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1.
Cathelijne de Busser 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):283-294
Contrary to the absence of a uniform Spanish identity (a phenomenon that is often referred to as Spain being a ‘nation of
nations’), Spain’s confessional map is remarkably homogeneous. From the beginning of its existence as a political conglomeration,
Spain has been a mono-confessional Catholic territory. Even at present, Catholicism is an intrinsic feature of Spanish society
and – though officially a secular state – of state policy. A closer look at Spain’s religious situation and its corresponding
pattern of church–state relations reveals, however, some recent cracks in the century’s old bond between Spain and Catholicism.
Particularly secularization and religious pluralism challenge Spain’s mono-confessional Catholic nature, a development that
fits well into Spain’s post-Francoist focus on Europe and European (secular) values. This paper discusses Spanish church–state
relations from the beginning of its political existence until present times. Special attention will be paid to more recent
societal developments and their impact on religious Spain and church–state relations.
相似文献
Cathelijne de BusserEmail: |
2.
Elżbieta Bilska-Wodecka 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):341-355
According to Madeley’s (2003) comparative framework of state–church relations in Europe, Poland is part of the historic Northeast-Southeast multi-confessional
culture belt. The aim of this paper is to analyse the historic relationships between the Polish state and church in relation
to this framework with special attention to the post-Second World War period and to the consequences for the Polish religious
landscape. In contrast to the multi-confessionality of the historic Polish polities, after the Second World War Poland became
a mono-confessional, Roman-Catholic country. Territorial changes, the resettlement of people and the annihilation of the Jewish
population by the Nazis were responsible for this religious homogenisation. Consequently, the relationship between state and
church was almost completely confined to the relationship with the Roman-Catholic Church. During the 45 years of communist
dominance, that church became the largest public organisation independent of the state authorities and played the most important
role in the struggle against the ‘atheisation’ of Polish society as a consequence of the strong support for the church by
the majority of people. The post–1989 period is characterised by a liberalisation towards non-Catholic religious communities
and – after an initial reluctance – a positive attitude of the Polish Roman-Catholic Church (strongly supported by the Polish
Pope John Paul II) towards the Polish membership of the European Union.
相似文献
Elżbieta Bilska-WodeckaEmail: |
3.
P. Mogilevsky 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(3):201-214
The regular solid solution model has been applied to solid solubility in the monazite–xenotime systems and is verified against
the available experimental data for LaPO4–YPO4 and CePO4–YPO4 systems. The model is then used to predict the miscibility gaps in a number of other monazite–xenotime systems. The implications
for prospective two-phase monazite–xenotime fiber coatings for applications in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are discussed.
相似文献
P. MogilevskyEmail: |
4.
Regional-scale Proterozoic IOCG-mineralized breccia systems: examples from the Wernecke Mountains, Yukon, Canada 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A large scale Proterozoic breccia system consisting of numerous individual breccia bodies, collectively known as Wernecke
Breccia, occurs in north-central Yukon Territory, Canada. Breccias cut Early Proterozoic Wernecke Supergroup sedimentary rocks
and occur throughout the approximately 13 km thick deformed and weakly metamorphosed sequence. Iron oxide–copper–gold ± uranium
± cobalt mineralization is associated with the breccia bodies and occurs as veins and disseminations within breccia and surrounding
rocks and locally forms the breccia matrix. Extensive sodic and potassic metasomatic alteration occurs within and around breccia
bodies and is overprinted by pervasive calcite and dolomite/ankerite, and locally siderite, alteration, respectively. Multiple
phases of brecciation, alteration and mineralization are evident. Breccia bodies are spatially associated with regional-scale
faults and breccia emplacement made use of pre-existing crustal weaknesses and permeable zones. New evidence indicates the
presence of metaevaporitic rocks in lower WSG that may be intimately related to breccia formation. No evidence of breccia-age
magmatism has been found to date.
相似文献
Julie HuntEmail: |
5.
Albrecht Steck 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2008,101(2):515-546
This study presents a review of published geological data, combined with original observations on the tectonics of the Simplon
massif and the Lepontine gneiss dome in the Western Alps. New observations concern the geometry of the Oligocene Vanzone back
fold, formed under amphibolite facies conditions, and of its root between Domodossola and Locarno, which is cut at an acute
angle by the Miocene, epi- to anchizonal, dextral Centovalli strike-slip fault. The structures of the Simplon massif result
from collision over 50 Ma between two plate boundaries with a different geometry: the underthrusted European plate and the
Adriatic indenter. Detailed mapping and analysis of a complex structural interference pattern, combined with observations
on the metamorphic grade of the superimposed structures and radiometric data, allow a kinematic model to be developed for
this zone of oblique continental collision. The following main Alpine tectonic phases and structures may be distinguished:
It is suggested that movements of shortening in fan shaped NW, W and SW directions accompanied the more regular NW- to WNW-directed
displacement of the Adriatic indenter during continental collision.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Editorial Handling: Stefan Bucher 相似文献
1. | NW-directed nappe emplacement, starting in the Early Eocene (~50 Ma); |
2. | W, SW and S-verging transverse folds; |
3. | transpressional movements on the dextral Simplon ductile shear zone since ~32 Ma; |
4. | formation of the Bergell – Vanzone backfolds and of the southern steep belt during the Oligocene, emplacement of the mantle derived 31–29 Ma Bergell and Biella granodiorites and porphyritic andesites as well as intrusions of 29–25 Ma crustal aplites and pegmatites; |
5. | formation of the dextral discrete Rhone-Simplon line and the Centovalli line during the Miocene, accompanied by the pull-apart development of the Lepontine gneiss dome – Dent Blanche (Valpelline) depression. |
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Editorial Handling: Stefan Bucher 相似文献
6.
Y. Rolland E. Carrio-Schaffhauser S. M. F. Sheppard A. Pêcher L. Esclauze 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(2):288-305
The Karakorum Range comprises a crustal section of marbles and metapelites providing an opportunity to study the extent of high-temperature metamorphic reequilibration in an active orogen. Metamorphism culminated during the Mio-Pliocene, at 6–7 Ma. Peak metamorphic conditions increased from south to north, i.e. from (1) the Upper Anchizone grade (lawsonite, chlorite–smectite) to (2) lower granulite migmatite grade (HT∼800°C) conditions along strike of a 30-km section perpendicular to the structural fabric of the rocks. The metamorphic section can be separated into two domains:
相似文献
1. | A domain with low to transitional metamorphic conditions, with respect to the HT zone, where initial bedding is preserved. These moderate PT conditions prevailed during the main tectonic stacking event (50–37 Ma), prior to the Mio-Pliocene event. In this domain, metamorphism is governed by fluid-assisted grain-scale diffusion, as suggested by the progressive coarsening of minerals with increasing metamorphic grade and the preservation of sedimentary δ13C signatures in carbonates. A low thermal gradient (17°C/km) is derived from P-T estimates of the prograde metamorphic sequences. |
2. | A higher-grade metamorphic domain where, by contrast, the metamorphic style is dominated by advection of heat with magmatic intrusions involving mantle melts during the recent tectonic history (20–3 Ma). Strong devolatilisation of CO2 and partial melting of the metapelites triggered mixing up of carbonated and pelitic lithologies resulting in ultramafic restites and calc-silicate mobilisates. The δ13C isotopic composition of carbonates is widely modified, though locally preserved. |
7.
The aeolian sedimentation record of the Thar desert 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A review of the aeolian sedimentary record of the Thar desert is presented. This includes a regional survey of the major dune
forms, their genesis and their relationship to climate and other regional landforms. A key aspect of this work is the chronometry
of the dunes using luminescence methods. Luminescence dating of sand has enabled quantification of the duration of the phases
of sand aggradation and quiescence, time scales of dune migration and the dating of pedogenic carbonates. We demonstrate that
the conventional wisdom of synchronicity of dune aggradation with glacial epoch is not true in the context of Thar sands and
here only a short durationwindow of opportunity existed for dune aggradation. Luminescence ages further suggest that this window occurred during a transitional climatic
regime from glacial to interglacial about 4–10 ka after the glacial epoch. Other inferences included are that:
相似文献
– | • the aeolian activity in the Thar began over > 150 ka, resolving that Thar is not of anthropogenic origin as suggested previously; |
– | • the present spatial extent of the aeolian activity in the Thar is in a contracted stage compared to that in the geological past, which refutes the arguments on its rapid north-eastward expansion; |
– | • the current dune migration rates in areas of significant human-induced disturbances are much higher than during the geological past; |
– | • the monsoon activity in the Thar varied significantly, from being minimal during the isotopic marine stages 4 and 2 to being close to the present during stage 3; |
– | • on shorter time scales the dune activities correlated with the lacustrine records of the region with a phase difference of a few centuries and a periodicity of ∼ 1500 years; |
– | • the sand aggradation climate in the southern margin in Gujarat gradually shrank northwards such that in general dunes older than 10 ka are seen in the extreme southern margin and dunes younger than 2ka ages occur mostly in the western part of Rajasthan. |
8.
The Teplá-Barrandian unit (TBU) of the Bohemian Massif was a part of the Avalonian-Cadomian belt at the northern margin of Gondwana during Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian times. New detrital zircon ages and geochemical compositions of Late Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sediments confirm a deposition of the volcano-sedimentary successions of the TBU in a back-arc basin. A change in the geotectonic regime from convergence to transtension was completed by the time of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. The accumulation of around 2,500 m Lower Cambrian continental siliciclastics in a Basin-and-Range-type setting was accompanied by magmatism, which shows within-plate features in a few cases, but is predominantly derived from anatectic melts displaying the inherited island arc signature of their Cadomian source rocks. The geochemistry of clastic sediments suggests a deposition in a rift or strike-slip-related basin, respectively. A marine transgression during Middle Cambrian times indicates markedly thinned crust after the Cadomian orogeny. Upper Cambrian magmatism is represented by 1,500 m of subaerial andesites and rhyolites demonstrating several geochemical characteristics of an intra-plate setting. Zircons from a rhyolite give a U-Pb-SHRIMP age of 499±4 Ma. The Cambrian sedimentary and magmatic succession of the TBU records the beginning of an important rifting event at the northern margin of Gondwana.
相似文献
Kerstin DrostEmail: |
9.
Sylvie Demouchy Stephen J. Mackwell David L. Kohlstedt 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(3):279-289
Interdiffusion of Fe and Mg in (Mg,Fe)O has been investigated experimentally under hydrous conditions. Single crystals of
MgO in contact with (Mg0.73Fe0.27)O were annealed hydrothermally at 300 MPa between 1,000 and 1,250°C and using a Ni–NiO buffer. After electron microprobe
analyses, the dependence of the interdiffusivity on Fe concentration was determined using a Boltzmann–Matano analysis. For
a water fugacity of ∼300 MPa, the Fe–Mg interdiffusion coefficient in Fe
x
Mg1−x
O with 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.25 can be described by with and C = −80 ± 10 kJ mol−1. For x = 0.1 and at 1,000°C, Fe–Mg interdiffusion is a factor of ∼4 faster under hydrous than under anhydrous conditions. This enhanced
rate of interdiffusion is attributed to an increased concentration of metal vacancies resulting from the incorporation of
hydrogen. Such water-induced enhancement of kinetics may have important implications for the rheological properties of the
lower mantle.
相似文献
Sylvie DemouchyEmail: |
10.
The paper presents an efficient finite difference based 2D-inversion algorithm, EM2INV, for geoelectromagnetic data. The special
features of the algorithm are
The algorithm is tested rigorously by setting up exercises of diverse nature and of practical significance. The stability
of the algorithm is established by inverting the synthetic response corrupted with Gaussian noise. The inversion experiments
are aimed at studying
It has been observed that the Magneto-telluric data deciphers better the vertical position of the target and Geomagnetic Depth
Sounding data deciphers the horizontal variations in a better way. The conductive and resistive bodies are better resolved
by inversion of E- and B-polarization data respectively. The results of multi-frequency inversion imply that the increase
in the number of frequencies does not necessarily enhance the inversion quality especially when the spread of observation
points is sufficiently large to sense the target. The study of a minimum number of observation points highlights the importance
of single point inversion that furnishes useful information about the inhomogeneity. 相似文献
– | • optimal grid generation based on grid design thumb rules, |
– | • finite domain boundary conditions, |
– | • interpolation matrix that permits generation of response at observation points different from grid points, |
– | • Gaussian elimination forward matrix solver, that enables reuse of already decomposed coefficient matrix, |
– | • super-block notion that reduces the number of blocks with unknown resistivities and, in turn, the size of Jacobian matrix and |
– | • bi-conjugate gradient matrix solver for inverse problem which circumvents the need of explicit Jacobian matrix computation. |
– | • relative performance of response functions, |
– | • inversion quality of E- and B-polarization data, |
– | • efficacy of single and multi-frequency data inversion, |
– | • minimum number of frequencies and observation points needed for successful data inversion. |
11.
D. Vielzeuf A. Baronnet A. L. Perchuk D. Laporte M. B. Baker 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(2):153-170
Concentration gradients in calcium are common in metamorphic or magmatic garnets and can be used to determine the timescales
of geological processes. However, the kinetics of Ca diffusion in garnet is poorly constrained and experimental studies have
to date yielded widely varying diffusion coefficients. In this paper, we describe a new method for generating diffusion profiles
in garnet. We incorporated polished and compositionally homogeneous garnet seeds in a finely ground powder of clinopyroxene
and garnet. During the experiments (1.3 GPa, 1,050–1,250°C, and ƒO2 ≤ the graphite-O2 buffer), the mineral powder partially melted, recrystallized, and formed a 10–50 μm wide overgrowth zone of compositionally
distinct garnet around the seeds. Long duration experiments generated measurable relaxation profiles at these seed/overgrowth
interfaces. We performed analytical transmission electron microscope traverses across the interfaces in each experiment. Thirteen
usable compositional profiles were obtained with characteristic distances of diffusion ranging from 300 to 1,000 nm. From
these profiles, Ca–(Fe, Mg) interdiffusion coefficients were retrieved using an analytical solution for the diffusion equation
and the data were cast in an Arrhenius relation. Linear regression of the data yields an activation energy Q
Ca–(Fe, Mg) equal to 188 ± 48 kJ mol−1 and a frequency factor D
0 equal to 6.6 × 10−14 m2 s−1. Within the compositional range studied, the composition of garnet has no major effect on the Ca–(Fe, Mg) interdiffusion
coefficient. The very slow diffusion rate of Ca is in agreement with natural observations indicating that Ca diffuses more
slowly than Fe and Mg. The Ca diffusion coefficients derived from this study are not model-dependent and can be used to determine
the durations of geological events from Ca relaxation profiles in natural garnets.
相似文献
D. VielzeufEmail: |
12.
We present the software program THERIA_G, which allows for numerical simulation of garnet growth in a given volume of rock
along any pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path. THERIA_G assumes thermodynamic equilibrium between the garnet rim and the rock matrix during growth and accounts for
component fractionation associated with garnet formation as well as for intracrystalline diffusion within garnet. In addition,
THERIA_G keeps track of changes in the equilibrium phase relations, which occur during garnet growth along the specified P–T–t trajectory. This is accomplished by the combination of two major modules: a Gibbs free energy minimization routine is used
to calculate equilibrium phase relations including the volume and composition of successive garnet growth increments as P and T and the effective bulk rock composition change. With the second module intragranular multi-component diffusion is modelled
for spherical garnet geometry. THERIA_G allows to simulate the formation of an entire garnet population, the nucleation and
growth history of which is specified via the garnet crystal size frequency distribution. Garnet growth simulations with THERIA_G
produce compositional profiles for the garnet porphyroblasts of each size class of a population and full information on equilibrium
phase assemblages for any point along the specified P–T–t trajectory. The results of garnet growth simulation can be used to infer the P–T–t path of metamorphism from the chemical zoning of garnet porphyroblasts. With a hypothetical example of garnet growth in a
pelitic rock we demonstrate that it is essential for the interpretation of the chemical zoning of garnet to account for the
combined effects of the thermodynamic conditions of garnet growth, the nucleation history and intracrystalline diffusion.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
F. GaidiesEmail: |
13.
Petrographic observations of two Vindhyan black shales (Rampur Shale of the Semri Group and Bijaigarh Shale of the Kaimur
Group) revealed the following features:
These features are indirect evidence of microbial mat colonization during the Proterozoic. The microbial mats probably fixed
carbon at the sediment surface, stabilized sediment and recycled organic matter and were the primary producers, unlike during
the Phanerozoic time. 相似文献
– | •general wavy lamination, |
– | •contorted and folded thin shreds of organic matter, |
– | •wavy pyritic laminae, |
– | •‘teeth and socket’ structure. |
14.
Brian Mills Dan Unrau Carla Parkinson Brenda Jones Jennifer Yessis Kelsey Spring Laurel Pentelow 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(2):157-183
This article summarizes research completed to assess the risk of lightning-related injuries and fatalities in Canada. Although
lightning mortality has declined significantly over the past century, it remains a common meteorological hazard that regularly
kills and injures. Based on an analysis of media reports, vital statistics, hospital admission and emergency room visit records,
and fire loss data, the authors estimate that on average about 9–10 lightning-related deaths and 92–164 injuries occur each
year in Canada. The distribution of casualties reflects current provincial population and cloud-to-ground lightning densities.
Consistent with similar studies in other developed nations, most lightning-related fatalities and injuries in Canada occur
during the June-August summer season, coincident with peak lightning, and during the Thursday-Saturday period, most likely
related to higher rates of participation in outdoor activities. The majority of victims are male, less than 46 years old,
and engaged in outdoor recreational activities when injured or killed in a lightning incident. Media reports used in the study
were found to underestimate both lightning mortality (36%) and morbidity (20–600%).
相似文献
Brian MillsEmail: |
15.
Water fluxes were estimated and a water budget developed for the land surface and a surficial 10-m-deep section of the coastal
sabkhas that extend from the city of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, west to the border with Saudi Arabia. The fluxes were
estimated on the basis of water levels and hydraulic conductivities measured in wells and evaporation rates measured with
a humidity chamber. In contrast with conceptual models proposed in earlier studies, groundwater inflow is estimated to be
small, whereas the largest components of the water budget are recharge from rainfall and evaporation from the water table.
Estimates within a rectilinear volume of sabkha, defined as 1 m wide by 10 km long by 10 m deep, indicate that about 1 m3/year of water enters and exits by lateral groundwater flow; 40–50 m3/year enters by upward leakage; and 640 m3/year enters by recharge from rainfall. Based on the water and solute fluxes estimated for the upward leakage into the sabkha,
7–8 pore volumes of brine have entered the sabkha from below since the time the sabkha became saturated (7,000 years ago)
as a result of the last global sea-level rise.
相似文献
Ward E. SanfordEmail: |
16.
O. K. Manuel 《Journal of Earth System Science》2000,109(1):195-203
The notion of remote element synthesis has recently been modified to explain the presence of nucleogenetic isotopic anomalies
and decay products of short-lived nuclides by injection of a small amount ofexotic nucleogenetic material. Even with this modification, remote element synthesis seems inconsistent with the following observations:
相似文献
– | Evidence of coupled variations in the chemical and isotopic compositions of the source material for meteorites. |
– | Residual coupling of chemical and isotopic heterogeneities across planetary distances in the solar system today. |
– | The mass-fractionation relationship seen across isotopes of elements in the planetary system, in the solar wind, and in solar flares. |
– | Linkage of short-lived radioactivities with isotopic anomalies and with physical properties of their host grains, as expected for early condensate of fresh stellar debris. |
– | Temporal and spatial distributions of short-live nuclides and their decay products. |
– | Mirror-image (+ and −) isotopic anomalies in meteorite grains that sum to “normal” isotopic ratios, as expected of unmixed products of the same nuclear reactions that produced our bulk elements. |
– | The lac supporting evidence for “presolar” grains or nearby stars that injectedexotic material into the early solar nebula. |
17.
Until recently the traditional spatial configuration of the European geography was based upon the core-periphery model. The
‘pentagon’, broadly defined as lying between London, Paris, Milan, Munich and Hamburg, was seen as the core area characterised
by having the highest concentration of economic development in the European Union (EU), with the remainder of the European
territory viewed as peripheral, albeit to varying degrees. In a number of cases such peripheral areas equated with clear regional
disparities. The elaboration of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) (CEC, European spatial development perspective, towards balanced and sustainable development in the territory of the
European Union, 1999) challenged this core-periphery model. European spatial planning policies, aimed at encouraging social
and economic, and with ever increasing importance, territorial cohesion, seek amongst other aspects to encourage the development
of a balanced and polycentric urban system. This paper adopts a network analysis approach to the analysis of air passenger
flows between some 28 principal European metropolitan urban regions. The evaluation of these flows contributes to an enhanced
comprehension of the spatial dynamics of the European metropolitan territory which goes beyond that deriving from the more
standard analyses of the individual components of the urban system. Several indicators are used, deriving from gravitational
modelling techniques, to analyse the complexity of the air passenger flows. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) technique is
introduced in order to interpret and visualise the resulting spatial configuration and positioning of the different metropolitan
centres within the conceptual European ‘space of air passenger flows’, thereby contrasting with the more traditional map-based
geographical image of Europe, based upon Cartesian coordinates.
相似文献
Malcolm C. BurnsEmail: |
18.
Partha Pratim Chakraborty 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(1):23-36
The Rewa Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup in the Son valley begins with a thick (∼200m) dominantly shaly, shelfal succession,
occurring between the Dhandraul Formation of the Kaimur Group (fluvial sandstone) below and Drammondganj Formation of the
Rewa Group (marginal marine sandstone) above. Such a stratigraphic disposition indicates a sharp rise in relative sea level
at the onset of Rewa sedimentation, inducing a shelfal depth to the Vindhyan basin. However, a number of wedge-shaped, sandstone/conglomerate
bodies (maximum thickness 23.5 m) occur at multiple stratigraphic levels within the aforesaid deeper water shale succession,
which appear to be of much shallow water origin representing regressive deposits. Though these bodies do not define a single
physically continuous unit, either vertically or laterally, they are still designated by a single term ‘Asan Sandstone’ in
the literature. On the other hand, the encasing shelfal shales are termed as Panna and Jhiri Shales, in accordance with their
occurrence below or above the so-called ‘Asan Sandstone’. The present study reveals that in different sections spread over
the Son valley, there are several discrete regressive wedges occurring vertically, and their depositional environment is also
variable, ranging between braided fluvial, shoreface fan and braid delta. The features common to most of the regressive coarser
clastic bodies are:
相似文献
– | •invariable presence of deeper water, shelfal shale below (Panna or Jhiri); |
– | •the underlying shale at places shows signatures of emergence at the top; |
– | •laterally impersistent, wedge-like geometry; and |
– | •presence of granular transgressive lags at the top. These coarser clastic wedges record several episodes of regressive deposition during short-term falling stage or lowstand of relative sea level at the early phase of Rewa sedimentation. Each individual phase of regressive deposition was, however, followed by flooding and resumption of shelf mud deposition. |
19.
Rolf L. Romer Norbert Nowaczyk Richard Wirth 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(2):375-387
Sub-micron Fe,Mn-oxides in columbite–tantalite minerals are bound to metamict domains in the host. These nano-oxides are secondary
minerals as the metamict zones formed through accumulation of damages from α-recoil, each of which in a small volume destroys
the crystal lattice of the U and Th bearing columbite–tantalite host. Transmission electron microscope investigations demonstrate
that the oxides fall in the compositional range of magnetite–jacobsite–iwakiite (Fe,Mn)3O4 and of hematite-type minerals along the Fe2O3–Mn2O3 join, i.e., minerals that are known to be major carriers of magnetic remanence. Measured magnetic properties of isolated
columbite–tantalite crystals demonstrate in some samples magnetic remanence, which is bound to sub-micron pseudosingle-domain
crystals rather than to the host. Thus, the magnetic remanence is not related to the formation of columbite–tantalite, but
to the crystallization of the nano-oxides, which occur in metamict domains of the host and therefore are secondary. Depending
on the content and distribution of U and Th, the nano-oxides may form diachronously within an individual and among several
host crystals. Magnetic secondary nano-oxides are not restricted to columbite–tantalite minerals, but may occur in other minerals
where high contents of Fe and Mn are associated with high contents of U and Th. Rocks that show the same spatial distribution
for U and Fe, as for instance some red sandstones, may display magnetic properties that are controlled by recoil-induced growth
of secondary Fe-oxides.
相似文献
Rolf L. RomerEmail: |
20.
Kevin E. McHugh 《GeoJournal》2009,74(3):209-218
This paper is an excursion in non-representational thought. The primacy of movement charges this creative geography. Movement
as sensation, thought, matter and memory crystallizes in ongoing assemblages (effects) we term selves and landscapes. This
movement ontology is animated by a stream of thought running through Bergson, Deleuze, and Massumi, and by Ingold’s temporality
of landscape. Memory is vital, as past (virtual) and present (actual) coexist, pushing forward in duration, the dynamic continuation
of movement and sensation. David Lynch’s film, The Straight Story, offers dramatic illustration of the entanglement of movement,
memory, and landscape. Landscape is emergent as relational lines of movement, an ongoing meshwork of practices and movement
signatures. Alvin Straight’s paced journey through Iowa on a John Deere lawn mower during autumn harvest is a road to reminiscence
and reconciliation, an American sublime. Lynch’s movement-images and soundscapes are sensorial undulations that illumine landscape
as movement of incorporation, ‘dwelling’ in the moment to moment, geographies of care. The take-home message is that we are
nothing more and nothing less than agents, next selves, ‘passing’ through. The collective trace of our ‘passings’ constitutes
the making and remaking of place.
相似文献
Kevin E. McHughEmail: |