福建长乐全新世地层划分与对比的探讨

本文从研究长乐汪田钻孔剖面入手,结合岩相、岩性、微体古生物、孢子花粉、~14C同位素等资料,对我省沿海全新世地层三分,即晚、中、早全新世.而且就有关的一些问题进行了讨论;1、全新世海侵与海退;2、中全新世存在一次海退沉积间断;3、全新世海侵究竟有几次;4、全新世海侵时,海水最大深度为何时;5、全新世的海平面是否比现在更高.     

东山ZK51孔第四纪地层划分与闽南沿海部分地区地层划分对比

福建沿海全新世地层 ,主要分布在沿海地区 级阶地上。裸露地表一般为晚全新世沉积、洪积、冲积、冲洪积层 ;中、早全新世地层多被晚全新世地层覆盖 ,很少裸露地表。根据东山 ZK51孔揭穿的全新世地层中鉴定的微体古生物、孢子花粉、14 C同位素年龄测试结果 ,结合宏观资料进行分析对比 ,将全新世地层划为晚、中、早全新世。晚、中全新世地层的分界经 14 C同位素年龄测试 ,距今 2 56 0± 90 a;中、早全新世地层分界经 14 C同位素年龄测试 ,距今 896 0± 2 4 0 a。这些测试结果 ,与目前国内外对全新世地层划分十分接近。进将中、早全新世地层均划分为 a、b两段。中全新世地层以小泡虫、泡抱球虫组合和喜暖的底有孔虫组合为特征 ,而且经 14 C同位素年龄测试 ,距今 4 310± 110 a,前者为 Q2 ah 、后者为 Q2 bh ;早全新世以冷水面颊虫组合和小泡虫组合为特征 ,将前者划为 Q1ah ,后者划为 Q1bh 。可与欧洲前北方期、北方期和大西洋期、亚北方期进行对比。     

苏州甪直第四纪地层划分

叙述了苏州甪直地区SK03孔第四纪的岩性地层。岩性地层有更新世海门组、启东组、昆山组、滆湖组和全新世如东组；生物地层划分了7个有孔虫组合；磁性地层划分了2个极性世。并对地层进行了综合划分。     

江苏武进ZK04孔第四纪地层多重划分

叙述了ＺＫ０４孔第四绿地层的岩石地层、生物地层、磁性地层的划分。岩石地层有析世海门组、启动组、昆山组、湖组和全新世如东组;生物地层划分了１０个孢粉组合带、２个有孔虫组合、２个介形虫组合;磁性地层划分了２个极性世,其中布伦赫斯正极性出现了３次反极性事件即拉尚事件、布莱克事件和吉曼事件。对年代地层进行了详细的讨论。     

广东肇庆第四纪岩石地层划分

粤西肇庆内陆地盆地第四纪堆（沉）积物，从下而上具有粗→细→很细或粗→细→很粗的变化，根据沉积物的物质成分，成因类型及其所处的地貌部位，将其划分为黄岗组，大湾镇组，睦岗组，北岭组等４个岩石地层单位，其时代为中一－晚更新世至中一晚全新世。     

南京地区全新统地层划分的新认识

本文通过近年工程地质钻孔及全新世沉积物剖面的采样分析,从沉积层序、岩性岩相、孢粉组合揭示的古气候演变,~(14)C 测年、考古资料、历史记载等方面进行综合研究,对全新统地层下限、钻孔剖面的垂向沉积序列,分层标志等,提出了新的看法。     

福建省地层多重划分,对比研究

本文按照地层的多重划分概念和原则，对福建省各类地层单位进行了全面系统的清理研究，划分出前泥盆纪、泥盆纪－中三叠世，晚三叠世－新第三纪３个断代地层和各地层小区岩石地层单位名称、序列并对其进行了对比，提出本省采用的岩石地层单位７８个，建议不采用的土     

山东省第四纪地质研究新进展

近年来山东省第四纪岩石地层划分对比取得了新进展,更新世中－晚期形成的厚层黄土堆积,分别划为羊栏河组和大站组;全新世早期发育有古湖沼沉积,划为黑土湖组。在探讨岩石地层单位的时代归属、穿时现象及第四纪地质发展史等方面,也获得了新的认识。     

河北白洋淀全新统沉积特征与地层划分

通过对河北白洋淀老河头剖面全新世沉积物岩性特征、地层层序、粒度组成及微体古生物组合等进行综合研究,重建了白洋淀全新世以来的环境演变过程。全新世以来白洋淀沉积特征所反映的气候环境特征表现为早期开始出现湖沼相沉积,气候寒冷偏湿;中期湖泊沉积发育,气候温暖湿润;晚期湖泊退缩,以河流-沼泽相沉积为主,气候向凉干转变。综合沉积特征、环境演变阶段与加速器质谱(AMS)14C测年资料对白洋淀全新统沉积序列进行系统分析,并将全新统划分为三段:下全新统(11000—8500 a)以灰黄色粉砂质粘土、粉砂为主,夹黑色粘土,冲积-湖沼相沉积发育;中全新统(8500—3200 a)为灰黑色粘土夹粘土质粉砂,湖沼相沉积发育;上全新统(3200 a~)以黄色、褐黄色粉细砂、粘土质粉砂为主,冲积-沼泽相沉积发育。白洋淀全新统中段含有黑色粘土沉积和大量微体与腹足、双壳类等古生物化石,为华北地区全新世地层的划分及区域对比提供了依据。     

华北二叠系划分与对比的讨论

华北二叠系研究已有近百年历史,其中,研究最早、研究程度最高、最典型的是太原西山剖面。二叠系共建立了山西组、下石盒子组、上石盒子组、石千峰组4个组。60年代初,与4个组相对应,李星学等建立了4个植物化石组合带:山西组的Emplectopteris triangularis—Emplectopteridum alatum组合,下石盒子组的Emplectopteris triangularis—Cathaysiopteriswhitei组合,上石盒子组的Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia—Lobatannularia heianensis组合,石千峰组的Ullmannia aff.bronnii—Rhipidopsis lobata组合。其地质时代依次为早二叠世早期,早二叠世晚期,晚二叠世早期,晚二叠世晚期。30年来,这一认识在指导煤田勘探的地层工作上起了极重要的作用。然而,随着生产与科研的深入,也出现了某些新问题,值得提出来讨论。     

北疆地区早全新世环境演化的湖泊沉积记录

通过对北疆地区艾比湖沉积物的孢粉组合及其碳酸盐δ^18O,δ^13C,δ^13Corg，TOC，TON和Rb/Sr比等地球化学指标分析，重点对全新世早期气候环境演化特征进行了研究。结果表明，研究时段（8.0-11.cal ka B.P.)温度总体偏低，初期（11.5-10.6cal ka B.P.)较为温湿；早全新世向中全新世转换时期（8.9-8.0cal ka B.P.)气候波动显著。特别是3层泥炭沉积显示了艾比湖地区早全新世气候的强烈不稳定性。泥炭的发育程度及其同位素、孢粉分析数据等都显示，8.2cal ka B.P.,8.6cal ka B.P.,10.5cal ka B.P.的气候状况具有显著的冷湿特征，反映了早全新世的3次冷湿事件。     

宁夏灵武水洞沟遗址全新世的古气候环境

分析宁夏灵武水洞沟遗址剖面19个样品,将孢粉图式分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个带,分别对应早、中、晚3个时期的孢粉带。Ⅰ带为藜、蒿和毛茛-豆科优势带;Ⅱ带为榆、榛、桦、鹅耳枥、栎优势带;Ⅲ带为藜科优势带。结果表明：早全新世植被为疏林草原、干草原-草甸草原,气候偏干冷-温和半湿润;中全新世早期植被为阔叶乔灌丛草原-针叶乔灌丛草原-阔叶疏林草原,气候温暖较干-寒冷较干-较暖较干;晚期植被为疏林草原,气候相对温暖、稍凉-较温暖;晚全新世植被为干草原,气候寒冷。     

Spatial and temporal variability of Holocene temperature in the North Atlantic region

The early Holocene climate of the North Atlantic region was influenced by two boundary conditions that were fundamentally different from the present: the presence of the decaying Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and higher than present summer solar insolation. In order to assess spatial and temporal patterns of Holocene climate evolution across this region, we collated quantitative paleotemperature records at sub-millennial resolution and synthesized their temporal variability using principal components analysis (PCA). The analysis reveals considerable spatial variability, most notably in the time-transgressive expression of the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM). Most of the region, but especially areas peripheral to the Labrador Sea and hence closest to the locus of LIS disintegration, experienced maximum Holocene temperatures that lagged peak summer insolation by 1000-3000 years. Many sites from the northeastern North Atlantic sector, including the Nordic Seas and Scandinavia, either warmed in phase with maximum summer insolation (11,000-9000 years ago) or were less strongly lagged than the Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea region. These spatially complex patterns of Holocene climate development, which are defined by the PCA, resulted from the interplay between final decay of the LIS and solar insolation forcing.     

北京地区一万三千年来自然环境的演变

作者在泥炭的普查、勘探工作中,依据地层和泥炭产出特征,于1976年对北京山前平原和山间盆地内全新世古地理环境提出了自己的见解,认为:古-中全新世,区内湖沼发育,分布广泛(图1)。这些湖沼的兴衰变化直接控制了地层的沉积和泥炭的形成。按这一认识,实践中找到了较大型的泥炭矿与新的远景区。     

Linking moisture and near-surface wind with winter temperature to reveal the Holocene climate evolution in arid Xinjiang region of China

An increasing number of palaeo-climatic records have been reported to identify the Holocene climate history in the arid Xinjiang region of northwest China. However, few studies have fully considered the internal linkages within the regional climate system, which may limit our understanding of the forcing mechanisms of Holocene climate change in this region. Here, we systematically consider three major issues of the moisture/precipitation, temperature and near-surface wind relevant to the Holocene climate history of Xinjiang. First, despite there still has debated for the Holocene moisture evolution in this region, more climatic reconstructions from lake sediments, loess, sand-dunes and peats support a long-term regional wetting trend. Second, temperature records from ice cores, peats and stalagmites demonstrate a long-term winter warming trend during the Holocene in middle- to high-latitudes of Asia. Third, recent studies of aeolian sedimentary sequences reveal that the near-surface winds in winter gradually weakened during the Holocene, whereas the winter mid-latitude Westerlies strengthened in the Tienshan Mountains. Based on this evidence, in the arid Xinjiang region we propose an early to middle Holocene relatively cold and dry interval, with strong near-surface winds; and a warmer, wetter interval with weaker near-surface winds in the middle to late Holocene during winter. Additionally, we develop a conceptual model to explain the pattern of Holocene climate changes in this region. From the early to the late Holocene, the increasing atmospheric CO₂ content and winter insolation, and the shrinking of high-latitude continental ice-sheets, resulted in increasing winter temperatures in middle to high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Subsequently, the increased winter temperature strengthened the winter mid-latitude Westerlies and weakened the Siberian high-pressure system, which caused an increase in winter precipitation and a decrease in near-surface wind strength. This scenario is strongly supported by evidence from geological records, climate simulation results, and modern reanalysis data. Our hypothesis highlights the important contribution of winter temperature in driving the Holocene climatic evolution of the arid Xinjiang region, and it implies that the socio-economic development and water resources security of this region will face serious challenges presented by the increasing winter temperature in the future.     

Holocene sea level changes at the nile delta coastal zone of Egypt

Carbon dating data of changes in seal level during the Holocene at the Nile delta coast provide eustatic depth-time curve of the region. The curve reveals that sea level was approximately 41 meters below the present level around 8,500 years ago. Trend analysis indicates that with melting of glaciers there was a rapid rise in sea level of about 3 mm/yr. The constructed data points are found to be comparable with other curves in the Mediterranean and wold-wide regions. The general changes of the data points are fairly correlated with the ancient shoreline indicators of morphological features (shelf terraces and slopes, old dunes, sand accretion ridges) and sediments at continental shelf and its contiguous coastal zone that belong to Holocene transgression.     

Two paleoecological histories spanning the period of human settlement in southeastern Brazil

The absence of human occupation sites in southeastern Brazil during the mid Holocene has been referred to as the 'Archaic Gap' (8970–1940 cal. a BP) and is predicted to have resulted from increased aridity. A ca. 14 000 cal. a pollen history from two well‐dated lake sediment cores located within the archeological district of Lagoa Santa, in the State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, was used to test this hypothesis. Our analyses indicated that the present cerrado and tropical semi‐deciduous forest mosaic persisted throughout the mid Holocene, until ca. 5500 cal. a BP, and the Lagoa Santa region did not experience especially dry conditions during the Holocene period. The early Holocene pollen spectra contained an assemblage of cold‐adapted taxa such as Podocarpus, Myrsine and Araucaria, co‐occurring with taxa from cerrado, e.g. Caryocar. A replacement of cold taxa by the modern cerrado–semi‐deciduous forest vegetation took place progressively, but appears to have been completed by the mid Holocene. No evidence of sustained drought was found in sedimentation or forest composition, nor any prolonged dry event in the study region. Holocene dryness as an explanation for the abandonment of Lagoa Santa region is not supported by the palynological analyses conducted in this study. Rather it is suggested that unpredictable climate may have underlain that abandonment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability of Holocene Climate Regimes in the Yellowstone Region

A 12,500-yr pollen record from Loon Lake, Wyoming provides information on the climate history of the southwestern margin of Yellowstone National Park. The environmental reconstruction was used to evaluate hypotheses that address spatial variations in the Holocene climate of mountainous regions. Loon Lake lies within the summer-dry/winter-wet climate regime. An increase in xerophytic pollen taxa suggests drier-than-present conditions between ca. 9500 and 5500 ¹⁴ C yr B.P. This response is consistent with the hypothesis that increased summer radiation and the expansion of the east Pacific subtropical high-pressure system in the early Holocene intensified summer drought at locations within the summer-dry/winter-wet regime. This climate history contrasts with that of nearby sites in the summer-wet/winter-dry region, which were under the influence of stronger summer monsoonal circulation in the early Holocene. The Loon Lake record implies that the location of contrasting climate regimes did not change in the Yellowstone region during the Holocene. The amplitude of the regimes, however, was determined by the intensity of circulation features and these varied with temporal changes in the seasonal distribution of solar radiation.     

Holocene Vegetation and Climate Changes in the Huangqihai Lake Region, Inner Mongolia

A consensus on Holocene climate variability at the modern northern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) region remains elusive. Here, we present a pollen-based reconstruction of vegetation history and associated climate variations of a sediment core from Huangqihai Lake, central Inner Mongolia. During 10.7 to 8.8 cal kaBP, typical steppe with small patches of forest dominated the lake area, suggesting a moderately wet climate, followed by ameliorating climatic conditions until 8.0 cal kaBP as deduced by the expansion of forest. Typical steppe recovered the lake area between 8.0 and 7.2 cal kaBP, reflecting a deterioration of climatic conditions; in combination with other proxy records in the study region, we noticed that severe aridity was prevailed in the lake area between 8.0 and 7.6 cal kaBP. During 7.2 to 3.2 cal kaBP, abundant tree pollen indicated dominance of forest-steppe around the lake, marking regionally wet conditions. A notable absence of broadleaved trees after 5.2 cal kaBP reveals a slight drying trend, and climate deterioration from 4.5 to 4.1 cal kaBP might be linked to the 4.2 ka event. After 3.2 cal kaBP, a transition to steppe was associated with dry conditions in the region. Based on our pollen record and prior paleoclimatic reconstructions in the Huangqihai Lake region, there was a generally-accepted, stepwise shift to a wet climate during the early Holocene, an overall humid climate from 7.2 to 3.2 cal kaBP, and then severe drought for the rest of the Holocene. Moreover, regional comparisons among pollen records derived from lakes situated in the temperate steppe region suggested a roughly synchronous pattern of vegetation and climate changes during the Holocene and demonstrated an intensified EASM during the middle Holocene.     

末次盛冰期以来中国北方干旱区演化及短尺度干旱事件

对中国北方干旱区329个古土壤和湖泊沉积物的14C年龄数据的时空分布及频数统计分析表明, 从末次盛冰期至冰消期, 我国整个干旱区受控于西风带;在全新世, 干旱区东部环境变化主要受控于东亚季风系统, 而其西部仍属西风控制区。全新世以来, 中国干旱区存在至少4次百年至千年级的干旱事件, 且干湿变化基本上与全球西风模式区的气候变化相反, 而与低纬非洲干旱区气候变化有很好的对应关系 。由于我国干旱区和非洲干旱区的干湿变化均受控于来自低纬热带海洋的夏季风的强弱, 因此　两区干旱事件的同时发生可能与低纬热带海洋的气候变化有关。同时, 本文利用14C年龄的时空分布和其它地质资料, 初步恢复了末次盛冰期和全新世最适宜期我国干旱区的沙漠分布状况。