祁连山典型小流域降水特征及其对径流的影响

研究了祁连山排露沟流域降水特征及对径流的影响.结果表明: 降水的季节性强且分配不均匀, 存在明显的干季(11月至翌年4月)和雨季(5-10月)之分;排露沟雨季降水占全年降水量的88%, 占全年降水频数的70%;干季降水仅占全年的降水量12%, 占全年降水频数的30%. 降水事件主要以0～5 mm的降水为主, 占全年降水事件的78.8%, 占全年降水量的30%;0～10 d的降水间隔期出现的频率高达86.1%, 占全年无降水期的55.5%. 降水受海拔高度的影响明显, 沿海拔梯度呈先增后减的趋势, 降水的峰值出现在海拔3 400 m的区域. 径流受降水的影响, 主要集中在雨季, 占全年的95.6%, 干季径流仅占4.4%. 径流与日降水、旬降水及其雨季月降水显著相关, 其复相关系数均＜0.7. 径流主要受降水量和前期降水的影响, 对于前期无降水基础、雨量＜20 mm降水过程, 径流变化迟缓, 而对于前期有一定降水基础, 雨量＞25 mm的降水过程, 径流变化大.     

多管降水法在电力线路工程基坑降水过程中的研究应用

以往榆林沙漠地区基坑降水采用先开挖后降水,容易出现基坑边坡塌方,降水难度大,费工费时,降水效果差,本工程基坑降水采用了多管降水法,从管井的沉设方法,PPR新材料的运用,井管的制作等方面,开发研究出小范围内基坑降水的新方法,降水效果好,可在具有相同水文地质条件的工程降水中应用。     

新疆阿图什市1950-2018年降水变化趋势分析

结合新疆阿图什市主要降水站点近68年降水数据,对其降水变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:阿图什市年降水量下降趋势明显,年降水递减率为6. 5 mm/a,非汛期降水有所增加,增加幅度较小;夏季降水的递减变化是年降水变化的主因,递减率为2. 9 mm/a,春季降水有所增加,但趋势不明显。综合全年降水量分析,年降水递减变化趋势较强,未来一段时间内区域年降水还将处于偏少阶段,应加强区域节水规划,降低降水偏少带来的干旱损失。     

黑河流域降水的研究进展与展望

归纳总结了黑河流域降水方面已有的研究成果,主要集中在流域降水的时空变化规律及降水的影响因子分析两个方面.在降水变化研究方面,对整个流域降水的时空变化特征与上游祁连山区降水的变化特征分析已有不少工作;在降水影响因子研究方面,对上游祁连山区地形与降水的关系研究在逐步开展;水分条件,气候变化、人类活动与流域降水的关系研究也取得了一些进展.这些研究使我们对流域的气候特征、降水分布情况及降水的地形影响等方面有了一定的了解.为更全面、深入地研究黑河流域降水机理奠定了基础,但仍需在以下两个方面展开深入细致地研究:1)与大尺度环流系统变化有关的水汽来源及输送对黑河流域降水的影响;2)与地形有关的局地因子对黑河流域降水的影响.     

拉萨地区邻河基坑管井降水案例分析

管井降水是一种设备简单、排水效率高的降水方法,在地下工程的施工中有广泛的应用。本文结合拉萨京藏交流中心邻河基坑降水项目的施工实践,参考实际施工效果和实际施工条件,研究邻河基坑管井降水的方案优化,分析降水过程中的重点和难点,增强降水方案的科学性,提高降水效率。     

台风活动对中国沿海地区极端降水的影响

基于1961—2020年格点化数据集逐日降水资料及中国气象局台风最佳路径数据集,计算台风降水对中国沿海地区极端降水事件的贡献率;利用混合和单一元统计极值分布模型量化台风对降水极值概率分布的影响,探究其量化结果的影响因素,并通过典型流域进行流域尺度的应用验证。结果表明：从台风降水的贡献来看,台风降水主要影响中国沿海及部分临近沿海的内陆地区的高重现期极端降水事件;在量化台风影响方面,利用考虑台风降水分布的混合元统计极值分布模型可提高研究区大部分地区降水极值概率的估计,并且沿海地区台风降水的影响大于内陆地区,北方沿海地区的影响大于南方各分区;台风极端降水贡献率、台风与非台风降水差异是台风影响中国沿海地区降水极值概率分布的重要因素。     

系统响应分析在降水入渗补给计算中的应用

针对常用的利用降水入渗系数法确定的降水入渗补给量不随降水频率等因素而变化的弊端,利用郑州市地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪长时间观测的系列资料,通过对降水—降水入渗补给量进行系统响应分析,建立了4种岩性、5个水位埋深的年际和月际的降水—降水入渗补给响应函数.研究结果表明,根据当期及前期的年、月降水量数据,利用系统响应分析法建立的降水入渗补给函数能比较准确地计算相应地区的降水入渗补给量.     

我国新疆北部地区夏季极端降水事件的特征分析

基于1961 - 2017年6 - 8月新疆北部47个观测站点的逐日降水资料, 根据百分位法定义不同站点的夏季极端降水阈值, 分析了新疆北部地区夏季极端降水事件和最大日降水的时空分布特征、 贡献率及其与海拔的关系。结果表明： 新疆北部地区夏季极端降水事件和最大日降水量的各个特征量分布存在明显的时空差异, 空间上夏季极端降水事件、 最大日降水量表现为山区高、 盆地低的特点,在海拔2 000 m左右存在一个最大降水带; 夏季极端降水事件和最大日降水量呈增多、 增强的趋势, 并从20世纪90年代前后开始有明显的增加。夏季极端降水事件主要以单日为主, 夏季极端降水贡献随时间呈缓慢增加的趋势, 而夏季极端降水过程贡献和最大日降水贡献随时间变化呈下降趋势。     

青藏高原南北降水变化差异研究

利用青藏高原1960-2004年近45 a气象台站年降水记录, 对高原中东部年降水做了空间变化分析, 发现高原以唐古拉山为界, 高原南北降水变化存在明显差异, 特别是高原南部和东北部降水几乎成相反的变化. 进一步分析5个重建的长时间降水序列, 发现青藏高原南北降水在百年时间尺度上也存在明显的差异. 在百年时间尺度上, 过去600 a高原南北降水变化都在1740年和1850年左右发生突变. 1740年以前, 整个高原北部降水都在波动中增加, 而高原南部在减小;1740-1850年期间, 高原北部降水在波动中减小, 而高原南部在增加;1850年以后, 高原北部降水又在波动中增加, 而高原南部降水在减小. 高原南北降水变化的空间差异主要是由季风和西风带决定的.     

三亚世界贸易中心深基坑降水工程设计与施工

轻型井点降水和机械管井及全充料式砂井导水在三亚地区基坑降水工程中运用较为普遍,但对深基坑降水效果不是很好。本文通过阐述人挖大口径井降水方案在三亚世界贸易中心深基坑降水工程的成功运用,说明该降水方案的可行性,为三亚地区基坑降水工程的方案选择又提供了一种新途径。     

宝鸡市高速公路客运中心主楼基坑降水补充设计

宝鸡市高速公路客运中心主楼基坑降水采用管井方案,原设计6个降水井,后又增加了2个降水井,但降水效果不甚理想,达不到降水设计要求,随进行了补充设计。根据场地地层情况及地下水条件,结合基坑开挖、降水现状和降水要求,依据现场抽水试验获得的水文地质参数,进行水文地质计算,确定出合适的集水井数量,并合理布置集水井和排水沟。通过集水明排与管井相结合的方法,节省了费用,取得了良好的降水效果。     

北京市阳光广场降水与锚拉护坡桩工程施工设计及工艺

阐述了深基坑大面积基础工程的降水与护坡的设计原理，成井灌注桩施工工艺及实际应用效果，为深基坑大面积降水和锚拉护坡桩工程的进行提供了参考依据。     

Study on Deep Well Dewatering Optimization Design in Deep Foundation Pit and Engineering Application

Based on analyses of the theories of groundwater unsteady flow in deep well dewatering in the deep foundation pit,Theis equations are chosen to calculate and analyze the relationship between wa-ter level drawdown of confined aquifer and dewatering duration.In order to reduce engineering cost and diminish detrimental effect on ambient surrounding,optimization design target function based on the control of confined water drawdown and four restriction requisitions based on the control of safe water level,resistance to throwing up from the bottom of foundation pit,avoiding excessively great subsidence and unequal surface subsidence are proposed.Adeep well dewatering project in the deep foundation pit is optimally designed.The calculated results including confined water level drawdown and surface subsid-ence are in close agreement with the measured results,and the optimization design can effectively control both surface subsidence outside foundation pit and unequal subsidence as a result of dewatering.     

Performance of the horizontal drains in upstream shell of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions

Slope stability analysis during rapid drawdown is an important consideration in the design of embankment dams. During rapid drawdown, the stabilizing effect of the water on the upstream face is lost, but the pore water pressures within the embankment may remain high. As a result, the stability of the upstream face of the dam can be much reduced. Installing horizontal drains is a very efficient and cost-effective method for reducing the pore water pressure and increasing the stability of the upstream slope. The theory of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of earth dams is well established, but there seems to be limited resources available for the design of this type of horizontal drains. Hence, this study is focused on the performance of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of the slope of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions. The parametric study has been conducted on the variation of horizontal drain parameters such as the number of drains, their length, and their location. In this study, ten scenarios were analyzed based on different drainage configurations and the performance of each scenario is investigated on the seepage and the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions using finite element and limit equilibrium methods. The results demonstrated that the stability of the upstream slope during rapid drawdown conditions increases by increasing the number of drains. The length of drains extending further from its intersection with the critical failure surface does not provide any significant change in the factor of safety. Finally, the study also found that installing drains in the lower region of the upstream shell of earth dams gives more stability than those installed in higher elevations.     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

水位下降条件下黏性土边坡稳定性的图表法

库（河）岸边坡由于坡体迎水面水位下降经常造成坡体稳定性降低,建立快速评估水位变化条件下的边坡稳定性分析方法具有重要的工程实用价值。基于库（河）水位下降过程及坡体内非稳定渗流条件,通过对ABAQUS程序进行二次开发,发展了考虑地表水-地下水联动作用下的黏性土边坡强度折减有限元分析方法;在分析边坡土性参数、相对渗透比值、边界条件对边坡稳定性影响的基础上,建立了考虑土性参数、相对渗透比值、库水位下降比、坡角等一体化的相对稳定安全系数综合图表表示方法。该方法能够简便、快捷地查出实际涉水边坡在不同工况下的稳定安全系数及设计边坡坡比,可作为现有图表法的有益补充。     

管井降水在基坑施工中的应用

通过对福州长乐国际机场航站楼主楼基坑降水工程的实例，介绍了在滨海砂层孔隙含水层中，利用管井进行大面积基坑降水的水文地质参数选用、方案设计、施工方法，并对降水效果进行了初步分析，为今后类似管井降水工程施工提供经验和参考。     

Hydraulic barrier function of the underground continuous concrete wall in the pit of subway station and its optimization

Subway traffic is now being developed in China on a large scale and the planning subway stations are often located in dense district with tall building. The dewatering of confined aquifer may cause ground settlement, the cracking, deformation and tilting of the building, and even collapse. Combing with the dewatering project of environment protection of the pit of Yishan Road station of Shanghai subway No. 9, through the inversion of seepage parameters based on the field pumping test, the hydraulic barrier function of the underground continuous wall is simulated. The result indicates that with the reduction of the exposed length of the filter tube and the increase of that enclosed, the drawdown of the confined aquifer decreases. Especially with the increase of the enclosed length of the filter tube, the drawdown outside the pit can be controlled effectively. According to the result of the numerical simulation, the design of the continuous concrete wall of the pit for Shanghai Subway No. 9 is altered and the depth of the continuous concrete wall of the standing part and that in the end well are increased to 61 and 62 m, respectively. The monitored result of the equal drawdown pumping test indicates that the drawdown outside the pit with a distance of 1–6 m to the wall is less than 2 m; It means that there is nearly no influence on the environment around the pit during dewatering.     

福州市永升城基坑深井降水设计与施工技术

永升城基坑深井降水位于福州市内软土地区,面积约10000m2,开挖深度13m,围护桩四周透水,降水总涌水量达19000m3/d,基坑开挖深度及降水规模均列当时福建省同类工程之首。如何合理布置降水工作量及减少对外围其他建筑物的影响是此类工程需要解决的课题。永升城基坑降水解决了这两大课题。