The origin mechanism of coalbed methane in the eastern edge of Ordos Basin

In the eastern edge of the Ordos Basin, the coalbed methane (CBM) development has not made substantial progress in the past 20 years, and the origin of gas can be used to guide the CBM block-selecting and development. Based on the 37 sets of carbon isotope data, the origin of the gas was determined and the origin mechanism was studied in this work. The δ ¹³C_PDB of methane ranges from ?70.5‰ to ?36.19‰ in the eastern edge in the Ordos Basin and the value becomes heavier from the north to the south. The secondary biogenic gas and the thermogenic gas are mixed in the shallow area and the thermogenic gas occurs in the medium and deep levels. The phenomenon is controlled mainly by the distribution of coal rank and hydrodynamics. Firstly, based on the relationship between China coal rank and methane δ ¹³C_PDB, the medium rank coal is dominant in the eastern edge of the Ordos Basin, and the mixture of the secondary biogenic gas and the thermogenic gas is formed in the coal of vitrinite reflectant ratio (R _max) between 0.5% and 2.0% if there is appropriate hydrodynamics; at the same time, because of the shallow burial depth, and the well-developed coal outcrop, meteoric water and other surface water carrying bacteria recharge the coal reservoir, metabolize the organic compounds at a relatively low temperature, and generate methane and carbon dioxide. Wherever the trapping mechanisms occur in the coal, such as Liulin and Hancheng, modern gas content should be high.     

Distribution of stable carbon isotope in coalbed methane from the east margin of Ordos Basin

The commercial recovery of methane from coal is well established in the coalbed methane (CBM) blocks at the east margin of Ordos Basin, China. CBM forms with various carbon isotopic ratios (δ¹³C_PDB) due to the carbon isotopic fractionation in biogenical or thermogenical processes. Based on the geologic evolution of coalbed reservoir and studies on the characteristics of δ¹³C_PDB values distributed spatially (e.g., horizontal CBM well location area, vertical coal burial zone, coal rank, etc.) and temporally (e.g., geologic evolution history), we explored the formation mechanism of carbon isotopic of methane. The relatively low δ¹³C_PDB values are widely distributed along the research area, indicating a trend of “lighter-heavier-lighter” from north to south. From a combination analysis of the relationship between δ¹³C_PDB and the relative effects, the essential aspects in determining CBM carbon isotope being light in the study area are: the genesis of secondary biogas in the north; water soluble effects in the active hydrodynamic areas in the middle; desorption fractionation effect promoted by tectonic evolution in the south; and the sudden warming hydrocarbon fractionation accelerated by magmatic event in particular areas (e.g., Linxian).     

基于密集台阵地震背景噪声成像预测煤矿瓦斯分布

瓦斯突出是一种常见的煤矿动力灾害现象,随着煤矿矿井开采深度的增加,煤层瓦斯含量、压力都呈上升趋势,发生煤与瓦斯突出的危险性加大.传统的瓦斯测量方法只能测量局部离散点瓦斯含量,难以从矿井及采区尺度对瓦斯含量进行预测.因此需要寻求一种能够在采区及工作面布设前预测煤层瓦斯富集程度的高效地球物理方法.背景噪声成像方法已经在城市地下空间、矿产资源等近地表成像中得到广泛的运用.本文将该方法首次应用到阳泉寺家庄煤矿井田区域,采用96个台站记录的连续背景噪声数据,通过互相关方法获得了台站对之间的瑞利面波经验格林函数,并进一步提取了5 Hz~1.4 s的基阶瑞利面波的群速度和相速度频散曲线.本研究首先通过区域的平均频散曲线获得该区域的平均一维横波速度结构作为三维反演的初始模型;其次,利用基于射线追踪的面波频散直接成像方法获得研究区1.0 km以浅的三维横波速度结构;最后,结合获得的三维速度结构,以及岩石物理实验获得的瓦斯含量与地震波速度的经验关系,预测了寺家庄井田15号煤的瓦斯含量,预测的瓦斯含量与实际巷道揭露的瓦斯含量具有较好的一致性.本研究成果表明,对于煤矿瓦斯分布预测来说,背景噪声成像方法是一种潜在有效的全新的技术形式.

     

煤层采空区内煤层气储气构造半航空瞬变电磁探测——以沁水煤田为例

煤层气又称瓦斯, 它是一种赋存于煤层孔隙中的可燃气体.当浓度达到工业标准时, 可成为一种可以被开采、利用的气体能源.煤层气不仅存在于完整煤层中, 在采空区中也蕴藏有大量的煤层气资源.通常采用反射地震法勘探完整煤层中的煤层气.采空区中煤层气与周围空气的物性差异的特殊性和多变性, 使用地震勘探对采空区煤层气进行直接勘探受到限制.为此, 本文采用了一种间接的地球物理勘查方法.对于瓦斯含量较高的山西省沁水煤田, 利用半航空瞬变电磁法, 对研究区内的未知采空区进行快速、精确探测.根据"虚拟地震数据"的偏移成像结果, 发现测区采空区不完整, 研究结果间接达到了采空区煤层气储气构造的勘查目的.     

依据密度测井资料评估煤层的含气量

煤层甲烷长期以来认为是对采煤工作的危害，只是近十多年来才被认为是一种潜在的能源。煤层不仅是甲烷的储层，而且是甲烷的源岩。煤的物理结构是一种双重孔隙结构，即煤层中含有由基质孔隙和裂缝孔隙组成的孔隙系统。煤层中的气（甲烷）主要吸附在基质孔隙的内表面，是吸附气，而不是存在于骨架粒间的孔隙空间内，因而传统的评价天然气储层含气量的方法虽然不能适合于评估煤层的气含量。本文利用密度测井资料和煤样煤质化验资料确定     

AVO探测煤层瓦斯富集的理论探讨和初步实践——以淮南煤田为例

以煤层瓦斯富集地质理论为基础,根据煤层瓦斯与常规砂岩储层天然气赋存机理的对比,提出了以煤层割理裂隙为探测目标的煤层瓦斯富集AVO技术预测理论. 根据AVO理论模拟,煤层顶面反射振幅通常是随着炮检距的增大而减小;不同结构煤体在AVO响应上存在明显的差异,随着煤层割理裂隙发育程度的增强,煤层顶面AVO的截距和梯度都会增大;煤层厚度的调谐作用对其AVO特征有明显的影响. 通过对淮南煤田实际地震资料的处理和分析,探讨了煤田地震资料AVO的处理和解释方法,认为AVO梯度和伪泊松比反射系数是对煤层割理裂隙发育程度最为敏感的属性,获得了研究区内有工程使用价值的瓦斯突出区预测成果,初步证实了应用AVO技术检测煤层割理裂隙、预测煤层瓦斯富集部位的可行性.     

Isotope Approach to Assess Hydrologic Connections During Marcellus Shale Drilling

Water and gas samples were collected from (1) nine shallow groundwater aquifers overlying Marcellus Shale in north‐central West Virginia before active shale gas drilling, (2) wells producing gas from Upper Devonian sands and Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in southwestern Pennsylvania, (3) coal‐mine water discharges in southwestern Pennsylvania, and (4) streams in southwestern Pennsylvania and north‐central West Virginia. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of water, carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, and carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of methane in Upper Devonian sands and Marcellus Shale are very different compared with shallow groundwater aquifers, coal‐mine waters, and stream waters of the region. Therefore, spatiotemporal stable isotope monitoring of the different sources of water before, during, and after hydraulic fracturing can be used to identify migrations of fluids and gas from deep formations that are coincident with shale gas drilling.     

煤层气储层裂隙检测的WOA-BP算法及应用研究

煤层气储层中裂隙的发育及空间展布特征对煤层气的勘探、开发和利用具有至关重要作用.煤层气储层裂隙检测的WOA-BP算法是将WOA（Whale Optimization Algorithm）与BP（Back Propagation）有机结合形成优势样本和二次误差控制的稳健而有效的储层裂隙检测方法.在实际地震数据中提取反映煤层裂隙的相干属性、方位角属性、倾角属性、曲率属性、构形张量属性、加权瞬时频率属性,并将其作为WOA改进的BP神经网络的输入数据,进行煤层气储层裂隙综合检测分析.以井数据、已知井产量数据、岩心薄片分析结果综合建立优势样本作为WOA优化算法改进的BP神经网络的输出评判标准,对研究区域煤层气储层裂隙综合检测分析的结果表明：WOA-BP网络能够继承和发展已有属性的优势,获得裂隙发育水平S_evlt值及分级标准,对煤层气储层裂隙发育程度进行了精细刻画,在研究区内,划分出四个裂缝存在区块,获得了优质煤层气储层,取得了很好的地质效果和勘探开发效果.WOA-BP方法促进了微裂缝预测的发展,将微裂缝预测提高到一个新的水平.

     

Molecular and carbon isotopic compositions of gas inclusions of deep carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin

Gaseous components of gas inclusions in deep carbonate rocks (>5700 m) from the Tacan 1 well were analyzed by online mass spectrometry by means of either the stepwise heating technique or vacuum electromagnetism crushing. The carbon isotopic compositions of gases released by vacuum electromagnetism crushing were also measured. Although the molecular compositions of gas inclusions show differences between the two methods, the overall characteristics are that gas inclusions mainly contain CO2, whilst hydrocarbon gases, such as CH4, C2H6 and C3H8, are less abundant. The content of CO is higher in the stepwise heating experiment than that in the method of vacuum electromagnetism crushing, and there are only minor amounts of N2, H2 and O2 in gas inclusions. Methane δ13C values of gas inclusions in Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian rocks (from 5713.7 to 6422 m; -52‰-63‰) are similar to those of bacterial methane, but their chemical compositions do not exhibit the dry character in comparison with biogenic gases. These characteristics of deep gas inclusions may be related to the migration fractionation. Some deep natural gases with light carbon isotopic characteristics in the Tazhong Uplift may have a similar origin. The δ13C1 values of gas inclusions in Lower Cambrian rocks (7117-7124 m) are heavier (-39‰), consistent with highly mature natural gases. Carbon isotopic compositions of CO2 in the gas inclusions of deep carbonate rocks are similar (from -4‰ to -13‰) to those of deep natural gases, indicating predominantly an inorganic origin.     

温度作用下煤层瓦斯解吸渗流规律数值模拟

如何提高煤层气渗透率是目前煤层气开采研究中的重要课题。基于煤层瓦斯渗流规律数学模型,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,对流-固-热耦合条件下的非等温煤层气解吸、渗流变化规律进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在注热条件下,煤层气渗流压力随着温度的增加而下降,且下降速度加剧,压力差越大,气体从高压区域流向低压区域的渗流速度越快。气体在煤层中径向流向井口,井口附近压力的梯度增大,气体渗流速度较快;在未受到加热影响的区域,煤层气不受外加热量影响,煤层气解吸速率保持不变;注热后煤层温度升高,可以加快煤层气渗流速度、提高渗透率、增加煤层气产量。研究成果可为煤层中注热开采煤层气的工程实践提供相应的理论依据。     

阜新盆地裂隙网络空间信息模型的建立及其应用

瓦斯(煤层气)突出是指煤矿生产过程中,从煤层、岩层及采空区放出的各种有害气体在工作面上富集并涌出,从而引起瓦斯爆炸的煤矿灾害.因此,查明煤层瓦斯富集区域,对可能瓦斯突出点进行预报和应用,是当前煤矿生产中亟待解决的重要课题.本文应用地理信息系统基本原理,结合煤层气地质学、构造地质学等学科的理论和方法,对游离态的煤层气进行深入研究.在此基础上借助ArcGIS平台,根据游离态的煤层气的生、储、盖条件建立了分析模型及空间分析数据库;应用于王营井田,在此基础上预测了王营矿区游离态的煤层气的可能聚集带,为今后的煤层气勘探指明了方向.     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins.At present,shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials.The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil.Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism,it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas.Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs.They are mainly of dry gas,which are composed of methane and only tiny C2 heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas.Generally,methane isotopes are light,whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas.Ethane isotopes are heavy,which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas.Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope,so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil.The heavy oil degraded gas formation,a very complex geological,geochemical and microbiological geochemical process,is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon,which is controlled by many factors.     

Desorption-diffusion model and lost gas quantity estimation of coalbed methane from coal core under drilling fluid medium

The differences of coalbed methane(CBM) desorption-diffusion from coal drilling-core under various drilling fluid medium are not considered in the present calculating methods of lost CBM quantity,which leads possibly to the inaccuracy of CBM quantity in coal seam.Here we took the desorption of CBM from coal core under drilling fluid medium as a pressure-swing process,and based on the Langmuir equation and Fick-first law,established the desorption-diffusion model and numerical modeling method of lost gas(inc...     

Identification and Quantification of Base Flow Using Carbon Isotopes

Six surface water samples from locations along Otter Creek in Southeastern Montana and a groundwater sample from a nearby monitoring well completed in the Knobloch coal were analyzed for stable carbon isotope ratios. Along the length of its perennial reach, between the towns of Otter and Ashland, Otter Creek crosses several coal outcrops, including the Knobloch coal zone. The carbon isotope ratio of the creek becomes progressively more similar to that of the Knobloch coal aquifer groundwater in samples collected downgradient from the town of Otter. The isotope ratio of the stream changes from ?10.5 to ?8.9‰ reflecting the influence of the coal‐aquifer base flow contribution, as represented by Knobloch coal groundwater, which has a carbon isotope value of +3.9‰. The dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations of the groundwater and surface water are similar (～100 mg/L), which allowed the use of the simplified, first‐order, two‐end‐member mixing equation. Using carbon isotope ratios, calculations of the fraction of water contributed by coal aquifers indicate that approximately 11% of the surface water in Otter Creek at its mouth near Ashland was supplied by groundwater from the coal aquifers that crop out between Otter and Ashland. This study was conducted in December, when Otter Creek is at low flow. At times of higher surface flow, the contribution from groundwater base flow will be correspondingly smaller. This study illustrates that carbon isotopes can be an effective, low‐cost tool in base flow studies.     

Acoustic emission and sorptive deformation induced in coals of various rank by the sorption-desorption of gas

Simultaneous measurements of acoustic emission (AE) and expansion/contraction of coal samples subjected to gas sorption-desorption processes were conducted on high-and medium-rank coal. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the coal rank and type of sorbate on measured AE and strain characteristics. The experimental equipment employed in this study consisted of a pressure vessel and associated pressurisation and monitoring units. The arrangement of pressure-vacuum valves permitted the coal sample to be pressurised and depressurised. Carbon-dioxide and methane were used as sorbats.     

天然气水合物体系的相平衡及甲烷溶解度计算

海洋环境中天然气水合物的形成除了合适的温压条件外,还必须有充分的甲烷供给.本文介绍了甲烷-水体系的甲烷饱和溶解度、水合物体系中甲烷水合物溶解度计算方法.在气-液二相平衡甲烷饱和溶解度计算中,关键在于状态方程的选择和合适的混合规则的运用,Duan的计算模型在温度、压力和盐度变化上都具有很大的适用性,且易于应用.在含水合物的相平衡体系中,在已知组分和假定可能存在相的前提下,可利用模拟退火算法优化总吉布斯自由能,确定是二相还是三相体系,并求解甲烷水合物溶解度.在海水环境下盐的存在使平衡发生移动,利用德拜—休克尔理论或Pitzer电解质溶液理论校正盐度对于海水活度的影响,求解海水环境中甲烷水合物溶解度.基于气-液二相平衡理论的K-K方程,在临近水合物生成条件下实验或计算确定亨利常数等参数后,可计算三相平衡甲烷水合物溶解度,且简单易用.     

Bioattenuation in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate traced with δ13C

The impact on groundwater imparted by the infiltration of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate from capped, unlined landfills can be attenuated by biogeochemical reactions beyond the waste source, although such reactive loss in the aquifer is difficult to distinguish from conservative advective dispersion. Compound-specific measurement of δ(13)C in carbon species, including CH(4), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and the major DOC compounds (acetate, humic acid, and fulvic acid) provides a constraint in this assessment that can assist in exercises of modeling and prediction of leachate transport. The Trail Road municipal landfill near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, hosts an unlined sector which produces a highly enriched leachate (DOC >4500 mg/L) that provides a good site to examine reactive attenuation within the receptor aquifer. Acetate, a sentinel component of leachate DOC (~1000 mg C/L), is absent in impacted groundwater. Mass balance calculations together with reaction modeling suggest continued acetate fermentation with calcite control on DIC and δ(13)C(DIC) evolution. In groundwater within 50 m of the landfill, methane concentrations are elevated (~10 mg/L), consistent with acetate fermentation, whereas δ(13)C(CH4) measurements in deeper groundwater range down to -51‰ compared with -60‰ in the landfill demonstrating oxidative loss. DOC in the deep aquifer is remarkably depleted to values less than -40‰ suggesting methanotrophic bacteria selectively consume isotopically light CH(4) to fix carbon. Continued reaction of leachate DOC in groundwater is demonstrated by evolution away from conservative mixing lines on diagrams of δ(13)C vs. concentrations of DIC and DOC.     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins. At present, shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials. The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil. Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism, it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas. Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs. They are mainly of dry gas, which are composed of methane and only tiny C ₂ ⁺ heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas. Generally, methane isotopes are light, whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas. Ethane isotopes are heavy, which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas. Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope, so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil. The heavy oil degraded gas formation, a very complex geological, geochemical and microbiological geochemical process, is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon, which is controlled by many factors.     

Acoustic emission and volumetric strain induced in coal by the displacement sorption of methane and carbone dioxide

The aim of this study was to assess whether acoustic emission (AE) could carry information on preferential sorption/desorption of CH₄ or CO₂ in coal. AE and expansion/contraction of two nearly identical cylindrical coal samples were continuously monitored during displacement sorption experiments. One sample was subjected to presorption of CH₄, followed by sorption of CH₄/CO₂ mixture. With the other one, presorption of CO₂ preceded sorption of the mixture. The results obtained are the following: first, AE and stain kinetics show that the affinity of the coal tested is higher for CO₂ than for CH₄; second, methane is preferentially desorbed after presorption of CH₄ — sorption of mixture of CH₄ and CO₂; third, during displacement sorption, kinetics of AE and sample swelling/shrinkage bring out the importance of presorption and the sorbate used. It matters whether the coal is first exposed to CH₄ or to CO₂. The present study has demonstrated that injection of CO₂ into the coal previously exposed to CH₄ causes considerable swelling of the coal. On desorption after CH₄/CO₂ exchange sorption, initial shrinkage is followed by swelling of the coal. These results could have implications for the sequestration of CO₂ in coal seams and CH₄ recovery from coalbeds (ECBM). Swelling/shrinkage of the coal matrix should be included in models used to predict coal permeability and gas flow rates. They also show that the AE technique can give more insights into coal matrix-gas interactions.     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins. At present, shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials. The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil. Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism, it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas. Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs. They are mainly of dry gas, which are composed of methane and only tiny C ⁺₂ heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas. Generally, methane isotopes are light, whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas. Ethane isotopes are heavy, which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas. Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope, so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil. The heavy oil degraded gas formation, a very complex geological, geochemical and microbiological geochemical process, is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon, which is controlled by many factors.