云南地区大震前地倾斜趋势性异常的典型特征

用云南地区地倾斜观测资料,分析研究了澜沧 -耿马7.6级地震、丽江7.0级地震前的趋势性变化的典型特征,认为在云南7.0级以上地震前,云南地区地倾斜各分项测值在震前3年内普遍存在一些典型变化形态特征:东西向大多数表现为首先加速东倾,然后又反向加速西倾的典型特征;北南向有的表现首先加速南倾 ,然后又反向加速北倾的典型特征;有的表现首先加速北倾,然后又反向加速南倾的典型特征.这个过程开始加速和反向加速的时间虽不一致,开始加速一般在震前3年左右,而且似乎距离震中越近的测项,反向加速出现的越晚,其速率也较大.     

伽师—阿图什6.7级地震阿图什地倾斜异常特征

１９９６ 年３ 月１９ 日新疆伽师—阿图什地区发生了６．７ 级强烈地震。震前阿图什地震台倾斜仪记录的中短期和短临前兆异常特征为：中短期趋势性异常的方向向背离震中的方向倾斜,持续了１３个月;震前两个月趋势异常出现短期恢复,之后加速异常;临震前５ 天异常快速恢复,并伴有观测值的临震突跳现象,地震发生在异常的恢复之中     

2006年11月23日乌苏5.1级地震后北天山地震形势分析

2006年11月23日新疆北天山乌苏5.1级地震发生在2006年度新疆划定的5~6级地震危险区内。为此对该次地震前的中强震活动背景、局部应力场以及地震前后的小震活动变化和前兆异常特点进行了总结,并对北天山地区未来1年的中强地震危险性进行了分析和论证。分析结果表明,5.1级地震前后,北天山地震活动明显增强,多数前兆观测资料震前无突出短临异常,震后趋势异常没有恢复,因此,北天山西段地区可能仍处于中强地震的中期孕震阶段。     

门源6.9级地震前后高台钻孔倾斜异常特征分析

针对高台钻孔倾斜南北分量2021年10月14日出现的加速北倾异常,通过现场核实和现场比对实验认为人为干扰不是加速北倾主要原因。利用速率分析法、同震响应分析、相对速率分析法分析认为,此次加速北倾异常可信。异常持续2个月后发生门源6.9级地震,认为震前加速北倾与此次地震有关;震后异常形态持续且在祁连山西段出现同步形变异常,可能与后续发生的德令哈5.8级地震有关。综合分析认为,高台钻孔倾斜2021年10月14日以来出现的加速北倾异常对应2022年1月8日门源6.9级地震和德令哈1月23日5.8级、3月26日6.0级地震。     

朝阳石英摆倾斜异常跟踪分析

朝阳地震台SQ-70石英摆倾斜2017年以来,NS分量开始出现N倾趋势性转向,EW分量W倾转E倾趋势性变化。2018年12月开始,NS分量N倾年变较以往幅度增大,且2019年1月开始波动较大,而EW分量转为E倾年变较往年提前。针对该现象,从仪器观测系统、气象环境、同山洞仪器是否存在同步变化等情况对石英摆倾斜异常变化进行了详细地分析和研究,排除仪器自身故障和环境变化等问题,认为NS、EW分量出现的变化为趋势异常背景下产生的短期异常现象,该现象进一步说明辽宁西部地区应力场增强。     

新疆北天山地区震磁预报研究

采用统一的分析方法和标准从北天山地区的地磁场总强度资料中提取异常信息．结果表明，在区内发生的一些中强地震前，震中周围的台站存在较明显的中、短期异常．     

2008年8月30日新疆和静Ms5．6地震前形变资料异常分析

2008年8月30日新疆和静5.6级地震发生在2008年度新疆划定的5.5级左右地震危险区内.对该次地震前天山中段地区定点形变资料出现的异常变化进行了分析和总结,和静5.6级地震前近场定点形变资料存在明显的趋势异常背景,有一定比例的中短期和短期异常显示,无突出短临异常,地震发生在短期异常相对集中的地区.地震发生后所有中短期和短期异常结束,但多数趋势异常仍在持续,因此,北天山西段和南天山东段地区可能仍处于中强地震的中期孕震阶段.     

北天山流动水准重复测量资料的前兆异常特征初析

通过对北天山地区跨断层流动水准观测资料的分析,可以看出,北天山地区跨断层流动水准观测值的变化较好地反映了各断裂带、地震前后的地壳垂直形变运动特征.由于各断裂带、各测线与震中的距离不同,它们所反映出的地壳垂直形变运动特征和变化量也不相同.流动水准观测资料对北天山中西部地区5～6级以上地震有较好的震前反映,前兆信息明显.     

呼图壁MS6.2地震前后重力变化特征分析

文中基于北天山地区2013—2018年期间的流动重力观测资料,详细分析了2016年12月8日呼图壁MS6. 2地震前、后区域重力场的时空分布特征及其与地震发生的关系,结果表明:1)重力变化等值线与断裂的走向基本一致,震前震中附近存在四象限分布,呼图壁MS6. 2地震发生在四象限分布的中心附近; 2)区域重力变化及点值时间序列显示震中区域积蓄的能量在地震后得到了释放,震中附近区域震后逐渐趋于稳态; 3)震前区域重力场的时空演化图像表现为"稳态—区域性重力异常—四象限分布特征性异常—反向变化发震"的系统演化过程。     

浅析北天山西段与南天山中东段地震活动关系

对比分析了北天山西段与南天山中东段的地震活动关系,发现1935年以来两区地震活动水平相近,中强以上地震具有交替活动的特征,且有一定的成组性南北迁移的规律。时空扫描分析发现,北天山西段新源—温泉附近地区的中小地震集中活动对南天山东段中强地震的发生具有一定的前兆意义,南天山东段的4级地震频度的减小与北天山西段5级以上地震有一定的对应关系。并在一定程度上对两区域地震活动存在的以上规律和对应关系进行了分析。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.