太平洋海温异常对大理雨季开始期的影响

采用大理州雨季开始期资料、1961年6月~2008年5月太平洋5°×5°共286个格点的逐月平均海温资料及NCEP/NCAR的SSTA资料,通过相关分析发现,太平洋海温与大理雨季开始期的关系密切,春季和上年秋季太平洋海温对大理雨季开始的影响较大。雨季开始前若发生厄尔尼诺事件,大理雨季开始期偏晚,反之,若发生拉尼娜事件,大理雨季开始期偏早。N ino3区的海温异常对大理雨季开始期的影响相当明显,当5月N ino3区的海温异常偏高时,大理雨季开始期偏晚;反之,当5月N ino3区的海温异常偏低时,大理雨季开始期偏早,N ino3区海温异常可以作为大理雨季开始期预测的一个强信号因子。     

晚更新世晚期冰期鼎盛时期华南沿海地区的古环境*

本文讨论末次冰期鼎盛时期华南沿海地区的古环境特征。对有关单位近年调查成果的分析,估计当时该地区的冬季温度比今低11-15℃,2月海洋表层水温此今低4.6-2.2℃,珠江三角洲地区河流深切达-40-62m以下,古海岸线推移到今水深150m左右深处。达主要是冰期世界气候寒冷,海面大幅度下降,东亚冬季风强盛、南海北部东北季风漂流增强的结果。     

A MODELLING RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM ICE SHEET AND ITS DEGLACIATION IN THE VICINITY OF THE NORTHERN PATAGONIAN ICEFIELD, SOUTH AMERICA

ABSTRACT. A time-dependent model is used to investigate the interaction between climate, extent and fluctuations of Patagonian ice sheet between 45° and 48°S during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and its subsequent deglaciation. The model is applied at 2 km resolution and enables ice thickness, lithospheric response and ice deformation and sliding to interact freely and is perturbed from present day by relative changes in sea level and equilibrium line altitude (ELA). Experiments implemented to identify an LGM configuration compatible with the available empirical record, indicate that a stepped ELA lowering of 750 to 950 m is required over 15000 years to bracket the Fenix I-V suite of moraines at Lago Buenos Aires. However, 900 m of ELA lowering yields an ice sheet which best matches the Fenix V moraine (c. 23000 a BP) and Caldenius' reconstructed LGM limit for the entire modelled area. This optimum LGM experiment yields a highly dynamic, low aspect ice sheet, with a mean ice thickness of c. 1130 m drained by numerous large ice streams to the western, seaward margin and two large, fast-flowing outlet lobes to the east. Forcing this scenario into deglaciation using a re-scaled Vostok ice core record results in an ice sheet that slowly shrinks by 25% to c. 14500 a bp , after which it experiences a rapid collapse, loosing some 85% of its volume in c. 800 years. Its margins stabilize during the Antarctic Cold Reversal after which it shrinks to near present-day limits by 11 000 a bp .     

THE LAST GLACIATION OF SHETLAND, NORTH ATLANTIC

Evidence relating to the extent, dynamics, and relative chronology of the last glaciation of the Shetland Islands, North Atlantic, is presented here, in an attempt to better illuminate some of the controversies that still surround the glacial history of the archipelago. We appraise previous interpretations and compare these earlier results with new evidence gleaned from the interpretation of a high resolution digital terrain model and from field reconnaissance. By employing a landsystems approach, we identify and describe three quite different assemblages of landscape features across the main islands of Mainland, Yell and Unst. Using the spatial interrelationship of these landsystems, an assessment of their constituent elements, and comparisons with similar features in other glaciated environments, we propose a simple model for the last glaciation of Shetland. During an early glacial phase, a coalescent British and Scandinavian ice sheet flowed approximately east to west across Shetland. The terrestrial land‐forms created by this ice sheet in the north of Shetland suggest that it had corridors of relatively fast‐flowing ice that were partially directed by bed topography, and that subsequent deglaciation was interrupted by at least one major stillstand. Evidence in the south of Shetland indicates the growth of a local ice cap of restricted extent that fed numerous radial outlet glaciers during, or after, ice‐sheet deglaciation. Whilst the absolute age of these three landsystems remains uncertain, these new geo‐morphological and palaeoglaciological insights reconcile many of the ideas of earlier workers, and allow wider speculation regarding the dynamics of the former British ice sheet.     

ENVIRONMENTS OF AEOLIAN DEPOSITION IN SOUTH-CENTRAL NEBRASKA DURING THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM

The Peoria Loess of south-central Nebraska, deposited approximately during the Last Glacial Maximum, can be subdivided into three zones: an upper laminated loess and a lower massive loess, separated by a dark gley zone in which bison bones and spruce charcoal are found. The lower Peoria unit is characterized by high organic matter content, relatively high bulk density, and common root channels. The upper Peoria unit has rhythmic patterns of two orders: strongly gleyed and weakly gleyed zones alternating in couplets about 2–5 m thick, and coarse- and fine-grained laminae of second order, about 2–4 mm thick. The strongly gleyed zones are relatively low in magnetic susceptibility and contain lenses with abundant fossil plant debris. They may have formed in active zones on top of permafrost during relatively cold and probably moist intervals, with magnetic susceptibility secondarily lowered in the redox environment. Magnetic susceptibility also indicates the possible existence of first-order rhythmic patterns in the lower massive loess. Each of the ten susceptibility oscillations within Peoria Loess has a mean duration of about 1000 years, assuming that the loess was deposited between approximately 20,000–22,000 and 10,000–10,500 yr BP. The second-order laminae, close to the expected mean annual accumulation rate of Peoria Loess, may be due to seasonal variation in wind intensity or to secondary grain sorting of niveoeolian deposits. [Key words: Peoria Loess, dust, Great Plains, Last Glacial Maximum.]     

石林巴江流域近40年气温和降水变化的初步研究

利用数理统计方法分析了石林巴江流域中部近40年（1964-2001年）的气温和降雨量的年、季节和月变化。本区气温的增温速率是0．2℃／10a，与昆明市区增温率相近，低于同期全国增温速率；雨季（夏季）增温幅度大于旱季（冬季）。在过去40年中，年降雨量增加总量约为40mm，雨季降雨量略有降低，而旱季降雨量略有增强，全年第一次降雨强度和全年日最大降雨量也略有增加，但每年连续不降雨天数增加约1．9天。降雨量变化的波动性比气温变化的波动性强。气温、降雨量在1960s、1970s、1980s和1990s表现出不同的变化趋势。     

400年来北极巴罗角的温度变化特征

近４００年湖泊岩芯温度记录揭示,巴罗地区总的变化趋势是升温,平均升温速率为每百年０．４℃,但近２００年呈降温趋势。熵谱分析表明,近代巴罗地区温度波动存在３３年、４０年、２９年周期和９０年左右的世纪周期;１９２１～１９９４年巴罗气象台逐月温度资料统计分析和熵谱分析表明,现代巴罗温度变化有４个月、半年、１４个月、１６个月、３年、４年、７年和１０年周期。     

内蒙古土默特平原北部全新世古环境变迁

内蒙古土默特平原北部地区全新世以来气候变迁主要经历了由琼－温－暖－温－凉的序列，可以划分为五个主要阶段：９１００ａＢＰ－７４００ａＢＰ，气候偏干偏冷；７４００ａＢＰ－５０００ａＢＰ，气候波动剧烈，属过渡期，前期气候温和偏干旱，后期温和偏湿润；５０００ａＢＰ－４１００ａＢＰ，气候温暖湿润，４１００ａＢＰ－１３５０ａＢＰ，属气候过渡期，气候逐渐趋向干旱，人类影响增大；     

佛山市近30年来能见度变化趋势的分析

本文分析了近30年来各季能见度≤4或10km出现时数的变化趋势。结果表明,佛山市能见度呈加速恶化的趋势。能见度的变化趋势与相对湿度关系不大,但与地面风向却有明显的关系。     

晋西北地区末次盛冰期古风成砂的发现及环境演化

野外调查中在晋西北地区首次发现了马兰黄土中的古风成砂沉积，其机械组成主要是极细砂和细砂，而且具有明显的风成交错层理等特征。结合年代资料和孢粉分析，认为古风成砂形成于２７０００～１００００ａＢ．Ｐ．间的末次冰期盛冰期，当时晋西北地区是干旱荒漠－干草原景观，气候寒冷干燥，风的地质作用成为控制该区环境变化的主要动力因素，沙漠化土地迅速扩展或沙漠大范围地南侵，说明该区土地沙漠化过程至少在晚更新世晚期就已断续存在     

A NEW RECONSTRUCTION OF TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY IN THE EXTRA‐TROPICAL NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE LAST TWO MILLENNIA

A new temperature reconstruction with decadal resolution, covering the last two millennia, is presented for the extratropical Northern Hemisphere (90–30°N), utilizing many palaeo‐temperature proxy records never previously included in any large‐scale temperature reconstruction. The amplitude of the reconstructed temperature variability on centennial time‐scales exceeds 0.6°C. This reconstruction is the first to show a distinct Roman Warm Period c. ad 1–300, reaching up to the 1961–1990 mean temperature level, followed by the Dark Age Cold Period c. ad 300–800. The Medieval Warm Period is seen c. ad 800–1300 and the Little Ice Age is clearly visible c. ad 1300–1900, followed by a rapid temperature increase in the twentieth century. The highest average temperatures in the reconstruction are encountered in the mid to late tenth century and the lowest in the late seventeenth century. Decadal mean temperatures seem to have reached or exceeded the 1961–1990 mean temperature level during substantial parts of the Roman Warm Period and the Medieval Warm Period. The temperature of the last two decades, however, is possibly higher than during any previous time in the past two millennia, although this is only seen in the instrumental temperature data and not in the multi‐proxy reconstruction itself. Our temperature reconstruction agrees well with the reconstructions by Moberg et al. (2005) and Mann et al. (2008) with regard to the amplitude of the variability as well as the timing of warm and cold periods, except for the period c. ad 300–800, despite significant differences in both data coverage and methodology.     

宁夏气温的数学模拟及多年变化特征

本文用较新的资料,研究了宁夏气温的空间变化规律、数学模拟以及气温的多年变化特征。结果表明:宁夏气温在地区分布上呈现南低北高的地域分异规律;用海拔高度、地理纬度、经度模拟当地气温的空间分布,具有很高的精度;宁夏气温多年变化普遍存在着10-12年及2.2-2.5年的变化周期。     

华南末次冰期盛期最低海面问题

本文从陆架残留砂、水下海滩岩、陆架残留地貌、海底岩芯、珊瑚礁沉积间断、陆域侵蚀沉积反映等方面，综合考虑海面下降、陆架均衡沉降、构造活动、海流潮流波浪的再造作用等多种因素，认为华南末次冰期盛期的最低海南可能是－８０ｍ左右。     

近50年新疆北疆地区气候变化趋势分析研究

采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检验法,基于1956～2006年新疆北疆8个地区的年均气温和年降水量数据,对北疆8个地区近50年的年均气温和年降水量序列的变化趋势和突变进行了分析.结果表明北疆8个地区的气温和降水呈现了大致相同的变化趋势,自20世纪80～ 90年代以来,北疆大部分地区气温呈现显著上升趋势,出现增温突变.同时,降水量也呈现上升趋势.其中,博州、乌鲁木齐及阿勒泰地区降水量呈现的显著增加趋势,出现突变增加;其余大部地区降水量缓慢增加,没有发生突变.近50年来,北疆气候总体呈现一个增温增湿的变化趋势.     

极锋以南洋区N_2O源汇特性初析

N_2O是大气中最重要的温室气体之一,目前已经有大量的研究对海洋N_2O循环及海洋对N_2O收支的贡献进行追踪报道。然而,极区相关研究仍然十分有限。本研究利用中国第25、26次南极科学考察的机会,对南大洋进行的采样以及实验室分析,结果显示,南大洋表层海水存在亚热带锋附近N_2O过饱和,亚南极锋附近接近饱和,和极锋以南洋面的不饱和的特征。海冰融化后,其融冰水的注入是N2O不饱和特征形成的主要原因。运用正态分布选取站观测风速95%以上的风速范围进行平局估算出极锋以南洋区海气通量,结果显示,极锋区以南表层海水是大气N_2O的汇区,年吸收通量约为3.5×10~(-4)—7.7×10-4Tg·a-1(百万吨氮/年)。     

江苏省近两千年气候变化研究

建立一个温度指数序列和苏南、苏北两个旱涝等级序列,序列长度在６００￣１８００ａ间。分历史气候时期（近２０００ａ）和实测资料时期（近百年）对冷暖（温度）和旱涝（降水）变化规律作研究,提出宏观趋势。     

雷琼海区近40年海温变化趋势

根据雷琼海区４个海洋观测站实测海水表层温度（ＳＳＴ）资料,采用常规气候分析方法,分析了雷琼海区、雷州半岛西南部珊瑚岩礁区的ＳＳＴ变化概况及近４０年来ＳＳＴ变化趋势,得出礁区的ＳＳＴ年平均与季平均气候值：（１）近４０年来,在全球变肝的总体背景下,研究区ＳＳＴ呈上升趋势,近１０年来尤为明显。（２）近４０年来各的ＳＳＴ变化趋势不一致,夏秋两季未出现持续性倾向性变化,春季ＳＳＴ显著下降,下降率为０．２５℃     

云南省雨季降水分布与印度洋海温场

利用遥相关对云南省雨季降水作中长期预报,采用不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式建立了印度洋海 场与云南省雨季降水场的预报方程。通过对１９９３年及１９９４扩的预报检验,效果较理想。     

晚更新世末期南海北部陆架的古地理探讨

根据地球物理综合调查,沉积物的粒度、矿物成分、石英砂粒扫描电镜分析,14T测年,以及微体古生物等成果,表明南海北部外陆架地区在更新世末期,冬半年气候干寒,东北风强劲,风沙活动强烈,砂丘广布,为干寒多风沙的自然环境。