鳀鱼（Engraulis japonicus）蛋白水解物的营养成分及抗高血脂作用的研究

采用化学分析、氨基酸组成分析及动物体内实验等方法,进行了鳀鱼蛋白水解物的一般成分、氨基酸组成和抗高血脂作用研究。结果表明,蛋白水解物含蛋白质20．50％、脂肪9．63％、水分67．37％、灰分1．09％;在必需氨基酸中,异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和胱氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸及缬氨酸达到FAO／WHO（1973）提出的理想氨基酸模式中相应氨基酸的88％-100％;该蛋白水解物能显著抑制由高脂类饲料喂养导致的高血脂大鼠的TC、TG、HDL升高,其抗高血脂作用可能来源于它本身的功能因子（包括牛磺酸、DHA、EPA、Ca、P和Fe等）。     

带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)下脚料蛋白水解物的成分分析及抗高血脂功效的研究

采用化学分析、氯基酸组成分析及动物体内实验等方法,研究了带鱼下脚料蛋白水解物的一般成分、氨基酸组成和抗高血脂作用,以期为带鱼及其下脚料蛋白水解物的高效利用提供资料。结果表明,带鱼下脚料蛋白水解物含蛋白质17．16％、脂肪9．08％、水分71．61％、灰分1．12％。在必需氨基酸中,异亮氯酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和胱氨酸、苏氨酸、色氯酸及缬氨酸达到FAO／WHO（1973）提出的理想氯基酸模式中相应氨基酸的88％-100％。动物体内实验结果表明,该蛋白水解物能显著抑制由高脂类饲料喂养导致的高血脂大鼠的TC、TG、HDL升高。带鱼下脚料蛋白水解物具有抑制高血脂动物血脂的升高,其抗高血脂作用可能源于它本身的功能因子,包括牛磺酸、DHA、EPA、Ca、P和Fe等。     

鱼蛋白酶水解物制备及其生物学评价

提出用枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶水解，从Ｅｎｇｒａｕｌｉｓｊｏｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ中提取鱼蛋白酶水解物。指出依次用活性炭和β－环糊精处理水解物可以去苦味，可溶性氮产率达８９．８０％。水解物氨基酸组成平衡，游离氨基酸占总氨基酸６２．７０％。并对水解物作出生物学评价。通过大鼠氮平衡试验和生长试验表明，水解物具有较高营养价值。可以认为，该鱼蛋白水解物可用作手术前后病人的要素饮食或要素饮食添加剂。     

鳕鱼(Gadous macrocephaius)皮水解蛋白亚铁修饰对大鼠营养性贫血改善的实验研究

以鳕鱼皮为原料,采用双酶水解法制备鱼蛋白水解物再经亚铁修饰获得鱼蛋白水解物亚铁复合物(Fe-FPH),并对Fe-FPH进行了抗营养性贫血的实验研究。结果表明:(1)以水解度(DH)为5%的鱼蛋白水解物为原料,在pH7.0、温度20℃、螯合时间15min的条件下可获得Fe-FPH6.7%;(2)Fe-FPH蛋白含量为85.1%,铁含量达40254mg/kg,氨基酸价为59.62;(3)抗营养性动物实验研究表明:Fe-FPH给药组第5天可显著提高营养性贫血大鼠的Hb含量,第11天时表现出极显著效果;Fe-FPH组,第11天有显著降低大鼠血中PPIX作用,到第18天时表现出极显著效果。因此,Fe-FPH不仅含有较高的营养价值,而且有显著抗营养性贫血功能,可望成为鳕鱼加工副产物高效利用的有效途径。     

基于UF、GFC及RP-HPLC的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)蛋白抗衰老小分子活性肽(Zel'ner)的纯化及结构解析

牡蛎肉质鲜美,营养丰富,具有很高的食用价值。本研究以舟山长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为研究对象,以DPPH自由基清除率为测试指标,通过UF、GFC及RP-HPLC等技术,对牡蛎蛋白酶解液进行分离纯化,获得牡蛎蛋白小分子肽样品,并对其氨基酸组成进行营养性评价。研究结果表明:浓度为30%—100%的硫酸铵处理酶解液的分离效果明显优于低于浓度为30%硫酸铵的分离效果,其DPPH自由基清除率达到52.43%;纯化后得到两种牡蛎蛋白小分子肽分别标记为组分a(Mw1kDa)和组分b(1kDaMw3kDa);组分a中牡蛎蛋白小分子肽分子量分布主要为1995.2Da、1258.9Da、1023.3Da、398.1Da;对牡蛎蛋白小分子肽组分a进行检测,发现其中氨基酸种类及含量丰富,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量为18.863%,总氨基酸含量(TAA)为43.3748%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸43.49%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的比例为76.95%,风味氨基酸(FAA)含量为18.9147%,占总氨基酸含量的43.61%。综上可见,牡蛎蛋白小分子肽具有极高的营养价值和市场经济效益,此研究为牡蛎蛋白抗衰老小分子活性肽(Zel'ner)的开发提供了新的思路和方向。     

怎样选择螺旋藻

螺旋藻作为一种新兴的保健食品,已逐渐被大众接受。它除了含有丰富的蛋白质、氨基酸(60%以上)外,还含有很多奇特的功能性营养成分,如β-胡萝卜素、γ-亚麻酸、小分子多糖、藻蓝蛋白,以及多种维生素及微量元素,有很好的调节免疫功能的作用,并且对癌症、高血脂、贫血、糖尿病等都有一定的辅助治疗作用。螺旋藻还含有人体不能合成的但却很必要的8种氨基酸。能迅速吸收光能,将无机营养物质     

海水和淡水养殖南美白对虾肌肉营养成分的分析比较

对海水和淡水养殖南美白对虾肌肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪含量及氨基酸的组成进行了分析比较。结果表明 :南美白对虾肌肉的蛋白质含量为 19.1%～ 2 3.3% ,平均为 2 1.2 % ;脂肪含量为 0 .79%～ 1.14% ,平均为 0 .97%。肌肉氨基酸组成中 ,必需氨基酸的含量占氨基酸总量的35 .5 5 %～ 36 .95 % ;富含 Glu(3.2 0 %～ 3.32 % ) ,ASP(2 .0 9%～ 2 .16 % )等鲜味氨基酸 ,蛋白质营养价值高。矿物质含量丰富 ,尤其是 Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、P;维生素的含量一般。海水养殖虾肉与淡水虾肉相比 ,营养价值相当     

东海绿藻缘管浒苔营养成分分析及评价

分析了缘管浒苔(Enteromorphalinza)一般营养成分、18种氨基酸及矿物质的含量,并与藻类海产品海带、紫菜、羊栖菜、裙带菜进行营养学对照评价。结果表明,缘管浒苔中主要成分是多糖类和粗纤维,占藻体的63.9%。蛋白质含量27.0%,在几种海藻中较高。氨基酸组成均衡,必需氨基酸(EAA)占氨基酸总量(TAA)的38%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.62;氨基酸价78,高于海带(47)和紫菜(54),限制性氨基酸均为赖氨酸;呈味氨基酸占总量的53%;谷氨酸、天氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸等含量很高。脂肪量较低,为0.9%。矿物质和维生素含量丰富,其中Mg,Fe,Ca,K,Na,P,Zn等元素含量很高,尤其Mg,Fe,Zn高于其它海藻;钙磷比值合理,为1.9;尤其有害元素As含量远远低于同水域中4种海藻,为2.98mg/kg。因此缘管浒苔是一种低污染的高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪的富含维生素和矿物质的新型海洋食品。     

荣成近岸海域四种褐藻营养成分分析及评价

山东省荣成市近岸海域褐藻资源丰富,为系统了解鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)、海黍子(Saragassumkjellmaniamum)、铜藻(Sargassum horneri)和羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)四种褐藻的营养价值,通过测定其一般营养成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、碳水化合物),氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成、重金属含量等,对其营养价值进行分析及评价。结果显示:四种海藻一般营养成分以碳水化合物为主,其次为灰分,蛋白质和脂肪。氨基酸种类齐全且人体必需氨基酸质量分数较高,鼠尾藻、海黍子、铜藻和羊栖菜的必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例分别为32.83%、37.35%、30.82%和40.55%,接近FAO/WHO的理想模式;呈味氨基酸占氨基酸总量比例分别为56.38%、51.67%、49.78%和45.07%,使得具有较好的风味,可作为开发海藻调味料的原料;必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为85、71.79、73.38和95.80;脂肪含量低,脂肪酸含量依次为饱和脂肪酸多不饱和脂肪酸单不饱和脂肪酸,四种褐藻n-3脂肪酸和n-6脂肪酸的总量分别占脂肪酸总量的27.54%、25.71%、28.68%和27.14%;铅、汞、无机砷和镉的含量均低于相关限量要求。研究表明:海黍子、鼠尾藻、铜藻和羊栖菜高蛋白、低脂肪,氨基酸组成完全,必需氨基酸质量分数较高,呈味氨基酸比例较高,多不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸含量比较高,是营养丰富、安全的海洋藻类资源。     

牡蛎酶解物减轻5-FU对荷瘤小鼠肠黏膜损伤的作用研究*

文章以牡蛎肉为原料, 采用胰蛋白酶水解法制备获得牡蛎胰蛋白酶水解物(trypsin hydrolysates of oyster, OYH), 分析了其氨基酸组成和相对分子量分布, 并初步探究了OYH在减轻化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil, 5-FU)对S180荷瘤小鼠肠黏膜损伤方面的作用效果。结果表明: OYH中的必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的36.44%, 且谷氨酸含量最高, 其分子质量主要集中在1kDa以下, 所占比例为92.18%。5-FU单独使用组的肿瘤抑制率为31.00%; 与模型组相比, OYH-L+5-FU组、OYH-M+5-FU组和OYH-H+5-FU组小鼠肿瘤抑制率明显提高(p<0.001), 分别为38.24%、46.27%和47.57%, 其中OYH-M+5-FU组和OYH-H+5-FU组较5-FU单独使用有明显提高(p<0.01, p<0.001)。同时, OYH还能有效减轻5-FU给药期间造成的肠道黏膜损伤, 与5-FU组相比, OYH-L+5-FU组、OYH-M+5-FU组和OYH-H+5-FU组小鼠的小肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、黏膜厚度和绒毛表面积均显著增加(p<0.01, p<0.001), 明显改善小肠隐窝和上皮绒毛的状态, 维持肠黏膜屏障的完整。此外, OYH-L+5-FU组、OYH-M+5-FU组和OYH-H+5-FU组的S180荷瘤小鼠与模型组相比, 中性粒细胞含量降低, 淋巴细胞含量增加(p<0.05, p<0.01), OYH-H+5-FU组能显著增加机体总蛋白、白蛋白以及免疫球蛋白含量(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001), 改善机体免疫功能、营养状况以及调节血清免疫抗体水平。结果显示牡蛎肉的胰蛋白酶水解物具有作为化疗过程辅助治疗营养食品, 起到肠黏膜保护和提升机体耐受力的应用潜力。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.