火山岩的分类和命名(熔岩部分)

一、问题的提出 国际地质科学联合会火成岩分类学分会推荐了QAPF图解的分类方案(A.Streckeisen,1979)。这一方案的长处是:各类火山岩的平均成分投影点基本上落在相应的分区内;各区火山岩的名称可以同侵入岩相对     

Lineages and Fractionation Trends in Undersaturated Volcanic Rocks from the East Otago Volcanic Province (New Zealand) and Related Rocks

The petrology of the East Otago Volcanic Province (late Miocene),including the Dunedin Complex, is dominated by undersaturatedsodic lavas and shallow intmsives whose compositions range fromalkali basalt, basanite, and nephelinite to trachyte and phonolite.A range of relatively potassic volcanic rocks is also developedin the Province. The degree of undersaturation and ratios suchas (FeO+Fe₂O₃):MgO and K₂O:Na₂O vary widely in rocks with comparabledifferentiation indices. Chemical and mineralogical data onwhole rock-glass pairs and variants of shallow intrusives inthe Province, assessed in conjunction with similar data fromother volcanic provinces, demonstrate the production of trachyticliquids from alkali basaltic parents and of phonolitic liquidsfrom basanitic parents. Fractionation trends in both sodic andpotassic series, defined by variation in differentiation indexand normative nepheline, indicate that the degree of undersaturationof the derivative salic liquids is dependent on that of theparent; the slope of the fractionation trend lines is influencedby additional factors, including Po₂. The unequivocal productionof phonolite from trachyte in the East Otago Province has notbeen demonstrated. The mafic variants of theralites from Waihola and a basanite-pegmatoidassociation from Omimi are similar in composition, but the mostsalic differentiates from these differentiation sequences displaypronounced differences in their KO:Na₂O ratios, tending towardsleuco-theralitic (cf. lugarite) and malignitic compositionsrespectively. A multicomponent spectrum of fractionation lineages is suggestedfor individual differentiated bodies and for lava series. Sodiclineages include: (I) alkali basalt–hawaiite–mugearite–benmoreite–trachyte;(2) a more undersaturated series from basanite through nephelinehawaiite, nepheline mugearite, and nepheline benmoreite, tophonolite; (3) a nephelinite series, more restricted in compositionalrange. The relatively high Fe: Mg ratios characterizing themugearitic variants are sometimes exhibited by members of themore potassic series in which, however, Fe:Mg ratios tend tobe characteristically lower. This feature is correlated withthe frequent occurrence of kaersutitic amphibole or its resorptionproducts, indicative of intratelluric fractionation under relativelyhydrous conditions and probably relatively high Po₂. Certainnepheline trachyandesites from East Otago are described in detail.Trachy-basalt-trachyandesite-tristanite-trachyte and sanidinebasanite-nepheline trachyandesite-nepheline tristanite-phonolitelineages are also proposed, and the nomenclature of these moreseries discussed.     

高砷地下水中溶解性有机碳和无机碳稳定同位素特征

随着稳定同位素分析技术的逐步完善,碳稳定同位素被广泛应用于地球化学领域。高砷地下水砷的生物地球化学循环是目前环境化学研究热点之一。分析概括了碳稳定同位素应用于地下水领域的研究现状,介绍了地下水中有机碳和无机碳稳定同位素的前处理方法以及测试技术。在此基础上,选取了内蒙古河套平原具有代表性的高砷地下水进行氧化还原敏感组分、碳稳定同位素的测定与分析。结果表明,As分布极不均匀,其含量为1.24~387 μg/L。地下水溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量相对较高,与溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度基本呈正相关。δ¹³C_DIC相对δ¹³C_DOC较富集¹³C;δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC与δ¹³C_DIC之间具有显著的正相关关系;表明δ¹³C_DIC值越贫化,δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC越小,地下水中来源于有机物氧化分解的无机碳越多,进一步说明有机碳的氧化分解在无机碳稳定同位素贫化过程中起主要作用。此外,δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC与As浓度呈一定的负相关关系;表明有机物的微生物降解对砷的富集具有明显的促进作用。微生物可利用的碳源增加,促进异养微生物的代谢,并消耗氧气,最终形成有利于地下水As富集的还原环境。     

Basic and Ultrabasic Xenoliths from Volcanic Rocks of New South Wales

Basic and ultrabasic xenoliths found in Tertiary basaltic andlamprophyric volcanic rocks from New South Wales are predominantlyperidotites, but mineralogical gradations between these andassociated pyroxenites and gabbros also occur. The xenolithsare unstable in their host rocks and show marked marginal reactions.Evidence of xenocrystal material derived from such xenolithshas been observed in 40 per cent of other basaltic rocks inthe New South Wales Tertiary volcanic province. A review ofevidence from New South Wales and that available in the literaturefavours the hypothesis that such xenoliths represent portionsof the earth's mantle incorporated in magmas originating fromwithin that zone. Analyses of xenoliths and host rocks, andseven new analyses of clinopyroxenes from xenoliths are presented.     

碳酸盐岩系有机氮与无机氧热化学交换作用研究

深埋碳酸盐岩储层中的水与金属氧化物可能会影响到吡咯类含氮化合物的保存。对吡咯—水—氧化铝反应体系进行了热模拟实验研究,根据模拟实验结果,探讨了反应机理,并考察了反应的动力学特征。结果表明,吡咯—水—氧化铝体系可以发生反应,产物主要为呋喃与氨气,升高温度对反应有利。氧化铝对有机氮与无机氧热化学交换作用起到了明显的催化作用...     

鄂尔多斯盆地胡尖山地区长6段油水分布规律及主控因素分析

利用岩芯、录井和测井等基础资料,对胡尖山地区长6段地层沉积相演化特征进行了研究,分析了油水层的分布规律及控制油水层相间分布的地质条件.胡尖山地区砂体微相主要包括水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝、河道间四种类型,勘探成果表明不同沉积微相均有油藏分布,厚层叠置砂体多为水层占据,同一时期沉积砂体的不同部位含油性不尽相同.研究区油...     

双峰式火山岩组合探视构造—岩浆演化 ——来自博格达构造带双峰式火山岩的启示

应用岩石组合及元素地球化学组合特征,已经能够较成熟的研究区域构造一岩浆演化过程,界定区域构造演化的时空界限。双峰式火山岩组合可形成于不同的大地构造背景下,笔者对不同的大地构造背景形成的双峰式火山岩的岩石学和地球化学特征进行了总结,针对在博格达造山带发现的双峰式火山岩,讨论其对构造一岩浆演化指示作用。博格达双峰式火山岩岩石组合及元素地球化学特征表明：裂谷作用始于早石炭世,结束于晚石炭世晚期或早二叠世早期。博格达裂谷作用存在东西时空差异性,根据裂谷演化早期双峰式火山岩的空间及东西天山在石炭纪火山活动的的差异,推断博格达西段裂谷作用稍微早于东段开始,但由于区域构造演化差异,裂谷演化程度东段强于西段,而东段可能早于西段裂谷闭合。     

The Petragenesis of some Archaean Volcanic Rocks from Southern Africa

Major, rare earth and transition elements, have been determinedon a selection of volcanic rocks from greenstone belts in Rhodesia(2.6 by) and South Africa (3.4 by). In Rhodesia two distinctseries can be recognized: a komatite-tholeiite series whichoccurs early in the greenstone belt evolution and apparentlygrades into a second, calc-alkaline, series at higher structurallevels. Peridotitic komatites reflect higher degrees of partialmelting than any Phanerozoic rocks so far observed and are thereforeused to place limits on the composition of their source. Atlower MgO contents they merge into low K tholeites which havesignificantly higher Ce_N/Yb_N and Rb/Sr ratios (at any MgO content)than those observed in modern ocean floor and island are environments.The calc-alkaline series is characterized by andesites whichexhibit a marked heavy REE depletion, but similar light REEand transition metal contents to the more evolved tholeiticrock types. The continuum of compositions from komatiites totholeiites and calc-alkaline andesites suggests that the bulkof greenstone belt volcanics could have been derived by differentialpartial melting, and polybaric fractionation of an essentiallyhomogeneous peridotite source. Late stage dacitic lavas andintrusions probably reflect melting of a more eclogitic sourceregion. The distinctive trace element geochemistry of Archaeanvolcanics, particularly the high Ni and low Yb values of thecalc-alkaline rocks precludes direct comparison with modernisland are associations. Rather the large decrease in liquidustemperatures (500 °C) with increasing structural heightwithin greenstone belts, coupled with the fact that most ofthe volcanics could have been derived from an essentially homogeneoussource, may suggest that greenstone belts developed in a riftingenvironment. It appears unlikely that the tholeiite/calc-alkalineassociation observed in the Archaean may be taken as an indicationof subduction at that time.     

漠河盆地依列克得组火山活动间歇期烃源岩有机地球化学特征研究

漠河盆地早白垩世为一火山岩断陷盆地,广泛发育火山岩夹沉积岩的二元沉积建造。依列克得组烃源岩为一套发育在玄武岩系之间的湖沼相沉积岩系,烃源岩岩性为油页岩、页岩及煤岩。该套烃源岩与其周围玄武岩为同期不同相产物,与该套烃源岩直接接触的火成岩为火山熔岩或火山碎屑直接进入湖盆水体而形成。利用热解、GC, GC—MS等地球化学分析技术,对该套烃源岩生油潜力进行了初步评价,并探讨了该套烃源岩的沉积环境、母源特征及火山活动对该套烃源岩的影响。分析显示,该套烃源岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型油页岩以Ⅱ型为主,页岩和煤岩主要为Ⅲ型,火山岩浆活动对烃源岩的烘烤作用不明显（Ro=0.56%~0.59%）,有机质热演化处于刚进入生烃门限的低成熟阶段,综合评价具有较好的生烃潜力;该套烃源岩沉积于强还原—弱还原水体环境,在垂向上含盐度具有较快的波动,处于淡水—咸水交替变化状态;母质来源具有水生生物和陆生植物混源输入特征,煤岩陆源有机质输入更丰富。     

火山岩中囊状体的特征及其鉴别

熔岩和火山碎屑岩是两类最主要的火山岩,分别代表了两种不同的火山喷发方式和成岩过程,是火山岩分类命名中首先要注意区分的。囊状体具有与浆屑很相似的形态和结构,但对其研究还相当不足,易导致富含囊状体的流纹质—英安质熔岩与富含浆屑的熔结凝灰岩相混淆,产生熔岩与火山碎屑岩分类上的错误。本文首次介绍囊状体的基本特征并分析其与浆屑之区别。囊状体由矿物集合体(结晶内带)和外围脱玻体(脱玻外带)构成,因形态总体似囊状而得名,可呈条带状、透镜状,两端呈撕裂状或须状等,有时也呈斑块状消光和脱玻褪色体;它们是火山岩中微小的高温气相或液相长英质组份结晶、并释热诱发周围玻璃质脱玻形成的一种原生岩石结构。正确区分囊状体和浆屑对火山岩的分类命名及成因研究有重要作用,并避免火山碎屑岩的人为扩大化。     

长白山地区火山岩中稀土元素特征及赋存状态初探

长白山地区位于滨太平洋新生代火山区,区内粗面玄武岩广泛分布,面积近20000 km²。该区粗面玄武岩中稀土元素含量很高,如何开采利用不仅取决于其含量,还取决于其赋存状态,但这方面的研究迄今未见报道。本文采用电感耦合等离子体光谱法分析长白山地区火山岩中的主量元素,获得其岩相组成信息,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析稀土元素,由此得到其地球化学特征,并结合分级提取实验,初步探讨长白山火山岩中稀土元素赋存状态。元素分析结果表明,研究区内火山岩的岩性主要以粗面玄武岩和粗面岩为主,稀土元素的总量(∑REEs)为211~893 μg/g,其中以粗面岩显著富集稀土元素;粗面岩的δEu为0.06~0.69,具有强烈的负铕异常特性,轻稀土元素与重稀土元素总量比值(∑LREEs/∑HREEs)为3.80~5.61,反映了该区轻、重稀土元素分馏程度较高,且具有富集轻稀土元素的特性。稀土元素的主要赋存状态为磷酸盐结合态(52.9%~88.5%)、碳酸盐结合态(14.6%~43.8%)、氧化物结合态(6.04%~18.4%),而以硅酸盐结合态和离子吸附态存在的稀土元素所占比例最少。分级提取实验分析结果表明,样品的稀土元素总量提取率为91.1%~108%,表明此分级提取方法适合于火山岩中稀土元素赋存状态的分析,为类似火山岩中稀土元素的赋存状态研究提供一种可行性参考方法。     

Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of Volcanic Rocks from the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone, Ecuador

Whole-rock geochemical data on basaltic to rhyolitic samplesfrom 12 volcanic centers are used to constrain the role of continentalcrust in the genesis of magmas formed beneath the anomalouslywide subduction-related volcanic arc in Ecuador. Relativelyhomogeneous, mantle-like, isotopic compositions across the arcimply that the parental magmas in Ecuador were produced largelywithin the mantle wedge above the subduction zone and not byextensive melting of crustal rocks similar to those upon whichthe volcanoes were built. Cross-arc changes in ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and7/4Pb are interpreted to result from assimilation of geochemicallymature continental crust, especially in the main arc area, 330–360km from the trench. Mixing calculations limit the quantity ofassimilated crust to less than 10%. Most andesites and dacitesin Ecuador have adakite-like trace element characteristics (e.g.Y <18 ppm, Yb <2 ppm, La/Yb >20, Sr/Y >40). Availablewhole-rock data do not provide a clear basis for distinguishingbetween slab-melting and deep crustal fractionation models forthe genesis of Ecuador adakites; published data highlightinggeochemical evolution within individual volcanoes, and in magmaticrocks produced throughout Ecuador since the Eocene, appear tosupport the deep fractionation model for the genesis of mostevolved Ecuadoran lavas. A subset of andesites, which displaya combination of high Sr (>900 ppm), Nd >4·1 and7/4Pb <6·0, appear to be the best candidates amongEcuador lavas for slab-melts associated with the subductionof the relatively young, over-thickened, oceanic crust of theCarnegie Ridge. KEY WORDS: andesite; Ecuador; trace elements; isotopes; adakite     

Agates from Paleoproterozoic Volcanic Rocks of the Onega Structure,Central Karelia

Geology of Ore Deposits - Agate mineralization in Central Karelia, Northwest Russia is related to the Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks of the Ludicovian Superhorizon (2.05–1.95 Ga) within the...     

松辽盆地南部深层火山岩、火山机构和火山岩相地质-地震综合识别

松辽盆地南部深层发育2套火山岩,分布在下白垩统营城组下部和上侏罗统火石岭组中上部。东岭地区营城组为酸性岩,岩相以爆发相为主,占73%;火石岭组为中基性岩,可分为上下两段,岩相以喷溢相为主(上段占67%,下段占59%)。酸性岩在地震剖面上主要表现为透镜状、丘状反射特征,顶面为中强反射,内部为中强或弱反射,低频、杂乱、断续分布,具有明显的穿时现象。中基性岩在地震剖面表现为眼球状、丘状反射特征,顶部为强反射,与围岩呈超覆关系,内部为弱反射、蠕虫状、杂乱、低频、断续反射。利用拟声波曲线反演方法识别火山岩,其结果表明东岭地区火石岭组火山岩厚度受断层F₁控制,在F₁东侧薄,西侧厚,在SN109井区域最厚。利用构造趋势面分析和三维体切片技术可识别火山机构的火山锥。在东岭地区火石岭组发现2个火山锥发育区(以中部区域为主),该区火山锥面积为56 km²,最大幅度为547 m。利用倾角属性方法结合火山机构物理模型可识别出火山通道相和侵出相,波形分类方法可识别爆发相和喷溢相,结合两种方法可以准确地识别出火山岩相;其结果表明东岭地区火石岭组在中部区域喷溢相上部亚相和火山通道相发育。火山锥发育的区域是火山岩储层厚度发育的区域,同时岩相预测结果表明该区也是储层物性好的区域,所以东岭地区中部火山岩是勘探的有利目标区。     

西藏拉萨地块中—新生代火山岩中多硅白云母捕虏晶特征及其地质意义

在西藏班戈县德庆区纳木错西岸则弄群火山岩剖面中一段流纹质熔结凝灰岩岩石,西藏堆龙德庆县门堆乡帕那组火山岩剖面三段流纹质晶屑玻屑凝灰岩,以及西藏林周县强嘎乡帕那组火山岩剖面二段流纹质熔结凝灰岩中,发现了多硅白云母捕虏晶。多硅白云母捕虏晶的矿物成分分析结果显示其Si阳离子数为3.294~3.485,Al阳离子数为2.024~2.419,属于比较典型的高压/超高压岩石中常见的白云母。这一特征暗示早白垩世与始新世拉萨地块南北下地壳应该存在高压变质岩或发生过强烈构造挤压导致的高压变质作用。     

青藏高原东部贡觉盆地新生代火山岩的K-Ar稀释法年龄

通过新生代高钾钙碱性中、酸性火山岩的年代学研究来了解青藏高原的隆升特征,首次报道了藏东贡觉盆地新生代7个火山岩样品的K-Ar定年结果．全岩和黑云母的表面年龄均在40．8～46．2Ma间(平均值为44．2Ma)．样品中放射成因Ar与K构成了一条相关性良好的、几乎通过原点的线性等时线,表明它们有相同的成因和相近的形成时代。而且样品中可能既无过剩Ar,也无放射成因Ar的丢失,代表着真实的成岩年龄(始新世中期)．火山活动发生在印度—欧亚板块碰撞(50 Ma左右)后形成的构造环境中。受陆内水平剪切—走滑断裂带控制．结合前人对藏东地区岩浆活动的年代学研究成果．表明青藏高原东缘新生代岩浆活动具多期性．这种多期性可能反映着青藏高原阶段性隆升的壳—幔相互作用。     

大别山碰撞后火山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和氧同位素组成

利用阴极发光技术 (CL)观察了大别山碰撞后玄武岩和安山岩的锆石内部结构 ,并通过离子探针技术 (SIMS)测定了其U Pb年龄和氧同位素组成。玄武岩中锆石都是直接从玄武质岩浆中结晶的岩浆锆石 ,其年龄为 130± 2Ma(1σ) ;安山岩中有两种锆石 ,绝大多数是直接从安山质岩浆中结晶出来的岩浆锆石 ,年龄为 133± 3Ma(1σ) ,少数是残留的原岩锆石 ,其年龄有两组 :76 8～80 5Ma和 182 7～ 1873Ma。玄武岩和安山岩的岩浆锆石年龄表明 ,大别山碰撞后火山岩的主体应形成于 130Ma左右 ,属早白垩世。结合文献资料来看 ,大别山碰撞后火山岩和侵入岩无论是化学组成、微量元素配分、Sr Nd同位素比值还是年龄 ,都是基本一致的 ,说明火山岩和侵入岩的源区以及成因可能是相同的。玄武岩和安山岩的岩浆结晶年龄一致 ,暗示着它们之间的可能的成因联系。玄武岩锆石相对于正常地幔亏损18O(δ18O =(4 .1± 0 .6 )‰ ) ,说明其岩浆源区可能含有一定数量的俯冲板块断离后进入该区地幔的大别山榴辉岩原岩组分。安山岩中残留的原岩锆石既有扬子板块的年龄信息 ,又有华北板块的年龄信息 ,这表明华北和扬子的深部界线可能就在北淮阳     

龙江盆地中生代火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学及其对基底性质的制约

龙江盆地是松辽盆地外围西部重要的火山断陷盆地之一,盆地内自下而上依次发育龙江组、光华组和甘河组火山岩。本文对龙江盆地火山岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结果显示：龙江组流纹岩、辉石英安岩、安山岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为（129.7±2.4）、（129.0±2.3）和（125.6±1.3）Ma;光华组3个流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为（122.5±1.4）、（119.9±1.1）和（116.7±1.5）Ma;甘河组最年轻的锆石年龄为（114.3±2.9）Ma;显示盆地内火山岩浆活动的时限为129.7~114.3 Ma,火山岩均为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。同时在甘河组玄武质粗面安山岩中测到多组捕获锆石年龄,反映出晚二叠世（254 Ma）、晚石炭世（302 Ma）、晚泥盆世（367 Ma）、早志留世（433 Ma）、古元古代（2 395 Ma）、新太古代（2 523 Ma）岩浆事件记录,这在一定程度上为龙江盆地存在古老结晶基底提供了证据。     

满洲里南部塔木兰沟组火山岩年代学与地球化学

满洲里南部塔木兰沟组火山岩主要由橄榄玄武岩、辉石玄武岩和玄武安山岩组成.LA - ICP -MS锆石U- Pb定年结果显示,火山岩形成于164～161 Ma的中侏罗世末期.岩石主体属高钾钙碱性系列,镁含量较低[w( MgO)=1.64％～9.59％],镁指数较小(Mg#=0.26～0.66);稀土元素配分模式呈轻稀土富...