Advances in Moisture Migration in Vadose Zone of Dryland and Recharge Effects on Groundwater Dynamics

The vadose zone is the zone in between the land surface and above the groundwater table at vertical profile with partial water saturation and under the unsaturation condition, which constitutes the connections among atmospheric water, surface water and groundwater. Soil moisture migration in the vadose zone is a rather complicate process, which controls the rates of groundwater depletion and recharge, and has close hydraulic connections with highly frequent water transfers on the interfaces among the irrigation farmland, sand dunes, wetlands, lakes, and other landscape types. Recent development on soil moisture migration simulations and the application of tracer techniques, geophysical techniques and other geological methods in the vadose zone research, the factors affecting soil moisture migration and groundwater recharge,and soil moisture migration effects on moisture exchange between different landscapes were reviewed in this paper. Several suggestions on the future research were presented here: ① An intense field observation and research database should be initiated and constructed to determine the soil hydraulic parameters, and quantify the influence of moisture migration in vadose zone on the groundwater recharge; ② The proposed observations and researches should learn from the “Critical Zone Observatory”, and focus on the coupling of the soil moisture migration, solute transport and groundwater recharge.     

包气带黏性土层对氮素污染地下水的防污性能试验研究

包气带土层是保护地下水的天然屏障,在阻控、拦截氮素污染源的过程中起到了重要作用。通过对北京市典型地区包气带土体进行定水位入渗的土柱淋溶试验,研究土体对于氮素的去除能力和包气带的截污容量。试验中采用了蒸馏水、再生水和河水3种不同的水源。试验结果显示,张家湾包气带土层对氮素污染地下水具有较强的截留和防护能力。对氮素的去除过程具有分段性特征,经历了较稳定和波动下降两个不同的阶段,其中稳定阶段是计算柱体去除能力的关键,提出了考虑滞后区间的时段去除率计算公式。水源对柱体的渗流速度及初期的吸附解析效应有明显影响。土体对氮素的去除作用受环境温度变化的影响,温度15 ℃左右时所达到的稳定阶段对氮素有极强的去除能力。     

包气带介质截留不同龄垃圾渗滤液中的有机污染物

从渗滤液场龄和包气带岩性两方面着手,研究了不同岩性包气带介质对不同场龄渗滤液中有机污染物的截留作用规律。结果表明:新渗滤液经过以细砂、亚粘土为介质的包气带后,细砂和亚粘土中有机物的质量分数分别从0.70%和0.87%增大至0.80%和1.00%以上,而老渗滤液使细砂和亚粘土中有机物的质量分数降至0.70%和0.50%以下。新渗滤液经过包气带后,包气带介质中有机物的含量增大,而老渗滤液使包气带介质中有机物的含量降低,亚粘土较细砂更容易受到渗滤液污染的影响。即渗滤液性质对包气带介质中有机物含量具有方向性的影响作用,而包气带介质亚粘土比细砂更容易放大这种作用效果。     

Adsorption Behavior of Hexavalent Chromium in Vadose Zone

Adsorption behavior of Cr (VI) in vadose zone, which is silty clay and clayey soil, was studied through kinetics experiments, isothermal adsorption experiments under various conditions, including different ph, temperature and organic contents. The results from kinetics experiments showed that the sorption progress of Cr (VI) has clear features in different stages, and adsorption equilibrium showed at 30 min, the adsorption rate of silty clay and clayey soil were 60%. The isothermal adsorption curve of Cr (VI) fitted closely with Freundlich equation model. When pH is 3-5 a plateau were seen, thereafter with increase in pH the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) dropped sharply and the minimum achieved at pH 10, the adsorption rate were only 35%. Adsorption rate of Cr (VI) increased gradually with the increase of temperature, the temperature of vadose zone is 14.7 ℃, according to the experimental results, the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) is about 40%. The use of organics represents an important contribution to the sorption of Cr (VI), sorption rate up to 100% when 30% of organic content. These studies will provide basis for manager to minimize the impacts, and provide basic data for pollution prevention and remediation of vadose zone.     

Mobility and Transport of Nd Isotopes in the Vadose Zone During Weathering of Granitic Till in a Boreal Forest

There is a broad correlation between the ε_Nd values for rivers (including both the water and the particulate material it carries) and the age of the source terrain. This paper presents Nd isotope distribution data for soil, soil water, groundwater, and stream water samples gathered in a small catchment in northern Sweden. The results show that the release of Nd and Sm from boreal forests into streams and, eventually, into the oceans is more complicated than previously realized. The weathering of till causes changes in both the Nd isotopic composition and Sm/Nd ratios. Both the Sm/Nd ratio and ε_Nd were higher in strongly weathered soils horizons than in less weathered till, since minerals with high Sm/Nd ratios were, on average, more resistant to weathering than those with low Sm/Nd ratios. In contrast to the situation for the main minerals and the major elements, the weathering of rare earth elements (REE) was not restricted to the E-horizon: the measured REE concentrations continued to increase with depth in the C-horizon. In addition, REE released by weathering in the upper parts of the soil profile were partly secondarily retained at deeper levels. Therefore, the dissolved Nd released by weathering in the upper soil horizons was trapped and did not enter the groundwater directly. Rather, the Nd in the groundwater largely originated from weathering within the groundwater zone. However, this was not the only source of Nd in the stream water. The Nd isotope composition and Sm/Nd ratio were determined by the mixing between of Nd and Sm in the groundwater and REE-carrying organic material washed out of the soil profile. The groundwater close to the stream reaches the upper soil horizons during high discharge events such as snowmelts, and organic matter carrying Nd and Sm is washed out of the soils and thus released into the stream. Therefore, the Nd exported from catchment is derived from both the weathering within the groundwater zone, and the organic matter washed out from the soil. If longer timescales with more advanced weathering stages in the groundwater zone are considered, it cannot be ruled out that there will be a shift towards more radiogenic values in the exported Nd. Recorded shifts in the Nd isotopic composition in the ocean may thus not only reflect changed source regions, but also the weathering history of the same source region.     

包气带水气二相流国外研究综述

与传统的包气带中水流研究相比,水气二相流更准确地描述了包气带中的水与空气的流动情况,这对更好地了解固体废物处置场中污染物的运动规律具有重要的意义.与一相流明显不同的是,二相流考虑了空气的运动及其对水流的作用.根据国外近几十年来不同研究者的研究结果,总结了入渗过程中水的流动、空气对水流的影响及空气本身的压力变化情况,并分析了不同作者研究结果的差别.     

柴油污染包气带砂层中的自然衰减作用

通过实验定量研究了柴油污染包气带砂层自然衰减过程中吸附、生物和挥发作用。经吸附实验,确定了细砂对柴油饱和污水的吸附平衡时间为24 h,对总石油烃(TPH)的理论最大吸附量为234 mg/kg。同时,确定了ρ(HgCl2)=1 000 mg/L为抑制生物作用最有效的投加浓度。通过3个砂柱的对比实验,建立了柴油污染包气带砂层中生物作用和挥发作用的一级衰减动力学方程和半衰期。根据实验可知,包气带砂层从未受柴油污染到污染一段时间后的自然衰减过程中,吸附、生物和挥发作用均占有重要比例,是非常主要的衰减作用。     

环渤海平原土壤盐分不同聚型的水动力学特征

为了解环渤海低平原微咸水灌溉的土壤容盐能力问题,对大量野外监测和采样测试数据进行了研究。结果表明,该平原的土壤盐分剖面分布特征具有表聚型、中聚型和底聚型3种类型,其与蒸发、降水或灌溉入渗影响和潜水位埋深变化相关。不同聚型剖面形成的水动力特征各不相同：表聚型土壤盐分剖面的水势梯度指向地表,其绝对值远大于1.0 cmH₂O/cm;中聚型土壤盐分剖面上部的水势梯度指向地下水面,剖面下部的水势梯度指向地表;底聚型土壤盐分剖面的水势梯度指向地下水面,水势梯度大于1.0 cmH₂O/cm。表聚型土壤盐分剖面不利于微咸水灌溉农田和作物生长。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部风积沙覆基岩型包气带结构的生态意义

风积沙覆基岩型包气带结构在鄂尔多斯盆地北部分布面积最广.在其结构及其属性特征分析基础上,重点解析了结构内垂向上土壤水分的富集规律;以沙蒿为例,对喜沙耐旱植被的生长与风积沙厚度、地下水水位埋深间的关系进行了探讨.认识到风积沙覆基岩型包气带结构有利于土壤水富集,是鄂尔多斯盆地北部沙蒿、沙柳等耐旱喜沙植被分布与生长的决定性因素,对维系盆地北部生态系统有重要作用;而地下水位埋深与沙蒿等耐旱植被生长间的关系并不密切.在进行盆地北部地下水资源评价及开发方案制定过程中,应对风积沙覆基岩型包气带的生态意义给予重视.     

海潮引起的滨海地区包气带气压周期性变化的数值模拟

滨海地区的地下水位由于海潮而上下波动, 这早已是为人熟知的事实.但是, 滨海地区包气带中气压也会随海潮的起伏而作周期性变化, 这一点却很少为人注意.如果地表由渗透性差的材料如水泥或沥青路面覆盖(这种情况在香港高度城市化的近海地区很常见), 海潮的起伏会产生幅度异常高的气压波动.在某些情形下, 足够高的气压会引起如路面拱起等工程问题.因此, 研究海潮引起的包气带气流, 不仅具有理论意义, 还对滨海地区土木工程有实际指导作用.以香港某滨海地区为例, 建立了该地区一剖面上水气两相流的二维数学模型, 并用TOUGH2程序进行了数值模拟.通过数值敏感度分析, 探讨了影响沥青路面下气压的主要水文地质因素.在根据该地区实际水文地质情况选取了适当的模型边界条件和模型参数后, 沥青路面下气压的数值模拟结果和观测数据吻合程度良好.      

滨海盐碱地区包气带中淡水透镜体维持机理

大气降水是滨海盐碱地区浅层地下水的重要补给来源。滨海地区浅层地下水多为咸水且埋藏较浅,在不同包气带岩性渗透性差异下,在大气降水入渗补给过程中,一定时间内潜水面以上一定范围内存在淡水分布,即淡水透镜体,它能局部隔离地下咸水对上层土壤和植物的危害,并在一定程度上供给植物吸收利用。采用自制的室内物理模拟装置,通过控制土层结构,模拟了大气降水入渗补给条件下包气带中淡水透镜体的形成与消退过程,探讨了不同土壤类型中淡水透镜体的维持情况;并利用吸水管模拟客土上所种植物根系吸水,研究了不同吸水量条件下土壤中淡水透镜体的变化规律。结果表明:上层中砂、底层粉砂质黏土的双层土体结构中,淡水透镜体的维持性最好,在降水入渗补给条件下,透镜体形成时间在1500 min左右可达最大厚度(约15 cm),若补给源消失,透镜体完全消退需7500 min,能较长时间地阻隔地下咸水;双层土中模拟形成的稳定淡水透镜体在无补给条件下,能够隔离地下咸水的同时亦能为上层植物提供243.5 mL淡水资源。     

氨氮污染源区包气带剖面微生物生态分布特征的研究

包气带土壤中氨氮污染迁移规律已成为近年来国内外学者研究的重点,目前在氨氮污染迁移规律研究中采用柱实验模拟以及软件模拟的方法较多,土壤生物技术则广泛应用于污染物降解领域,而在污染物迁移规律研究中应用较少。本文采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术、16S rRNA序列分析技术以及典范对应分析相结合,对华北平原3个典型氨氮污染区土壤表层至包气带剖面微环境的细菌垂直分布特征及群落结构进行研究。结合污染区土壤理化性质分析,认为包气带土壤剖面的细菌群落中存在着与氮循环、硫酸盐代谢等过程偶联的优势细菌类群,说明土壤微环境中细菌群落分布明显受氨态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和硫酸盐的分布影响,进一步表明污染土壤优势菌群的群落结构信息是描述包气带土壤环境氨氮污染物迁移规律的重要参数。     

鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩地区包气带水分运移特征研究

以鄂尔多斯盆地包气带水盐运移综合剖面试验资料为依据,运用土壤水分能量的观点分析鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩包气带水分运移特征表明:(1)包气带水分运移大致可以分为三个带,0.8 m深度以内为土壤-大气水分积极交换带,0.8～2.8 m为水分入渗的过渡带与调节区,2.8 m以下至潜水面为水分传导带;(2)上细下粗层状包气带岩性结构不利于降雨入渗补给,上粗下细层状包气带岩性结构有利于降雨入渗补给。     

利用TDR100系统原位监测深厚包气带水热动态

利用标定后的TDR100系统原位监测太行山前深厚包气带（30.3 m）的土壤水热动态,根据2011、2012年2 a的监测结果,真实准确透析全剖面土壤水热运移规律。结果表明：厚度大、非均质并受控于多重外界条件的深厚包气带的水热运移,必然是相对滞后的复杂往复运动,水分补给滞后时间为2~3个月;粗颗粒层是良好的输水通道,而细颗粒层（如黏土层）才是决定入渗能力的关键层,对土壤体积含水量变化影响可达15%;浅层水热运移取决于降水蒸发和地表温度,5.0 m以下中深层水热运移常态取决于岩性和地下水位,而强降水入渗和人类活动产生瞬态关键效应。     

Mechanical Aspects of Flow-Like Movements in Granular and Fine Grained Soils

Summary Experience shows that slope movements occurring in similar geomorphogical contexts may display very different styles and magnitude. This has important practical implications, since the risk associated with a landslide depends just on its magnitude. The paper discusses the mechanics of slope failure in coarse-grained and in fine-grained soils with particular reference to flow-like landslides, showing that even small details can affect their movement pattern. Author’s address: Prof. Luciano Picarelli, Seconda Università di Napoli, Aversa, Italy     

Experimental Investigation on the Movement of Soil and Piles in Transparent Granular Soils

In order to visually observe the displacement characteristics of internal soil, model tests on the penetration of six flat-ended piles in synthetic transparent soil were carried out. The granular-soil particles were registered by laser speckles, thus the penetration process of the piles was visualized. The movement of pile-soil interaction was determined by comparing the images before and after penetrations. Based on the test results, the vertical and horizontal displacement of the granular caused by a sequence of jacked piles was discussed. The sheltering effect of the adjacent piles during the penetration of the follow-up pile was analyzed. The responses of the granular soils during the penetration of piles were discussed, and test data was compared with DEM analyses. The pile heave at different stages of the penetration and the ground uplift at different positions were evaluated and compared.     

北京典型地区灌溉条件下包气带水分运移特征研究

以张家湾包气带水盐运移试验场灌溉试验资料为依据,运用土壤水分能量观点,分析了灌溉条件下包气带水分运移特征。试验结果表明,在一定灌溉量下包气带水分运移具有明显的分带特征以及灌溉水明显运移到达的深度;在一定灌溉量条件下,灌溉后地下水位上升微小,灌溉补给地下水量较小,并通过非饱和水流达西定律计算了向下入渗补给量。     

典型有机物在饱气带土和地下水中迁移的影响因素研究

研究区位于河北省保定市东部排污渠旁,是一处有近40年污水灌溉历史的农田,灌溉用污水主要为保定天鹅化纤有限公司和保定钞票纸厂排放的污水,主要种植农作物为小麦、玉米。饱气带厚度2.4~2.7 m,饱气带土以粉质粘土为主。通过分析距排污渠不同距离、不同深度的土样有机物的测试分析结果,选择苯、甲苯、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、苯并[a]芘为典型污染物,从饱气带土的物理与化学特征、5种有机物的物理化学特征、地下水的动力条件角度,分析了典型有机物在饱气带土与地下水中迁移的影响因素。     

Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity of Granular Soils,Reinforced with Innovative Grid-Anchor System

The pull-out resistance of reinforcing elements is one of the most significant factors in increasing the bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soils. In this research a new reinforcing element that includes elements (anchors) attached to ordinary geogrid for increasing the pull-out resistance of reinforcements is introduced. Reinforcement therefore consists of geogrid and anchors with cubic elements that attached to the geogrid, named (by the authors) Grid-Anchor. A total of 45 load tests were performed to investigate the bearing capacity of square footing on sand reinforced with this system. The effect of depth of the first reinforcement layer, the vertical spacing, the number and width of reinforcement layers, the distance that anchors are effective, effect of relative density, low strain stiffness and stiffness after local shear were investigated. Laboratory tests showed that when a single layer of reinforcement is used there is an optimum reinforcement embedment depth for which the bearing capacity is the greatest. There also appeared to be an optimum vertical spacing of reinforcing layers for multi-layer reinforced sand. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layer, if the reinforcement were placed within a range of effective depth. The effect of soil density also is investigated. Finally the results were compared with the bearing capacity of footings on non-reinforced sand and sand reinforced with ordinary geogrid and the advantages of the Grid-Anchor were highlighted. Test results indicated that the use of Grid-Anchor to reinforce the sand increased the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow square footing by a factor of 3.0 and 1.8 times compared to that for un-reinforced soil and soil reinforced with ordinary geogrid, respectively.     

Obtaining Suction Distribution Within Vadose Zone of Highway Pavement System in Southwestern Nigeria Using Physico-Empirical Approach

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The stability of the pavement system on old Ogbomoso-Ilorin road in southwestern Nigeria basement complex was investigated. This was carried out by...