基于MODIS数据的北京西北部地区土地覆盖分类研究

本文主要基于MODIS 16天合成的NDVI时间序列数据、8天合成 LST数据、1∶5万DEM数据以及其他辅助数据相结合,进行北京西北部地区土地覆盖分类的研究。首先选取适合于MODIS数据分类的土地覆盖分类系统,然后用PCA方法对NDVI时间序列数据进行信息增强与压缩处理,以排除各种干扰因素,提高分类精度。最后结合LST数据、DEM数据及降雨温度数据,利用?齂-均值非监督分类法,进行研究区的土地覆盖分类,经过分类后处理,得到北京西北部地区的土地覆盖分类图。分类结果表明,使用250m分辨率MODIS数据,结合本文所用方法,能够实现较大区域的土地覆盖分类,并且能达到较高的分类精度。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI数据与面向对象分类的昆嵛山地区土地覆盖信息提取

利用2015年Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像和DEM作为分类数据源,结合野外调查数据,采用面向对象的分类方法对昆嵛山地区土地覆盖信息进行提取,并对分类结果进行精度评价与比较分析。研究表明：面向对象分类方法提取的各地类连续且边界清晰,分类效果与实际情况基本吻合。昆嵛山地区占主导地位的土地覆盖类型是针叶林,面积为1 546.81 km²。研究区土地覆盖分类的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为91.5%和0.88,其中针叶林、草地、水体和建设用地的生产者精度均达到87%以上。相对于监督分类方法,本研究提出的土地覆盖信息提取方法的总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别提高14.7%和0.17。基于面向对象的中分辨率遥感影像,能够获取较高精度的土地覆盖信息,为大范围土地覆盖分类研究提供方法参考。     

基于MODIS的土地覆盖遥感分类特征的评价与比较

选取华北地区为研究区,利用MODIS遥感数据多光谱、多时相优势进行分类特征提取,依据土地覆盖分类特征如地表反射率、植被指数、纹理特征等,并对这些分类特征分别从光谱维、时间维、空间维三个角度进行阐述,结合DEM数据,使用最大似然法进行土地覆盖遥感分类特征的评价与比较。结果表明,不同分类特征对分类精度影响不同,将多种分类特征结合能够有效提高区域尺度土地覆盖分类精度,但分类特征的加入不一定能提高某些类别的分类精度。     

津渤地区陆地卫星影象数字处理的环境背景效果分析

陆地卫星数字数据经计算机图象增强和分类处理,可获得多种增强影象和土地复盖分类图等。本文探讨了对上述各种计算机彩色图象的分析方法及其在环境背景研究中的作用和效果。     

Landsat 8 OLI影像新增特征对土地覆盖遥感分类的影响分析

本研究针对OLI影像在辐射分辨率、近红外波段和全色波段的光谱范围以及波段数量等方面进行的调整,与ETM+进行比较分析,探究其对土地覆盖遥感分类的影响。实验发现:1)辐射分辨率的提高有利于地类之间的区分,进而提高分类的总体精度;2)近红外波段范围的调整有利于识别水体边界,对分类总体精度影响不大;3)新增的深蓝波段可明显提高水体、不透水层的分类精度,进而提高总体分类精度,卷云波段的加入不利于地类之间的区分,降低分类精度;4)全色波段范围的收窄可明显提高林草地、耕地的分类精度,裸土的分类精度也有所提高,有利于区分植被与非植被信息。研究结果能够推广OLI影像的使用,并对应用OLI影像进行土地覆盖分类具有借鉴意义。     

融合Sentinel-2红边波段和Sentinel-1雷达波段影像的扎龙湿地信息提取

以黑龙江流域中的扎龙湿地及其上游区域为研究区,将Sentinel-2红边波段和Sentinel-1雷达波段影像数据相结合,根据面向对象原理,采用随机森林算法,对研究区的湿地进行遥感分类和信息提取;利用3种特征变量集,进行实验对比,研究红边波段反射率和雷达后向散射系数对湿地信息提取的作用。研究结果表明,红边波段反射率和雷达后向散射系数对土地覆盖分类精度的提高起到了重要作用,两者结合得到的分类结果的总体精度达到了88.72%,Kappa系数为0.87,其中,水体、水田和沼泽的用户精度分别为100%、98.18%和91.37%。利用红边波段和雷达波段影像数据,分别使土地覆盖分类总体精度提高了5.26%和2.51%,红边波段影像数据对沼泽提取精度的提高贡献最大,使生产者精度提高了12.5%。     

基于机载成像光谱数据的宜兴市土地利用/土地覆盖分类方法对比研究

对宜兴市机载成像光谱数据辐进行射畸变纠正、几何精确纠正和辐射定标等预处理,获得高光谱反射率图像。利用相关系数、均方差、离散度等统计特征进行面向土地利用/土地覆盖目的的波段优选,采用高光谱像元提纯分析工具获得分类所需的终端单元,并利用终端单元进行了研究区土地利用/土地覆盖分类对比研究。研究发现:最大似然法分类精度低,整体精度为84.89%,而二进制编码、神经网络分类和光谱角分类方法精度较高,整体精度分别为87.12%,88.75%,90.41%。这说明光谱角分类是最有效的高光谱影像土地利用/土地覆盖分类方法,文章研究采用的高光谱预处理以及波段选择方法是正确的。     

基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法研究

针对遥感专题类别信息的机理问题,从土地覆盖参考数据的偏差程度对分类精度的影响角度,提出了一种基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法。引入判别空间模型概念,基于此模型生成土地覆盖数据类别,并分析了土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差出现的深层次原因;计算信息类别与数据类别的对应关系矩阵,据此得到二者的条件熵,实现对土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差的量化;根据信息类别与数据类别的条件熵计算修正判别变量的权重因子,实现基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类。采用一景SPOT-5影像进行分类实验,并利用同一地区的Landsat 5TM影像进行方法验证。实验表明,条件熵加权修正方法使土地覆盖分类精度有了显著提高,并对不同分辨率的遥感影像具有适用性。     

基于高分一号影像的土地覆被分类方法初探

高分一号是我国发射的第一颗高分辨率卫星,其包含地物信息较为丰富,较多的应用于土地覆被分类中,但高分影像普遍存在基于像元分类精度稍低的问题,为了提高遥感影像的分类精度,基于高分一号影像,以新疆艾比湖湿地保护区为研究样区进行土地覆被分类研究。利用灰度共生矩阵方法提取图像的纹理信息,并将结果作为参数量输入到支持向量机(SVM)分类器中,将研究结果与传统的SVM分类及最大似然分类法作对比分析可得:辅以纹理特征的SVM分类方法可更好的区分地物信息,分类精度高达93.64%;传统的SVM分类精度为92.27%;最大似然分类为87.90%;因地制宜的开展辅以纹理特征的SVM分类方法是提高土地覆被监测精度的有效手段。     

多源遥感影像土地覆盖分类结果一致性评价与集成应用

针对多源遥感影像土地覆盖分类结果一致性与分类精度改进的要求,对两组中等空间分辨率的光学影像进行土地覆盖分类,以支持向量机分类结果为基础,采用Kappa统计量、双错误测量、Q统计量、相同错误率从不同角度评价了不同分类结果的一致性。实验表明,多源遥感数据分类结果总体上常规一致性程度较好,二值先验一致性程度尚可,错误一致性程度较小;不同土地覆盖类别的一致性程度并不相同,有的类别甚至出现不一致现象。提出组合法和替换法两种策略以综合数据优点、实现多传感器数据集成应用,能够有效提高分类精度。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,