顾及声线弯曲的横摇偏差迭代算法

横摇偏差校准是多波束水深测量测前准备的一项重要内容。针对传统多波束横摇偏差校准操作复杂且存在主观因素问题,同时考虑到横摇偏差引起海底地形失真的非线性变化,提出了顾及声线弯曲的横摇偏差自动迭代算法。该算法以平坦海底为假设,基于常梯度声线跟踪模型和最小二乘原理,对多Ping数据进行迭代拟合,最后取其平均值作为横摇偏差。仿真分析结果表明,迭代算法能逐步调整横摇偏差引起的海底地形非线性失真,提高横摇偏差计算值的准确性。     

多波束回声测深系统测量数据的分离提取方法

通过对Em系列多波束测深系统原始数据结构分析,提出了从原始测量数据中提取各种测量数据的技术方法,并编程实现了该方法。该技术方法对多波束测量数据的分析处理有重要的意义。     

多波束数据融合方法研究

针对大型多波束地形调查中存在的多波束测量重叠区和接边区水深的不一致,研究了多波束测量重叠区和接边区的多波束数据的融合方法,分别采用反距离加权法、移动平均法和最小曲率法进行数据融合,比较3种方法的融合精度,认为最小曲率法是这3种方法中最适合用来进行重叠区多波束数据融合的方法.     

多波束水体数据对台西南盆地天然气水合物的揭示

在台西南盆地陆坡上进行了多波束测量,获取了海底地形数据和水体数据。对多波束数据进行处理,展示了多波束水体数据形成的声学水柱影像。研究表明：在台西南盆地天然气水合物富集区,多波束水柱影像异常,呈现羽状流特点,揭示了台西南盆地的天然气资源,多波束声呐系统为探测海底天然气水合物提供了精确高效的方法。     

应用交叉检查数字地形模型评估多波束测深精度

为有效评估多波束测深数据精度,结合Sea Bat 7150深水多波束测量系统在海洋调查工作中的应用实例,参考传统的基于面的交叉检查方法,引入了基于DTM的交叉检查精度评估方法。应用检测线测量数据与主测线DTM进行交叉点计算,对误差进行统计分析,评估多波束测深精度。实践证明,该评估方法快速有效,可操作性强,可在外业调查现场对深水多波束测量数据快速进行精度评估。     

基于不确定度的多波束测深数据质量评估方法

目前采用不确定度理论对多波束测深数据质量进行评估已成为一个新热点。基于国际海道测量标准（S-44）,分析了适用于海道测量数据处理的不确定度评估方法,研究了多波束测深数据不确定度的计算模型,并进行了分析与评定,为准确评估多波束测深数据质量提供了理论依据和参考。     

基于多波束数据的港珠澳大桥隧道基础检测分析

介绍了港珠澳大桥沉管隧道碎石基础结构测量控制内容,针对沉管隧道水下标高测量精度高的特点,通过对多波束测深数据的对比分析,验证了测深数据的精度及可靠性。并基于多波束数据量大、相对精度高的优点,提出特制单波束数据与多波束数据相结合的水下标高点面控制法和深水深槽结构物尺寸图上测量法,实现了沉管隧道碎石基础质量全面控制,并为管节安装快速决策提供依据。     

基于相干原理的多波束测深新算法

为了改善多波束声纳的分辨率,提出了一种基于相干原理的测深新算法,对每一个波束脚印内的信号进行相干处理,获得了大量的海底深度值。在此基础上,采用新算法对仿真数据和某型号多波束测深声纳湖上实验数据进行处理。结果表明,相对于传统多波束测深算法,该算法可显著提高声纳海底测量的分辨率,获得大量的海底深度测量值。     

侧扫声纳和多波束测深系统组合探测海底目标

介绍了侧扫声纳和多波束测深系统的特点,通过实例说明了侧扫声纳和多波束测深系统在海洋目标探测中的综合应用。综合利用多波束测深系统测量数据和侧扫声纳声像图,可有效增强不同观测数据的互补性,提高工程质量。     

远海多波束水深测量中声速剖面获取方法研究

声速剖面正确与否直接影响多波束测深系统测量结果的精度和可靠性,为了获得准确可靠的多波束测深数据,必须努力获取正确的声速剖面数据,来对测深数据进行声速校正。为进一步解决如何高效、准确地获取深远海声速剖面问题,在介绍几种声速剖面获取方法及特点基础上,重点对比了几种方法在远海多波束水深测量中获取的声速剖面数据,并给出了声剖数据的质量检查方法和声剖获取的一般要求,可为同类测量工作提供参考。     

CUBE算法及其在多波束数据处理中的应用

阐述了一种基于表面生成的多波束数据处理方法——CUBE(Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator)算法,用该方法可以对观测区域网格节点"真实"水深及相关误差进行估计。与从测量水深中选择出"最佳"数据的手工交互方式的多波束数据编辑手段不同,CUBE算法具有很强的抗差性和较高的效率,适合于实时多波束数据处理。对南海某测区多波束数据处理结果表明,在没有人工干预的情况下,利用CUBE算法去噪生成的海底DTM图与手工编辑生成的相当吻合。CUBE算法和手工编辑方法综合对比得出,CUBE算法能够很好地保留水深地形细节,在计算效率、误差评估、实时处理等方面比手工编辑方法具有较大的优势。     

条带测深网的质量检核与评估模型

基于实测数据,构建了条带测深网检核指标的计算模型,结合海道测量规范要求,对条带测深网某些定性指标实现了定量计算,构建了条带测深网数据质量评估指标。实际算例表明,检核指标的计算模型能够有效地反映数据的质量,有助于实现数据评估的标准化与规范化。     

基于变异函数的多波束抽稀间距确定方法

在格网化抽稀方法中,抽稀间距的选取直接影响多波束测深数据抽稀结果和构建海底地形的表征能力。为了合理确定多波束测深数据抽稀间距,将地质统计学中的变异函数理论引入到多波束测深数据抽稀中,由水深变异函数估计海底DEM的精度,得出海底DEM精度与抽稀间距的关系。通过仿真计算表明:如果给定海底DEM的精度,再依据计算得到的拟合水深变异函数参数值,即可确定多波束测深数据抽稀网格间距的大小,该法适用于多波束测深数据抽稀的应用中。     

多波束测深外业数据提取与显示系统设计与开发

论述了多波束测深外业数据提取与显示系统的组成及功能,系统功能测试情况以及系统开发过程中主要解决的问题,并对进一步完善该系统提出了有关建议。     

多波束回波强度位置归算及图像化表示

多波束在测深的同时也记录回波强度数据。在分析多波束回波强度记录方式的基础上,主要针对波束内回波强度的定位和数据优化等问题进行了探讨,确定了回波强度位置归算方法。最后,以Simrad EM1002多波束实测的回波强度数据为例,进一步阐述了在地理坐标框架下回波强度的图像化表示方法。     

User expectations for multibeam echo sounders backscatter strength data-looking back into the future

With the ability of multibeam echo sounders (MBES) to measure backscatter strength (BS) as a function of true angle of insonification across the seafloor, came a new recognition of the potential of backscatter measurements to remotely characterize the properties of the seafloor. Advances in transducer design, digital electronics, signal processing capabilities, navigation, and graphic display devices, have improved the resolution and particularly the dynamic range available to sonar and processing software manufacturers. Alongside these improvements the expectations of what the data can deliver has also grown. In this paper, we identify these user-expectations and explore how MBES backscatter is utilized by different communities involved in marine seabed research at present, and the aspirations that these communities have for the data in the future. The results presented here are based on a user survey conducted by the GeoHab (Marine Geological and Biological Habitat Mapping) association. This paper summarises the different processing procedures employed to extract useful information from MBES backscatter data and the various intentions for which the user community collect the data. We show how a range of backscatter output products are generated from the different processing procedures, and how these results are taken up by different scientific disciplines, and also identify common constraints in handling MBES BS data. Finally, we outline our expectations for the future of this unique and important data source for seafloor mapping and characterisation.     

Combining pixel and object based image analysis of ultra-high resolution multibeam bathymetry and backscatter for habitat mapping in shallow marine waters

Habitat mapping data are increasingly being recognised for their importance in underpinning marine spatial planning. The ability to collect ultra-high resolution (cm) multibeam echosounder (MBES) data in shallow waters has facilitated understanding of the fine-scale distribution of benthic habitats in these areas that are often prone to human disturbance. Developing quantitative and objective approaches to integrate MBES data with ground observations for predictive modelling is essential for ensuring repeatability and providing confidence measures for habitat mapping products. Whilst supervised classification approaches are becoming more common, users are often faced with a decision whether to implement a pixel based (PB) or an object based (OB) image analysis approach, with often limited understanding of the potential influence of that decision on final map products and relative importance of data inputs to patterns observed. In this study, we apply an ensemble learning approach capable of integrating PB and OB Image Analysis from ultra-high resolution MBES bathymetry and backscatter data for mapping benthic habitats in Refuge Cove, a temperate coastal embayment in south-east Australia. We demonstrate the relative importance of PB and OB seafloor derivatives for the five broad benthic habitats that dominate the site. We found that OB and PB approaches performed well with differences in classification accuracy but not discernible statistically. However, a model incorporating elements of both approaches proved to be significantly more accurate than OB or PB methods alone and demonstrate the benefits of using MBES bathymetry and backscatter combined for class discrimination.     

Multi-Beam Echo Sounders–INS Automatic Latency Calibration

Abstract

This paper presents an automatic, rigorous, and robust method to determine a Multi-Beam Echo Sounder (MBES) and Inertial Measurement Unit/Inertial Navigation System (IMU/INS) latency calibration. The latency may be due to the IMU/INS itself, but also to the time-tagging configuration, which is generally left to the survey systems user. One survey strip over a flat seafloor is the required configuration of line for using this approach, called Multibeam IMU/INS Latency Automatic Calibration (MILAC), standing for MBES to IMU/INS Latency Automatic Calibration. The algorithm considers only data with maximum latency effects and integrates an automatic data selection for this purpose. The latency estimation procedure is based on an iterative Least Square adjustment method followed by a statistical analysis. Our process can deal with beam acoustic refraction caused by the speed of sound in sea water. The accuracy of MILAC is about 2?ms (millisecond) and its average precision of 0.15?ms. MILAC is able to determine the latency with an average resolution of 5?ms. However, the morphology of the survey line is restricted to smooth and regular seafloor and the survey platform should have a relatively high attitude rate.     

多波束测深系统海底目标探测能力评估方法

为了有效衡量多波束测深系统的目标探测性能,提高舰船水下目标搜寻、援潜救生和打捞能力等,对当前多波束测深系统目标探测问题进行分析,推导了多波束测深系统目标探测分辨率估计模型。以SONIC 2024型多波束测深系统为例,分析了不同水深下在多波束测深系统垂直航迹方向、沿航迹方向分辨率的变化规律及量级大小,对覆盖宽带和航速等参数指标设置提出了合理建议,为多波束测深系统目标探测能力的准确评估提供依据,具有一定参考价值。     

Multisource multibeam backscatter data: developing a strategy for the production of benthic habitat maps using semi-automated seafloor classification methods

The establishment of multibeam echosounders (MBES) as a mainstream tool in ocean mapping has facilitated integrative approaches towards nautical charting, benthic habitat mapping, and seafloor geotechnical surveys. The bathymetric and backscatter information generated by MBES enables marine scientists to present highly accurate bathymetric data with a spatial resolution closely matching that of terrestrial mapping, and can generate customized thematic seafloor maps to meet multiple ocean management needs. However, when a variety of MBES systems are used, the creation of objective habitat maps can be hindered by the lack of backscatter calibration, due for example, to system-specific settings, yielding relative rather than absolute values. Here, we describe an approach using object-based image analysis to combine 4 non-overlapping and uncalibrated (backscatter) MBES coverages to form a seamless habitat map on St. Anns Bank (Atlantic Canada), a marine protected area hosting a diversity of benthic habitats. The benthoscape map was produced by analysing each coverage independently with supervised classification (k-nearest neighbor) of image-objects based on a common suite of 7 benthoscapes (determined with 4214 ground-truthing photographs at 61 stations, and characterized with backscatter, bathymetry, and bathymetric position index). Manual re-classification based on uncertainty in membership values to individual classes—especially at the boundaries between coverages—was used to build the final benthoscape map. Given the costs and scarcity of MBES surveys in offshore marine ecosystems—particularly in large ecosystems in need of adequate conservation strategies, such as in Canadian waters—developing approaches to synthesize multiple datasets to meet management needs is warranted.