最可靠的非开挖地下岩体结构勘察方法——高精度超声波钻孔成像

主要通过超声成像测井在长江某穿越工程区勘察工程中的应用研究,类比常规勘察技术和其他钻孔成像技术,并结合超声测井在国内其他方面的案例,剖析新一代超声测井仪的优势所在：如在基岩风化带的描述、岩石质量指标RQD分析,特别是地下岩体裂隙、节理等地质结构信息的精确揭露上,具备其他勘察手段无法比拟的优势,可以提供大量有效可视的钻孔岩体定量数据,为工程设计的定量化分析提供了详细的数据资料。可以说在揭露地下岩体结构方面,高精度超声测井是目前为止最为有效可靠的手段。     

超声成像测井法在煤田地质勘探中的应用

超声成像测井法是近几年在煤田勘探中新开展的一种测井方法。本文简要地介绍了该方法的原理和仪器。从几十个钻孔的实际资料中,选择有代表性的图像和曲线,说明该方法在应用于煤田勘探时,除具备有其他测井方法的功能外,在解释岩层中的节理、层理、裂隙等小型构造现象、煤层中间的结核和顶底板的变形等地质现象方面具有特殊的功能。本文还介绍了直接从超声图像上计算地层倾角和倾向的原理和方法,这与其他常规地层倾角测井方法不相同。该方法计算简要、精度高。     

测井方法在观测采空区上覆岩层导水裂隙带发育高度中的应用

新安矿区主采煤层上部至小浪底库区水体之间地层主要以砂岩、泥岩和砂质泥岩互层为主,厚度90~210m。为研究该矿开采状态下上覆岩层破坏程度和导水裂隙发育高度,在井下3个不同采厚的工作面上布置了7个地面钻孔,采用声波扫描成像测井及其它测井参数对采前、采后上覆岩层进行动态观测。以K3钻孔为例,介绍了超声波扫描成像测井的原理及辨别井孔中裂缝发育程度的方法。K3孔在第一次测量时,井深217～218m处明显存在裂隙,但在第二次测量后该裂隙呈现出闭合反应,证实煤层开采放顶后上部岩石下沉使得原有裂隙闭合;同时发现自194m以上因煤层采空放顶后发育有高度为69.10m的裂隙带。根据新安煤矿K2、K3、K5、K6、K7号孔超声波扫描成像及其它常规测井的地质解释成果可见,该矿导水裂隙带的发育高度随着推进距离和采厚增大而增大,但新安矿区软硬互层上覆岩层的地质构造可有效抑制导水裂隙带的发育程度。     

常规测井方法在石灰岩地层中的应用

煤田测井中除专门水文地质钻孔外,一般钻孔并不进行扩散法、流量测井等专门的水文物探测井工作。因此,这类钻孔中遇到厚层石灰岩时,多用视电阻率方法确定其岩溶裂隙发育情况。但是仅仅靠这单一方法无法确定地层中发育的是溶洞还是裂隙,也无法确定岩溶裂隙中是否充填了泥质物,当然更不能在未进行水文物探测井的钻孔中对岩溶裂隙的含水性进     

井下超声波成像提取岩层节理产状信息

井下超声波电视能够提取工程勘察中岩层产状信息并完成井眼岩层3维（3D）信息图。在某地下石油储备库的工程勘察中,完成7口井的超声波电视成像测井,以其中的钻孔ZK10为例,研究并分析了井下超声波电视成像所获取的结构面倾角和倾向、岩体完整性、结构面线密度、3D岩心图和井壁图以及节理极坐标图、节理方位频率图。统计分析结果表明：井下超声波电视技术可以对钻孔所揭露的岩体质量进行初级定量化分析,为区域稳定分析、工程岩体质量分级及工程设计提供有价值的基础数据,对提高工程勘察质量具有重要意义。     

软硬互层状岩体渗透特性研究

叙述软硬互层状岩体中的裂隙发育规律,并由此建立了互层状岩体渗流的离散裂隙网络模型.根据裂隙网络水均衡原理,介绍了裂隙岩体网络渗流数学模型以及模型的求解方法;通过一个数值算例验证了模型的合理性,并且讨论了软岩中的切层裂隙以及软岩层面裂隙开度对渗流场分布和通过软岩流量的影响.     

木里地区天然气水合物测井响应特征

木里地区天然气水合物附存状态和储层岩性与海域或极地冻土区的水合物存在明显差异,为分析研究区水合物储层的测井响应特征,形成基于该特征的水合物储层识别方法,对本地区水合物勘探具有重要意义。文中利用常规测井和超声成像测井资料,分岩性、分附存状态,讨论了多种情况下水合物测井响应特征及产生的原因,统计出储层测井参数值的范围,并对研究区钻孔进行了水合物识别。研究结果表明:(1)视电阻率和自然伽马对孔隙型水合物反映灵敏,视电阻率和纵波速度对裂隙型水合物反映灵敏;(2)地质编录的厚层水合物均能识别,且识别出一些疑似水合物储层,但少量钻遇的薄层水合物未能识别,分析原因为水合物含量偏低,导致测井响应特征不明显;(3)研究区10口井识别出水合物和疑似水合物异常,其中孔隙型储层累计厚度89 m,裂隙型储层累计厚度151.6m,故研究区以裂隙型水合物储层为主。综上所述,地球物理测井方法对水合物储层有很好的响应,可有效运用于研究区所有钻孔的水合物储层识别工作。     

基于高密度电法的城市道路地下病害体综合探测技术与应用

为了提高城市道路地下病害体综合探测效果,研究基于高密度电法的城市道路地下病害体综合探测技术与应用。使用高密度电法,在已知研究区域概况以及城市道路地下病害形成原因基础上,进行勘探研究。研究结果表明,使用该方法能够准确确定土层厚度、岩层与土层之间的界线,较为准确地探测城市道路地下岩溶裂隙带以及断裂破碎带位置,提高了探测效果和探测直观程度。根据高密度电法探测以及钻孔实际探勘后显示,研究区域西南位置道路地下存在塌陷病患,形成原因主要是人为布置下水井以及管线渗漏造成水土流失形成塌陷;研究区域东北方地下存在断裂病害,由天然地质变化导致。     

地下水封石油洞库深部岩体二维裂隙网络模拟

低渗透性的裂隙岩体是地下水封石油洞库建库的最佳选择.为研究深部岩体的稳定性及裂隙渗流特征,对深部洞库区进行了二维裂隙网络模拟.通过深部钻孔裂隙统计和地表裂隙测量统计相结合的方法,得出了洞库区剖面二维裂隙网络图和线密度图.分析了运用钻孔成像结果获得深部裂隙统计参数的优点,并对模拟结果做了进一步分析,结果显示,模拟区主要发...     

蚁群算法在天然气水合物储层识别中的应用

我国青藏高原冻土层天然气水合物主要为裂隙型水合物和孔隙型水合物两种类型,利用常规的测井数据识别两种类型的水合物难度较大。本文通过研究裂隙型水合物、孔隙型水合物和普通岩层的测井响应特征的差异,建立交会图版法判断流体性质并识别了水合物类型。研究表明,交会图版法识别效果较好,精度达到66.7%,但是对于泥岩裂隙型水合物和砂岩水层以及粉砂岩孔隙型水合物和细砂岩孔隙型水合物的识别效果较差。为了解决交会图版法的局限性,本文通过具有收敛快,精度高的蚁群算法结合交会图版法对乌丽地区的两口钻孔的水合物类型进行识别,识别结果与岩心分析结果吻合度较高,精度达到73.3%,蚁群算法能够很好地识别出水合物类型,为测井识别天然气储层识别提供参考。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of