lightning, in which besides the four types above mentioned two additional types were observed. The present work is an extension of the latter, using the same method but now applied to obtain the waveshapes of positive CG lightning. As far as the authors know, this is the first report on M-components in positive continuing currents. We also have used the luminosity-versus-time graphs to observe their occurrence and measure some parameters (duration, elapsed time and time between two successive M-components), whose statistics are presented and compared in detail to the data for negative flashes. We have plotted a histogram of the M-components elapsed time over the total duration of the continuing current for positive flashes, which presented an exponential decay (correlation coefficient: 0.83), similar to what has been observed for negative flashes.     

一次特大暴雨过程三维和二维系统闪电特征对比分析

利用三维(ADTD-2C)和二维(ADTD)闪电定位系统资料, 对比分析了湖北省一次特大暴雨过程中两套系统闪电活动特征, 得出以下结论: (1)本次过程中地闪多于云闪, 二者均以负极性为主。(2)三维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比低于正云闪在云闪中的占比, 高于二维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比。(3)三维系统雷电流幅值集中分布在0~30 kA, 较二维系统(10~50 kA)更集中, 三维系统的雷电流累积概率较湖北省多年统计结果明显偏小, 二维系统的雷电流累积概率略高于统计值。(4)两套系统总地闪和负地闪活跃时段基本一致。(5)两套闪电定位系统地闪密集区基本一致, 且和云闪密集区基本重合, 闪电分布集中程度高, 主要分布在槽前正涡度平流区。三维系统地闪密度大于二维系统, 最大值分别为5.78 fl/(km2·d)和2.39 fl/(km2·d)。三维系统中正、负闪电交错分布, 二维系统中正、负地闪局部存在空间分离现象。(6)云闪密度大小与二维地闪相当、水平分布特征与三维地闪一致。垂直方向上, 云闪主要发生在10 km以下, 其中2~4 km云闪分布密集, 占总云闪的47.24%。      

Charge source of cloud-to-ground lightning and charge structure of a typical thunderstorm in the Chinese Inland Plateau

GPS-synchronized measurements of electric (E) field changes induced by lightning flashes were recorded at six stations in the northeastern verge of the Tibetan Plateau. The height and magnitude of charge neutralized by 65 return strokes, including 16 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and 2 positive CG flashes, have been fitted with the nonlinear least-square method based on the E field changes of CG flashes observed in a typical thunderstorm with larger-than-usual lower positive charge center (LPCC). Results show that the height of the charge region neutralized by negative CG flashes ranges from 3 km to 5 km above the ground, corresponding to an ambient temperature between − 2 °C and − 15 °C. For the two positive CG flashes, the neutralized charge regions are located at a height of about 5.5 km and the ambient temperature is about − 18 °C, indicating the existence of upper positive charge in the thunderstorm.     

人工触发闪电连续电流过程与M分量特征

在广州野外雷电试验基地,对2008年和2011年夏季人工触发闪电回击之后的14个连续电流过程和43个M分量的通道底部电流、电场变化和通道亮度进行了同步测量和分析。结果表明:M分量的电流、快慢电场变化和亮度变化波形均近似对称;触发闪电连续电流过程的持续时间、转移电荷量、电流平均值的几何平均值分别为22 ms,6.0 C和273 A;M分量的幅度、转移电荷量、半峰值宽度、上升时间、持续时间的几何平均值分别为409 A,205 mC,520 μs,305 μs和1.6 ms;连续电流持续时间与M分量的个数、相邻M分量之间的时间间隔均存在显著的正相关关系。     

Continuing current in multiple channel cloud-to-ground lightning

In this study we analyze the effects of continuing current initiated by strokes following a new channel to ground in multiple stroke flashes using high-speed video records, electric field measurements from a fast antenna and lightning detection network data. We observed that the long continuing current initiated by a stroke that follows a new channel also obeys the pattern in the initiation of long continuing current suggested by Rakov and Uman [Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., 2003. Lightning: Physics and Effects, 687pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.]. We also verify that the statement of Rakov and Uman [Rakov, V.A. and Uman, M.A., 1990. Some properties of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes versus stroke order, Journal of Geophysical Research. 95, 5447–5453.] reporting that: “...strokes initiating long continuing currents tend to have lower initial electric field peak than regular strokes” is valid for strokes that create a new channel to ground and are followed by long continuing current (CC). Apparently the reduction of peak current value (I_p) when the stroke is followed by a long CC is stronger than the I_p increase that is commonly observed when strokes follow a new channel. We also find that the “exclusion zone” proposed by Saba et al. [Saba, M.M.F., Pinto, O. Jr., Ballarotti, M.G., 2006a. Relation between lightning return stroke peak current and following continuing current, Geophysical Research Letters 33, L23807, doi:10.1029/2006GL027455.] is valid for new channels initiating CC, and finally we verify that a number of strokes in the same channel larger than four or the existence of a long CC current do not always consolidate the channel in a multiple stroke flash.