Ecological and toxicological assessment of water and bottom sediments in the Novosibirsk Reservoir

The toxicological state of individual parts of the Novosibirsk Reservoir was assessed with the help of bioassay tests of water and water extracts from bottom sediments with the use of two species of protococcus algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb., Chlorella vulgaris Beijer) and two species of entomostracans (Daphnia magna Straus, Ceriodaphnia affinis Lillijeborg). It was found that the Ob R. near Kamenon-Ob is more polluted in terms of water and less polluted in terms of bottom sediments, compared with those in the lower part of the reservoir. The bioassay results are in agreement with the results of benthos-based bioindication and studies of chlorophyll a and pollutant concentrations in water.     

Studying the Volga R. in the voyage of the R/V Akademik Topchiev

The expedition for studying the Volga R. was organized by the Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Inland Water Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, with the participation of the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry on the r/v Akademik Topchiev (June 2–18, 2016). The main objective of the expedition studies of the Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, was to examine the sedimentation and biogeochemical processes in the mixing zone of the Volga and its tributaries with the aim to assess the present-day water quality and trends in its changes in the recent years. In this context, the study was focused on the aerosols of near-water layer, surface water, and bottom sediments along the route the Rybinsk Reservoir (Borok Settl.)–Lower Volga (Astrakhan C.). The methodology was based on a multidisciplinary study of dissolved compounds and suspended particles (<1 μm). The main attention was focused on studying the spatial variations of biogenic substances, organic compounds (Corg in suspension and solution), the suspension itself, and hydrcarbons.     

Satellite altimetry of inland water bodies

An algorithm is proposed for determining water level in inland water bodies and coastal zones of seas and oceans. The algorithm was tested for the water area of the Gorki Reservoir, for which radioaltimeter databases show considerable data losses. A model was constructed, describing the shape of a mean impulse reflected from a statistically heterogeneous piecewise-constant underlying surface (topographic model). The model was used to substantiate criteria for data choice for the Gorki Reservoir and to construct a regional algorithm for estimating water level using data from Jason-1 satellite and based on the analysis of the shape of telemetric impulses (retracking). Water level was calculated with the use of an algorithm of regional adaptive retracking Sensor Geophysical Data Record databases for the Gorki and Rybinsk reservoirs. Algorithm application has been shown to considerably increase the amount of actual data and significantly improve the accuracy of water level evaluation. The general principles of retracking of a complex domain (a coastal zone, an inland water body, etc.) are discussed. The principles are based on the calculation of signal with allowance made for the roughness of the reflecting surface and they can be applied to different geographic regions.     

Assessing the Hydrochemical Conditions of the Tartar River

The paper gives the results of hydrochemical studies of the Tartar R.—the largest river in Nagornyi Karabakh Republic (NKR). Water quality was assessed with respect to the ecological standards of the Republic of Armenia in terms of major physicochemical characteristics and the concentrations of seven heavy metals. Water quality in the upper reaches of the Tartar R. was referred to the fifth class (poor quality), which is due to the effect of the dumps of the Sotck Gold Deposit and the pollution by agricultural, livestock, and municipal wastewaters. In the lower reaches of the Tartar R., the processes of dilution and self-purification neutralize the adverse effect of pollution sources on water quality, resulting in the improvement of water quality to the class not lower than medium, which is enough for the normal functioning of aquatic ecosystems, fishery, and irrigation. Thus, the Sarang Reservoir, which regulates the Tartar R. runoff, receives good-quality water.     

喀斯特地区梯级水库建造对水化学分布的影响

为深入了解河流梯级筑坝对喀斯特地区河流水化学分布的影响,于2017年1、4、7和10月别对乌江干流洪家渡水库(多年调节)、乌江渡水库(季调节)和索风营水库(日调节) 3个具有不同滞留时间的水库进行水样采集,分析入库水、坝前剖面水和下泄水的水化学特征,探讨河流梯级筑坝对水化学分布及风化速率估算的影响.研究结果表明:3个水库深层水比表层水HCO3-浓度分别高12.9%、5.5%和8.0%,Ca~(2+)浓度分别高15.9%、2.4%和8.5%.河流梯级筑坝一定程度上改变了水体水化学组成,从而影响碳酸盐岩风化速率估算.整体上,洪家渡水库、索风营水库和乌江渡水库的全年风化速率变化范围分别为:-1.7%～15.4%、-5.6%～1.1%和-0.3%～3.4%.河流筑坝作用对风化速率估算及主量离子浓度的影响:HCO_3~-与Ca~(2+)浓度分布均为:洪家水库乌江渡水库索风营水库,这与水体滞留时间长短规律一致,表明水体滞留时间影响着水化学的组成分布.同时水体离子浓度表现出明显的季节性差异,丰水期各水库变化率明显大于枯水期.上述结论表明喀斯特地区河流连续筑坝后水化学组成及分布特征发生了一定程度改变,影响流域化学风化速率的估算,且影响程度随水体滞留时间延长而增大,并受气温影响.因此,今后在估算流域风化速率及探究水化学空间变化时应对筑坝作用加以考虑,以便更加准确地评估喀斯特流域岩石风化在全球碳循环中的作用.     

THE SEDIMENTATION AND DREDGING OF GUANTING RESERVOIR

1 INTRODUCTION Guanting Reservoir is located on the Yongding River (a large tributary of the Haihe River) and at the border of Beijing Municipality and Hebei Province. The reservoir receives three tributaries: the Sanggan River with a drainage area of 25,840 km2, the Yanghe River with 16,170 km2, and the Guishui River with 852 km2. The drainage area above the reservoir is 43,402 km2. The reservoir has two arms. The Sanggan River and Yanghe River join the Yongding River at the ups…     

Estimate of the Eutrophication Process in the Gruža Reservoir (Serbia and Montenegro)

The Gru?a Reservoir (located at 238…269 m a. s. l., volume 64.6 · 10⁶ m³, surface 934 ha, drainage area 318 km², max. depth 31 m, mean theoretical retention time 22 months) was investigated during the years 1996 to 2001. The obtained values of trophic state parameters (9…200 μg L^?1 total phosphorus, 3…99 μg L^?1 chlorophyll‐a, and 0.5…2 m transparency) indicate that water of the Gru?a Reservoir is eutrophic according to three types of classification: Carlson, OECD, and Jones and Lee. It was noticed that values of average biomass abundance are large in the Gru?a Reservoir, and they could indicate a richer trophic state. When these indices are cited in connection with parameters of the trophic state, it is apparent that the Gru?a Reservoir can be classified as a eutrophic water on the basis of total phosphorus content of chlorophyll‐a and hypertrophic water with respect to transparency.     

Toxicity bioassay of bottom sediments in large water bodies in Northwestern Russia with the use of crustaceans

The results of bioassay and physicochemical analysis of bottom sediments from large water bodies in Northwestern Russia are presented. The water bodies under consideration include Lake Onega, Vygozerskoe Reservoir, and freshwater part of the Neva Estuary (the Eastern Gulf of Finland), which are locally subject to eutrophication and toxic pollution. The potential toxicity of bottom sediments, evaluated by the survival rate of two crustacean species (Gmelinoides fasciatus and Ceriodaphnia affinis) in 7-day tests, varied from high to low values, characterizing 5 quality classes: high, good, moderate, poor, and heavy, with appropriate degrees of toxic pollution from no to very high pollution. Bad zones were identified in the Kondopoga and Petrozavodsk bays of Onega Lake, the northern and southern parts of the Vygozerskoe Reservoir, and the southern part of the Neva Bay near the dam. Bottom sediments were found to have high quality in the open central areas of Lake Onega and the Vygozerskoe Reservoir and in the western part of Neva Estuary.     

丹江口水库叶绿素a浓度的时空特征及影响因子分析

2017年5月—2019年10月,对"南水北调"中线水源水库——丹江口水库库区水体7个监测位点、0～20 m间4个水层的垂向叶绿素a (Chl.a)浓度与水质因子进行了季度性调查,以期了解不同位点、不同水层Chl.a分布的主要驱动因子.结果表明,丹江口水库各位点营养状态指数(TSI)均为中营养化状态.水体Chl.a浓度具有逐年增加的趋势,且极高值有逐渐增加的趋势.营养盐和Chl.a浓度均存在较大的空间异质性,入库区具有较高的总磷和氨氮浓度,汉江库区具有最高的Chl.a浓度,源头污染源控制和监测仍然是丹江口水库管理的重中之重.不同位点Chl.a浓度的驱动因子存在较大差异,汉江入库和大坝区Chl.a浓度分别受到硝态氮和p H的影响,而出水口大坝位点主要受到了水深、水温和氨氮的影响.丹江入库区Chl.a浓度受到了水深、氨氮、总磷和水温的影响,但丹江库区表现出了与其他生态区较大的区别,其Chl.a浓度主要受到水深和有机质输入的影响.因此,对丹江口水库各位点的管理,应该分不同生态区采取针对性的管理措施.本研究旨在为南水北调中线工程可持续的生态调度提供基础生态数据支持,为完善水库水源地的有效管理提供理论支撑.     

Thallium (I) distribution in the Dubossari Reservoir of the Dniester River

Thallium (I) distribution in the Dubossari Reservoir of the Dniester River is studied. The method of inverse voltammetry is used to measure thallium (I) concentration in the water, bottom sediments, and some higher aquatic plants. In the central part of the reservoir, (where a large the Rezina-Rybnitsa Industrial Complex, producing cement and steel, is located), the concentration of thallium (I) in the investigated objects is maximum. The input of thallium (I) from the atmosphere and contaminated soil is assessed by means of measuring its concentration in Xanthoria parietina lichen and in the phytosuspension settled onto clasping-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus).     

三峡水库水环境相关研究文献计量分析与未来展望

自三峡工程论证以来,其建设和运行可能引发的问题成为相关领域研究的热点.2003年6月,三峡水库开始一期蓄水.检索发现,2002年之前有关三峡的研究绝大部分集中于移民和工程建设风险等方面,与水环境相关的论文数量不足5%,相对较少.因此,本文重点对2002-2017年期间,在SCI-E/SSCI上刊发的520篇研究型英文论文和在中国核心期刊上刊发的777篇中文论文进行计量分析.结果表明:关于三峡水库水环境的研究论文数量整体呈逐年递增趋势,中国在三峡水库水环境研究中占据主导地位;ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH和《环境科学》分别是刊发英文论文和中文论文最多的期刊;中国科学院、重庆大学和三峡大学是三峡水库水环境研究最活跃的机构;"消落带"、"水华"、"浮游植物"、"营养盐"和"水温分层"等方面是三峡水库水环境近几年研究的热点.分析关键词还发现,来自不同学科背景的学者关注的兴趣点和重点不同.一方面,这有利于更全面的研究和多学科之间的碰撞交流;另一方面,即使是表达同一事实,由于学科差异而采用了不同的学术术语和关键词,又妨碍了学科之间的顺畅交流.因此,从科学凝炼不同类型水域共性问题和整合及运用多尺度、多维度的研究手段两个方面着手,不仅可以深度融合不同学科的理论和学术思想,还能深化三峡水环境的研究并提升我国在水库环境生态学研究领域的国际影响力.     

1987—2022年新安江水库（千岛湖）水面面积时空变化及其与水位、蓄水量的响应关系

水面面积、水位、蓄水量是水库水资源管理的重要基础数据,遥感是湖库水体提取、水位和蓄水量估算的重要技术手段。由于不同水体提取方法的适用性差异、测高卫星数据的有限时间覆盖度和开源数据集的时空分辨率不足等原因,湖库水面面积、水位、蓄水量的长时序、高频率时空变化监测仍存在一定挑战。本研究以新安江水库为研究区,结合多源遥感、气象、水文和土地利用等数据,基于Google Earth Engine云平台,运用水体指数法,分析1987—2022年新安江水库水面面积时空变化特征,构建水位—水面面积、水位—蓄水量和水面面积—蓄水量响应关系,探究水面面积时空变化成因。结果表明:(1)Landsat 5、Landsat 8和哨兵2号数据的最佳水体提取指数分别为AWEI_sh和GNDWI,F1-score分别为91.93%、91.03%和93.14%。相比于开放数据集GSWED(32.61%)、JRC GSW(76.17%)和ReaLSAT(69.76%),基于最优水体指数的水体提取结果具有最高的F1-score(91.26%);(2)时间上,1987—2022年新安江水库水面面积呈显著上升...     

Impact of an inter‐basin water transfer and reservoir operation on a karst open streamflow hydrological regime: an example from the Dinaric karst (Croatia)

This paper describes the hydrological changes caused by inter‐basin water transfer and the reservoir development on the hydrological regimes of two rivers. The Sabljaki Reservoir in the Zagorska Mre?nica River and the Bukovik Reservoir in the upper Dobra River began operation in 1959. Both are part of the hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) Gojak, whose installed capacity is 50 m³/s. Their water volumes at the spillway altitudes of 320·10 and 320·15 m a. s. l. are 3·3 × 10⁶ and 0·24 × 10⁶ m³ respectively. Both the Dobra and Mre?nica Rivers are losing, sinking and underground karst rivers. A 9376‐m‐long tunnel provides water from the Sabljaki Reservoir to the HEPP Gojak, which was constructed in the Lower Dobra River. The Sabljaki Reservoir is located in the Pla?ki karst polje, while the Bukovik Reservoir is located in the neighbouring Ogulin karst polje. The consequences of the inter‐basin water transfer are strong and have caused abrupt changes in the hydrological regimes of the downstream sections of both rivers. At the same time, the construction and development of both the reservoirs have also caused hydrological changes to the upstream section of the Upper Dobra River. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of Seismicity in the Areas of Large Water Reservoirs and Waterfalls: The Role of Effects from Additional Load and Permanent Vibration

The characteristics of seismicity in the near vicinity of five large water reservoirs and three large waterfalls from different regions of the Earth are considered. It is found that in some cases induced seismicity manifests itself during the filling of reservoirs at quite large depths: in the lower crust and even in the upper mantle. There is negative correlation between the maximum magnitudes Мmax of the earthquakes recorded near water reservoirs and waterfalls and the water discharge in these objects (V _p ). The largest values of М_max are characteristic of earthquakes that occurred near Sarez Lake (Tajikistan) and the Koyna Reservoir (India), which have the lowest V _p ; in contrast, the smallest magnitudes are reported for earthquakes in the areas of the Khone Falls (Laos) and Niagara Falls (United States, Canada), where there are no large artificial water reservoirs, but huge water discharge takes place. The available data indicate that permanent vibration caused by falling water reduces the level of seismicity.     

Comparison of reservoirs in the Moskva-Vazuza water system in terms of phytoplankton abundance and eutrophication degree

Based on the analysis of long-term data, phytoplankton biomass is shown to grow in the Vazuza-Yauza-Ruza-Mozhaisk-Ozerna series of reservoirs. The first three reservoirs (their near-dam areas) can be referred to mesotrophic water bodies and the other reservoirs, to slightly eutrophic. It has been revealed that, with an increase in the water body productivity (from the Vazuza Reservoir to the Ozerna Reservoir), the share of blue-green algae increases, while the share of diatomic algae decreases. The concentration of phosphorus in water bodies is an important factor of phytoplankton abundance.     

基于贝叶斯方法的贵州高原百花水库水体营养盐变化及评价(2014—2018年)

为了确定百花水库营养盐变化特征,选取百花水库5个监测点2014年1月-2018年7月共28个月份的水质实测数据,分析溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷和总氮的年际变化特征.采用基于熵权法赋权的贝叶斯理论对5个监测点的水质综合状况进行评价,并结合水库的实际状况,从生态修复、工业污染源、沉积物中营养盐、水库季节性热分层及农业与生活污染源5个方面对其水质变化的影响因素进行分析.结果表明:2014-2018年水体环境波动较大;除总氮外,各污染指标浓度均有不同程度的下降;综合水质后验概率表明百花水库水质有逐渐变差的趋势;总氮和总磷治理应成为百花水库污染治理的主要方面;生态修复工程的开展和工业污染源的削减是百花水库水质转好的主要影响因素,农业与生活污染源的增加是百花水库水质转差的主要影响因素.     

基于湖库水质目标的流域氮、磷减排与分区管理——以天目湖沙河水库为例

湖库水环境保护在保障生产与生活用水、维系生态平衡、发展旅游等方面发挥着重要的作用.水质目标管理是保护湖库水质的最佳管理办法.本文以天目湖地区沙河水库及其流域为研究区域,建立模型模拟沙河水库流域的水文与水质,评估入库污染通量和主要来源;依据水质目标测算氮、磷污染的容量和减排量,结合土地的生态保护与开发适宜性评估,提出氮、磷污染分区减排和土地管控的对策和措施.研究结果表明,沙河水库氮、磷污染物入库通量分别为206.01和3.29 t/a,面源总氮和总磷分别占总入库量的85.7%和67.5%.不同土地利用类型氮、磷输出强度有显著差异,总氮输出强度依次为茶园 >耕地 >建筑用地 >裸地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地 >河湖漫滩,总磷输出强度与地表覆盖度有关,依次为裸地 >建筑用地 >茶园 >耕地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地和河湖漫滩.从氮、磷输移过程来看,沙河水库流域总氮排放量为321.64 t/a,进入河流的为255.53 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失19.4%,最终有206.01 t/a进入水库;沙河水库流域总磷排放量为13.42 t/a,进入河流的为7.90 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失58.3%,最终有3.29 t/a进入水库.不同分区河流氮、磷滞留降解率有很大的差异,中田河总氮、总磷滞留降解能力最强,分别为34.71%和84.31%.2009年的通量计算结果显示,沙河水库总氮达到Ⅳ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为32.01 t/a,入湖削减比例为15.50%,总氮达到Ⅲ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为59.66 t/a,入湖削减比例为29.00%;总磷达到Ⅲ类水需要的入湖减少量为0.682 t/a,入湖削减比例为20.70%,总磷达到Ⅱ类水需要的入湖减少量为1.479 t/a,入湖削减比例为44.90%.为了实现基于土地利用的面源污染减排管控,选定植被覆盖度、水源涵养能力、地形坡度、土地利用、氮磷分区贡献量、与道路和村落距离等指标综合评估生态保护价值和开发适宜性,并划定禁止开发区、限制开发区和保护性开发区3个管理分区,最终确定各分区的开发强度限制和管控方式.     

基于模拟优化与正交试验的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源调控

依托灌溉试验站田间降水-作物耗水-土壤水相互转化的长序列试验成果,构建灌区田间尺度水量蓄-耗-灌-排全过程的水资源模拟模块,结合系统仿真方法,建立库塘联合灌溉系统水量分配仿真模拟模型,以保障灌区基本需水(包括农村生活需水与生态环境需水)供水安全前提下的经济效益最大化为目标,运用正交试验选优原理,构建了库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控模型,形成了基于仿真模拟与正交试验优化的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控技术体系,并应用于巢湖流域大官塘水库灌区,明确了灌区合理的工程布局规格与规模,确定了适宜的节水灌溉技术模式与灌溉制度,制定了塘坝和水库科学的调度规则,提出了具有可操作性的作物种植结构调整规则,提高了灌区径流拦蓄利用率,提升了塘坝和水库年际调蓄供水能力,增强了抗旱减灾能力,为巢湖流域水库灌区综合治理、库塘联合灌区水量分配方案、水库和塘坝调度规则及作物灌溉制度等地制定提供理论依据.     

福建山美水库浮游动物群落结构时空特征及其影响因子分析

山美水库既是福建省泉州市饮用水源地,也肩负着为台湾省金门县供水的功能,但春夏季过高的pH值影响了水库水质.为此,从2020年起,调整水库鱼类放养结构和捕捞策略,并研究鱼类群落调控后山美水库浮游动物群落结构的响应及其与环境因子的关系.本研究于2020年和2021年连续两年的1月（冬季）、4月（春季）、7月（夏季）、10月（秋季）调查山美水库21个采样点的浮游动物群落结构和水环境因子.结果共鉴定出浮游动物68属102种,其中轮虫21属41种（40.20%）,原生动物32属41种（40.20%）,枝角类8属13种（12.75%）,桡足类7属7种（6.86%）.2020—2021年山美水库浮游动物平均密度为（1443.05±360.02） ind./L,平均生物量为（1.21±0.27） mg/L,2021年浮游动物密度和生物量显著高于2020年,其中,2021年枝角类和桡足类的密度分别显著高于2020年枝角类和桡足类的密度,2021年库首、库中和库尾区域枝角类生物量显著高于2020年对应区域;2021年桡足类生物量显著高于2020年.春冬季浮游动物群落的优势种主要为原生动物,夏秋季浮游动物群落的优势种主要为轮虫.根据浮游动物密度和生物量评价水体营养状态,夏季山美水库处于中营养状态,春、秋和冬季处于贫营养状态.影响浮游动物群落结构分布的主要环境因子为电导率、水温、溶解氧、硝态氮、透明度和高锰酸盐指数.研究表明调整鱼类放养和捕捞措施提高了浮游动物密度和生物量,基于此提出了通过调整鱼类群落结构改变浮游动物群落结构,进而改善水环境的建议,可为湖泊水库水环境保护和水生生物资源高效利用提供科学依据.     

动态调水过程水文和理化因子共同驱动丹江口水库库湾浮游植物季节变化

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,库湾是水库型湖泊水质安全敏感区,动态调水过程库湾水质直接关系到调水安全.为探究动态调水过程中丹江口水库库湾浮游植物季节变化规律和驱动因子,2018年7月—2019年7月,从丹库入库口到渠首调水口,按季节对18个样点进行水质和浮游植物群落组成分析.从整个丹库来看,浮游植物全年总丰度变化范围为0.43×10~3～4.7× 10~6 cells/L,夏季最高,秋季最低;Shannon-Wiener指数春季最高,秋季最低.春季群落为硅藻—绿藻型,夏季为绿藻—硅藻型,秋季为蓝藻型,冬季为蓝藻—绿藻—硅藻型,秋季蓝藻相对丰度最高.位于丹库准保护区内的库湾胡寨,秋季水体电导率、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度最大,蓝藻丰度最高.从入库口经库湾到调水口,浮游植物群落组成存在明显演替.从水文因子来看,秋季水库水位较高,调水流速和流量增加,线性回归分析表明,水位对ShannonWiener指数的影响最为明显,水位越高则多样性指数越低;流量和流速与Shannon-Wiener指数也呈负相关,但相关性较低.方差分解分析发现,水文因子和理化因子共同影响了浮游植物群落组成;偏Mantel分析显示3个库湾浮游植物群落组成与水温、氧化还原电位、化学需氧量、总氮和总磷浓度相关;典范对应分析也表明,总氮是影响库湾浮游植物群落组成最显著的环境因子.人类干扰活动改变了库湾水质理化性质,强干扰提高了蓝藻门丰度.因此,控制库湾人类干扰强度,尤其在水位和调水量较高的秋季,对于改善水体藻类组成、保护整个丹江口水库水质具有重要意义.