伊利石结晶度Kübler指数的校正与近变质带的确定

就像用"砝码"标定"称"来测量物质质量一样,伊利石结晶度的测量也需要这样的"砝码"标定它的测量工具——衍射仪,从而能够进行伊利石结晶度的测量和对比。这个砝码就是伊利石结晶度标样或称伊利石结晶度国际标样。第2届Kübler-Frey国际研讨会伊利石结晶度圆桌会议就伊利石结晶度标样和近变质带的确定的问题进行了深入的讨论。会议一致认为,用伊利石结晶度标样校正X射线衍射仪是极为重要和必要的,没有进行标样校正的伊利石结晶度数据将被拒绝发表,经过伊利石结晶度国际标样校正后的伊利石结晶度数据才可用于近变质带的划分和国际对比。本文就伊利石结晶度测量的有关衍射仪类型与差别,衍射仪系统,测量条件,样品的影响和国际标样对仪器的校正等问题进行了分析研究。结果表明不同型号仪器,同型号仪器不同测量条件与状态,样品的不同制备方法都将影响伊利石结晶度Kübler指数的测量。指出只有使用国际标样才可校正测量的伊利石结晶度Kübler指数,从而达到消除偏差准确划分近变质带的标准和进行国际对比的目的。     

狭缝系统与伊利石结晶度Kübler指数的测定及相关问题讨论

根据实验结果,衍射峰半高宽随接收狭缝增大而呈二次曲线线性增大.扫描速度与扫描步长的确定应遵守Wang(1994)提出的关系式,并确定在相对误差小于＜5%的范围内.固定样品条件,选定最优实验条件和使用国际标样标定系统偏差是伊利石结晶度测量中必不可少的重要步骤.不固定样品条件和实验条件,同一样品的伊利石结晶度值将因条件的变化而不同;固定样品和实验条件而不使用国际标样标定系统偏差,则无法与他人数据进行对比,其结果常常错划近变质带的上下界限,造成成岩/变质界限及近变质/浅变质界限的混乱.     

青海省河南县三叠系伊利石结晶度与极低级变质作用

在开展“青海省河南县托叶玛地区I47E007023、I47E008023、I47E009023、1I47E009024四幅1:5万区域地质矿产调查”时,为验证该地区三叠系变质情况,针对三叠系中泥岩(页岩)的伊利石结晶度做了分析测试。30件样品的实验结果表明: 北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.312~0.537,晶胞参数b₀为0.898 0~0.903 2 nm,判断其变质温度小于350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和沸石相; 南部西倾山地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)的伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.21~0.318,b₀为0.898 1~0.901 4 nm,变质温度主要分布在200~350 ℃,局部>350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和绿片岩相。研究认为青海省河南县地区区域变质程度较低,为极低级变质作用或者未发生区域变质作用,且南部西倾山地层分区的变质程度略高于北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区变质程度。这一变质相带研究结论与前人认为的“区域低温动力变质作用及低绿片岩相变质带”不一致,变质程度相对更低。该研究证实了在青海省河南县地区三叠系地层中不存在大面积区域变质作用,仅存在极低级区域变质作用。     

由伊利石结晶度研究桂西右江地区区域极低级变质作用

运用伊利石结晶度Kübler指数将桂西右江地区下三叠统罗楼群和中三叠统百逢组下段划归为浅层变质带(K.I△2θ°为0.22～0.25);将中三叠统百逢组上段和河口组划归为近变质带,中三叠统百逢组上段为高级近变质带(K.I△2θ°为0.26～0.33);中三叠统上部河口组为低级近变质带(K.I△2θ°为0.38～0.40),不排除局部为成岩带的可能.地层柱自下向上,伊利石结晶度Kübler指数由小变大,变质程度由高变低,而且,变质作用级别与岩层在地层柱中位置协调以及变质带边界与地层界线趋于一致,证明为区域埋藏极低级变质作用.凌云明山金矿区剖面矿体和百逢组各层段伊利石结晶度Kübler指数为0.42～0.50,属成岩带,且没有明显时空变化规律.     

关于伊利石结晶度诸指数的评价

本文根据结晶学原理、Ｓｃｈｅｒｒｅｒ定律、Ｗａｒｒｅｎ－Ａｖｅｒｂａｃｈ理论和Ｘ射线衍射峰形态学原理提出任何衍射峰都是由五个基本要素组成的,即：衍射峰位置;最大衍射强度;半高宽;衍射峰形态和对称性。各衍射峰要素都具有其自身的物理学意义,其中,只有半高宽和衍射峰形态是与晶体内部结构和大小即结晶度相联系的。据此,分析评价了与Ｘ射线衍射相关的Ｋüｂｌｅｒ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ－ＤｕｎｏｙｅｒｄｅＳｅｇｏｎｚａｃ－Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｏｕ指数、Ｗｅａｖｅｒ指数、Ｍｉｌｉｅｒｓ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ指数、分解ＨＷ及纯Ｃ轴厚度等伊利石结晶度指数的理论基础、使用前提和条件、特点及误差源。指出Ｋüｂｌｅｒ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ－ＤｕｎｏｙｅｒｄｅＳｅｇｏｎｚａｃ－Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｏｕ指数和分解ＨＷ为非条件性单一结晶度指数;Ｗｅａｖｅｒ指数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ指数和高宽比为条件性单一结晶度指数;消除晶体内部微应变影响的ｃ轴厚度为全面描述伊利石结晶度指数;而Ｍｉｌｉｅｒｓ指数不可描述伊利石结晶度。     

应用国际标样对伊利石结晶度测定值的校正及其意义

伊利石的结晶度(IC),又称Kbler指数(K.I.),是指粘土矿物伊利石10×10-8cmXRD峰的半高宽。作为一个变质程度的指标,结晶度广泛用于研究高级成岩—极低级变质—低级变质作用的演变过程,随着变质程度的提高,伊利石结晶度逐渐增大。根据Kbler的建议,近变质带(极低级变质带)上、下边界的伊利石结晶度分别为0.42(°Δ2θ)和0.25(°Δ2θ)。然而,测定伊利石结晶度时,由于缺少国际标样,且各实验室间的样品制备、仪器条件、测试方法也不相同,因而导致获得的数据有较大差别,缺少可比性;因此,使用国际标样对数据进行校正,使各实验室获得的数据都能直接地进行对比,是非常必要的。利用X射线衍射方法测定了由L.N.Warr提供的5个伊利石结晶度的国际标样(其中,4个为岩石碎屑样品,采自英格兰西南部的极低级变质带;1个为单矿物样品,采自印度的花岗岩),获得了校正方程,ICCIS=0.977IC测定值+0.0336(°Δ2θ),R2=0.9835。在实验室内对213件采自国内的样品进行测定,测试条件与国际标样的测试条件相同,利用此方程对测得的伊利石结晶度数值进行校正,证实本实验室对伊利石结晶度的测定具有较高的可信度和国际可比性。     

狭缝系统与伊利石结晶度Kuebler指数的测定及相关问题讨论

根据实验结果,衍射峰半高宽随接收狭缝增大而呈二次工线线性增大。扫描速度与扫描步长的确定应遵守Ｗａｎｇ（１９９４）提出的关系式,并确定在相对误差小于〈５％的范围内。固定样品条件,选定最优实验条件下使用国际标样标定系统偏差是伊利石结晶测量中必不可少的重要步骤。不固定样品条件和实验条件,同一样品的伊利石工值将因条件的变化而不同;固定样品和实验条件而不使用国际标样标定系统偏差,则无法与他人数据进行对比,其     

伊利石结晶度Kbler,Weaver和Weber指数关系式常数的确定与应用

根据衍射峰具有的不同分布特点推导出了14个伊利石结晶度Kbler指数,Weaver指数和Weber指数关系式中常数项C1-C14的数值,提出了PearsonVII分布中形态参数μ与C5,C6,C11,C12的4个定量方程。由此,14个伊利石结晶度指数关系式可直接用于实际计算。根据阿尔卑斯复理石伊利石形态特征Sc=0.731,由这些关系式进行近变质带上下界线的转换得出与Kbler指数0.42～0.25。△2θ界线对应的Weaver指数和Weber指数的界线值分别为5.8～17.6和300～179。讨论了在自然干燥状态下直接进行伊蒙混层鉴定的基本原理。     

伊利石结晶度Kübler,Weaver和Weber指数关系式常数的确定与应用

根据衍射峰具有的不同分布特点推导出了14个伊利石结晶度Kübler指数,Weaver指数和Weber指数关系式中常数项C1-C14的数值,提出了PearsonⅦ分布中形态参数μ与C5,C6,C11,C12的4个定量方程.由此,14个伊利石结晶度指数关系式可直接用于实际计算.根据阿尔卑斯复理石伊利石形态特征Sc=0.731,由这些关系式进行近变质带上下界线的转换得出与Kübler指数0.42～0.25°△2θ界线对应的Weaver指数和Weber指数的界线值分别为5.8～17.6和300～179.讨论了在自然干燥状态下直接进行伊蒙混层鉴定的基本原理.     

伊利石的结晶度及其地质意义综述

根据伊刊石第一级底面反射峰即d=10?峰的形状和特征,本文综述了不同作者测定伊利石的结晶度从而判别其结晶程度的几种方法,在此基础上,对伊利石不同结晶度指数及变化在地学上的应用作了较为详细的总结。     

关于甚低级变质作用与近变质带研究中的几个问题

本文集中讨论了甚低级变质作用研究中涉及到的几个问题，包括：① 近变质带的创立及其在解决划分成岩作用与变质作用界线这一国际难题中所取得的进步；② 伊利石结晶度对碎屑岩甚低级变质作用研究起到的作用与贡献；③ 仪器校正、粒度大小及其与Kübler指数的经验关系式；④ 泥质碎屑岩中的成岩指示矿物与变质指示矿物；⑤ 松潘 甘孜、巴颜喀拉造山带的甚低级变质作用的模式与新的成因解释；⑥ 讨论了涉及到的科学研究的相关规则。提出了运用指示矿物结合伊利石结晶度划分成岩作用/变质作用界线的方案和建立喜马拉雅伊利石结晶度标样的重要性与必要性；提出碎屑岩甚低级变质作用的新成因模式。     

TEM and XRD determination of crystallite size and lattice strain as a function of illite crystallinity in pelitic rocks

Average crystallite size and mean-square strain of illite in rock specimens and clay separates were measured independently in TEM images and by single-line Fourier (Voigt method) profile analysis of the c. 1 nm peak of XRD patterns for a prograde sequence of pelitic rocks (illite crystallinity indices=0.17–0.58°Δ2θ) from the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. The TEM-determined crystallite sizes in clay separates approximate those determined by Fourier profile analyses and those calculated from illite crystallinity indices by the Scherrer equation, with the exception of the diagenetic sample. The crystallite sizes and mean-square strains of illite in rock samples exhibit a trend similar to that determined by profile analyses, but the average crystallite sizes are up to five times larger than those measured for clay separates. TEM images show that all rock samples have a wide range of crystallite sizes, and the proportions of larger crystallites increase with metamorphic grade. The diagenetic illite is defect-rich, fine-grained (mean thickness by volume=c. 70 nm), 1M_d material. Anchizonal illite tends to occur as separate aggregates of small 1M_d and larger 2M₁ crystals (c. 200 nm), comprising arrays of subparallel coalescing packets. The epizone sample has thick (c. 400 nm), defect-free crystals of muscovite occurring in stacks of parallel layers, or subhedral crystals intergrown with large-angle boundaries. Cleaved crystals that are free of intracrystalline layer terminations are dominant in clay separates of all samples, having ranges of smaller sizes with volume-average thicknesses of c. 43, 43, and 81 nm (c. 14, 28, 67 nm by the Voigt method), respectively, for the three zones. The results suggest that illite crystallinity indices do not provide a direct measure of a single microstructural state of illite in rocks, although they yield consistent limits for average crystallite sizes for the anchizone (23 & 48 nm here). Therefore, they serve as a general parameter of the degree of recrystallization on a relative basis, in part because the contributions of all peak-broadening variables (mixed layering, size and strain) decrease regularly with prograde regional metamorphism of pelites. The microstructural changes caused by rock disaggregation are probably a function of those variables as well. The data collectively demonstrate a trend from metastable, defect-rich, small crystals towards a stable assemblage of larger, defect-free crystals, through dissolution of strained crystals and neocrystallization, consistent with the Ostwald step rule.     

Chlorite crystallinity: an empirical approach and correlation with illite crystallinity, coal rank and mineral facies as exemplified by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks of northeast Hungary

Abstract Fairly strong (r= 0.75–0.85) positive linear correlations were found between crystallinity indices (peak widths) measured on the first two basal reflections of chlorite and those of illite–muscovite in <2-μm fractions of a representative shale–slate–phyllite series from Palaeozoic and Mesozoic formations of northeast Hungary. The metamorphic grade ranges from late or deep diagenesis through anchizone to epizone conditions. Chlorite crystallinity values measured on air-dried and ethylene-glycol-solvated samples suggest that the effects of expandable interlayers are negligable, especially in the higher grade (～temperature) part of the series. However, the greater scattering of crystallinity values for the chlorite 001 reflection compared to those of the 002 reflection may be related to the effects of minor amounts of interlayered and/or discrete smectite and/or vermiculite. With increasing metamorphic grade and advancing equilibrium recrystallization, the chlorite compositions in different samples become more homogenous. No correlation exists between crystallinity and changes in chlorite composition as estimated from the intensity ratios of basal reflections. Hence an increase of domain size and a decrease of lattice distortion with increasing grade (～temperature) may be decisive factors affecting chlorite crystallinity. Chlorite crystallinity can be applied as a reliable regional, statistical technique complementary with, or instead of, the illite crystallinity method. The illite and chlorite crystallinity scales used here are related to Kübler's epi-, anchi- and diagenetic zones and correlated with coal rank, conodont colour alteration and mineral facies data. As the effects of the detrital white mica can be observed even in the <2-μm fractions of anchizonal metapelites, the anchizone boundaries determined solely on the base of ‘fixed’illite crystallinity values may vary with amounts of detrital and newly formed muscovite–illite. Hence a complex approach utilizing more than one method for determination of grade is preferred for petrogenetic purposes, even if relationships between crystallinity scales, coal rank and mineral facies also vary strongly in different tectonic settings and lithologies.     

西峰风尘堆积的伊利石结晶度及古环境指示

黄土高原第四纪黄土伊利石结晶度是东亚夏季风的有效指标,但以前对该指标的研究主要集中在末次间冰期以来的黄土沉积。本文采用X射线衍射技术对西峰第四纪黄土（0~2.6Ma B.P.）和三趾马红土上部（2.6~3.6Ma B.P.）代表性样品的粘土矿物（ < 2μm）进行了测试,结合伊利石化学指数I（002）/I（001）值对伊利石结晶度Kübler指数（KI值）指示的环境信息进行了分析。结果显示,第四纪黄土伊利石结晶度主要继承了原始风尘特征,而第四纪古土壤伊利石结晶度指数KI值均显著高于相邻黄土,与伊利石化学指数I（002）/I（001）值和成壤特征有较好的一致性,表明KI指数可以有效地指示整个第四纪黄土沉积的风化成壤强度,对研究东亚夏季风长期演化具有重要的潜力;上新世三趾马红土KI值较高的特征表明上新世期间我国北方夏季风环流整体上较第四纪时期强盛。进一步分析KI值与I（002）/I（001）值的关系后发现二者具有较好的线性正相关,表明伊利石结晶度的变化是由于风尘堆积在风化成壤过程中,伴随着Fe-Mg离子的不断淋失,伊利石晶体结构发生改变而引起的。

     

贵州梵净山前寒武系甚低级变质作用研究

本文运用伊利石结晶度、绿泥石结晶度、云母b0值和绿泥石地质温度计研究了梵净山前寒武系甚低级变质作用。结果表明经Kisch伊利石结晶度标样校正的伊利石结晶度Kübler指数为0.20~0.99°Δ2θ,绿泥石结晶度árkai指数为0.22~0.63°Δ2θ。由此阐明梵净山前寒武系经历了成岩作用到浅变质作用的影响,迄今依然保留了成岩带、近变质带和浅变质带的岩石记录。成岩岩石具有伊蒙混层特征成岩指示矿物,浅变质带具有钠云母特征变质指示矿物。钾云母(伊利石)b0值范围为:0.9000~0.9045nm;平均0.9018nm,b0值累积频率曲线分布介于典型中压—中低压系列之间,估算的压力为366MPa。峰期变质温度为293~364℃,平均342℃,古变质温压梯度为27℃/km。近变质带界线穿越地层和梵净山背斜轴线,表明甚低级变质作用为成岩-构造运动同期或后期构造增厚引起下部和底部岩石随温压的升高而产生的。     

Illite Crystallinity Mapping of Very Low Grade Metamorphism of Triassic Metapelites in the Zoig(e) Area,Western China

X-ray diffraction methods for estimating the metamorphic grade of diagenetic,anchizone and epizone in metapelites are reviewed and applied to samples from a 7000 m+ borehole in western China and surfac...     

Illite Crystallinity Mapping of Very Low Grade Metamorphism of Triassic Metapelites in the Zoigê Area, Western China

X-ray diffraction methods for estimating the metamorphic grade of diagenetic, anchizone and epizone in metapelites are reviewed and applied to samples from a 7000?m+ borehole in western China and surface samples from the surrounding Zoigê area. Kübler’s illite crystallinity (IC) measurements provide more consistent results than calculated values of percentage of illite in the I/S mixed layers and percentage of I/S mixed layers. Down-borehole IC values display a typical burial metamorphic relationship between stratigraphic level and IC. A method for preparing very low grade metamorphic maps is described, and isograds plotted on a regional geological map at selected values of IC, delineating a high temperature diagenetic zone, an anchizone, and an epizone. The map shows that IC values are controlled by stratigraphic level in the north of the study area (i.e. burial metamorphism), and proximity to an igneous intrusive body in the south (i.e. contact metamorphism).     

广西东攀剖面二叠系顶部粘土矿物特征及古气候意义

对广西东攀剖面二叠系顶部20个样品中的粘土矿物进行X射线衍射分析。伊利石结晶度值显示这些样品形成于中晚成岩带的地质环境;伊利石、蒙脱石纵向分布规律和伊利石结晶度与伊利石含量的关系表明伊利石除陆源碎屑来源外,可能有部分为蒙脱石伊利石化而成;伊利石结晶度变化曲线和伊蒙混层类型的变化规律表明,本区粘土矿物组合与含量的变化除受到后期成岩作用的影响外,还明显地受沉积因素的控制;伊利石结晶度、伊利石化学指数、高岭石和伊利石的含量、伊蒙混层类型显示东攀剖面以9、10层界线上方5cm为界,古气候由干冷变为湿暖;水介质由偏碱性向酸性转变。     

Crystallinity and metamorphism of illite from Triassic strata in Henan County of Qinghai Province

In order to verify the Triassic stratum metamorphism in this area, the crystallinity of illite in mudstone (shale) of Triassic stratum was analyzed and tested during the 1:50 000 regional mineral geological survey (I47E007023, I47E008023, I47E009023,1I47E009024)in Tuoyema area of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province. According to the experimental results of 30 samples, the crystallinity index of Triassic mudstone (shale) illite Kübler in Zongwulong-Zeku stratigraphic division in the north is 0.312-0.537, and the cell parameter b₀ is 0.898-0.903 2 nm. The metamorphic temperature is less than 350 ℃, with the grape-chlorite and zeolite facies. The crystallinity index of Triassic mudstone (shale) illite Kübler in the western inclined mountain stratigraphic division in the south is 0.21-0.318, and the b₀ value is 0.898 1-0.901 4 nm. The metamorphic temperature is mainly between 200 and 350 ℃, with the local temperature above 350 ℃ and grape-chlorite and greenschist facies. It is considered that the regional metamorphism grade in this area is very low or has no regional metamorphism. The metamorphism degree of the western dipping mountain stratum in the south is slightly higher than that of Zongwulong-Zeku stratum in the north. The measured metamorphic facies belts are not consistent with the previous thought, that is "regional low temperature dynamic metamorphism and low greenschist facies metamorphic belts", and the degree of metamorphism is relatively lower. It is confirmed that there is no large area regional metamorphism in the Triassic strata of Henan County in Qinghai Province, but only very low-level regional metamorphism.     

塔里木盆地典型砂岩油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素测年研究与成藏年代探讨

塔里木盆地共发现 8套砂岩油气储层 ,对其中的 5套典型砂岩油气储层进行了自生伊利石K Ar同位素测年分析与研究。利用该项技术对其成藏史进行初步探讨是本次研究的主要目的。中央隆起下志留统沥青砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 383.4 5～ 2 35 .17Ma ,表明志留系古油藏形成于加里东晚期—海西晚期 ;上泥盆统东河砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 6 3.82～ 2 31.34Ma ,表明东河砂岩油气藏主要形成于海西晚期 ;库车坳陷依南 2气田 (依南 2井 )下侏罗统阳霞组砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 8.0 8～ 2 3.85Ma ,表明油气充注发生在中新世以来 ;喀什凹陷阿克莫木气田 (阿克 1井 )下白垩统砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 2 .6 0～ 18.79Ma ,表明中新世可能有古油气运移或古油藏形成 ;库车坳陷迪那 2气藏 (迪那 2 0 1井 )古近系砂岩中的伊利石主要为碎屑成因 ,不能用于进行油气成藏史研究 ,但该气藏白垩系砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 5 .4 9～ 15 .4 7Ma ,表明可能为中新世成藏。本次研究表明 ,该项技术在塔里木盆地初步显示出较好的应用效果 ,具有较为广阔的应用前景。