华北地区强地震前地下水动态的重现性异常

分析华北地区20余年地下水动态与强地震活动的关系，发现部分井水位动态在几次强地震前短期阶段出现形态相似的下降变化. 其特征表现为水位以突变下降或加速下降开始，转折后变为速率较缓慢的上升，其幅度比下降幅度小得多；地震发生在水位缓慢上升过程，震时或震前水位大幅度上升. 这种下降形态的异常在华北地区上百口观测井中记录虽然不多，但是在几次强地震前不同的井记录了形态相同的水位变化过程. 表明地下水的地震前兆异常具有一定的重现性，在不同的强地震前可重复出现. 因此, 有必要研究这类异常的成因及其与强地震活动的关系.      

DEMETER电磁卫星高能粒子在汶川地震中的初步应用

本文利用法国DEMETER电磁卫星的IDP粒子探测器数据,以汶川地震为例,在尽可能排除太阳活动和地磁活动干扰的情况下,分析了汶川地震前后高能粒子日变化情况,探索其作为汶川地震前兆信息的可能性.分别采用了时间序列统计分析、空间对比分析和重访轨道对比分析等方法.结果显示5月6日100～600KeV能谱段的粒子通量增幅强度高达6σ,异常区域集中在震中的西北部区域约47°N～53°N,91°E～93°E之间,考虑到磁壳指数L约1.8～2.0之间,这一增幅现象可能是由于高能质子受地磁场扰动影响向西加速漂移的结果.同时对比6日100～500KeV能谱段通量与其前三个月的重访轨道背景场,得出6日谱通量明显高于其重访轨道背景场一个数量级.最后,对于以上现象可能的物理机制进行了相关讨论.     

小波分析在地壳形变资料处理中的应用

小波变换的时频分析和奇异性检测特性,使得其在非稳态信号处理中有不可抵挡的优势，本文用已知的合成信号对这两个特性进行了分析和说明. 对几次地震前的形变时间序列资料（定点潮汐形变观测、GPS观测）作了小波变换. 结果发现:地震前约4个月左右，震中周围的几个定点形变台站都接收到周期为几天到十几天的异常信号；而地震前震中周围的几个GPS观测站均同时接收到周期为3个月到半年左右的异常信号，不同的地震异常出现的时间不一样. 这些同时出现在多个台站或观测站的同频段的异常信号是可能的地震前兆.      

2008年汶川8.0级地震前地下流体异常回顾与统计特征分析

地震地下流体在地震预测研究与震情跟踪中发挥着重要作用.本文基于中国地震地下流体前兆观测台网所涉及的资料范围,系统收集了2008年四川汶川8.0级地震的可能地下流体前兆异常,分析了这些异常的空间展布、时空演化以及形态等总体变化特征.结果表明,收集到的68项异常均位于10^-8应变量范围内,59项异常位于汶川8.0级地震3倍破裂区（约900 km）范围内,占异常总数的87%,这与国内外已发表的地下流体前兆异常空间分布范围和震级之间的关系相符,说明汶川8.0级巨大地震的前兆观测范围至少包含该地震3倍破裂尺度甚至更大;异常出现时间总体呈现出临近地震异常数量增多的特点,但异常数量并非逐渐增多,而是在震前5个月和1个月突然增多;异常形态特征复杂,水氡和水位总体呈现出趋势性异常特征,水温总体表现出短临变化特征,主要表现为震前1—3个月突升、突降或波动异常变化.此外,本文还结合国内外已发表的地震地下流体前兆异常以及地震孕育理论,讨论了异常的空间分布、时间尺度与未来震中的关系,这对深入认识地下流体前兆异常及产生机理都具有重要的现实意义和科学价值.     

新疆乌什钻孔应变异常特征与强震关系初步研究-以伽师Mem>Ssub>6.8地震为例

新疆乌什台钻孔应变仪在2003年2月24日伽师6.8级地震前记录到明显异常. 其特征为:① 异常类别齐全. 震前19个月出现趋势异常，震前55天出现短期异常，震前4天出现临震异常，并于震前1个多月出现指数型异常；② 异常量级大. 最大应变异常量级为1.710-5，在乌什台近20年的观测历史中不多见；③ 应变速率波动大. 张压交替变化显著. 依据应变异常量级、指数型异常的出现时间以及异常映震的区域性特点，对地震的强度、发震时段以及可能的发震区域有一定程度的预测.      

强震前b值与C(n)值变化的对比研究

对比研究了中国西部地区发生的６次中强地震前ｂ值与Ｃ（ｎ）值异常变化特征．６次地震前,ｂ值和Ｃ（ｎ）值都有异常显示．ｂ值异常一般出现较早,最早出现在震前１年左右;Ｃ（ｎ）值异常大多在震前半年至２～３个月出现．ｂ值曲线异常形态一般不太典型,而Ｃ（ｎ）值异常形态较典型,表现为峰值异常．地震前２种异常同时出现．还对计算上述参数的空间范围的选取及窗长和步长的选取进行了讨论．     

地磁日变化异常与强震的关系

强震前地磁垂直分量日变化异常主要表现在幅度与相位上的变化.本文利用中国地磁台网多年观测资料，研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震、2003年2月24日巴楚-伽师6.8级地震和1989年9月22日小金6.6级等30多次6.6级以上强震前，地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现的时间（低点时间）在空间分布上的异常特征，即低点位移现象. 这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性. 发震日期为异常日后的第27天或41天的前后4天，强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近. 此外，还研究了昆仑山口西8.1级地震和巴楚-伽师6.8级地震临震前, 震中周围出现的地磁日变幅异常现象.      

地震空间集中度C值与地城危险度D值在华北中强以上的震前的短期异常变化

使用１９７２年－１９９２年期间华北地区的在震资料进行地震空间集中度Ｃ值、地震危险度Ｄ值的空间扫描,研究它们在缔结 区中强以上地震前的短期异常变化。结果表明大体于震前半年左右的短期阶段,Ｃ值与Ｄ值中期异常区存在三类不同形态的变化,其中大部分震例的Ｃ值或Ｄ值中期异常区出现明明的缩小乃至消失。本将这一特征作为短期异常的标志;第二类表现为它们的中期异常区未出现明显的变化;第三类表现为其中期异常区出现明显     

利用改进型图像信息方法研究汶川8.0级地震震前电离层扰动异常特征

利用改进型图像信息方法(Modified Pattern Informatics Method,简称“MPI”)基于DEMETER卫星观测的电子浓度(Ne)、电子温度(Te)数据探索了2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0震前出现的地震电离层电子参量异常现象,特别详细分析了汶川Ms8.0震前3个月的电子参量时空演化过程。在前人的基础上,对电离层电子浓度(Ne)、电子温度(Te)的观测数据进行了消除年变及由太阳活动等引起的长趋势变化,以期能够提取到由地震孕育与发生所引起的电离层扰动异常。结果发现,在震前一个月左右电子浓度(Ne)、电子温度(Te)等参量均出现了不同程度的扰动异常,震前10天左右异常减弱并趋于平静,即平静—异常出现—持续显著—异常减弱—震前平静的特点,显示了地震前存在清晰稳定的电离层扰动图像,从而对地震的发生时刻具有一定的短临指示意义。     

大震前区域地震活动应变场的时空异常特征

本文基于自然正交函数展开方法, 以地震应变为变量, 计算1980年以来中国大陆7级以上大震前的地震应变, 提取出大震前区域地震活动应变场的时空异常。 结果表明大震前时间因子在平稳背景上会出现突跳上升或突跳下降异常变化。 一般情况下, 前4个应变场中至少有3个出现异常变化, 异常分布具有多分量特点, 出现的最早时间大约在震前3年, 少数出现在震前1~6个月。 对比应变场时间因子异常与研究区域每个网格单元(0.5°×0.5°)内的地震能量时间因子异常形态的相似性、 时间的一致性, 找出地震应变场空间异常位置。 结果表明, 多数大震前的空间异常分布在主震震中周围; 少数大震的空间异常远离主震震中。 产生这种现象的原因是大震前与主震不同距离的单元网格内发生中短期或者临震的震群、 显著地震等地震活动性异常。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.