汶川M_S8.0地震河谷地形对汉源县城高烈度异常的影响

汉源县城位于汶川M_S8.0特大地震六度区内唯一的八度异常区,为典型且罕见的远震高烈度异常区.汉源县城处于流沙河的河流阶地之上,河谷地形对地震震害有显著的影响.为定量分析河谷地形对汶川大地震汉源县高烈度异常的影响,基于汉源县城震害科学考察和场地勘察获取的资料,根据震害分布特征和流沙河谷地形的特点,选取1条实测得到的横切汉源县城并垂直流沙河河谷方向的典型剖面作为计算模型,以脉冲作为基底输入,采用有限差分方法研究了该剖面的场地放大效应,分析了地形对高烈度异常的影响.计算结果表明:汉源县城场地对地震动放大效应的显著频段是1.0~10Hz,且这一频段老县城场地的放大效应比新县城场地显著;汉源老县城场地对汶川M_S8.0地震主震的地震动有显著的放大效应,地表峰值加速度大大超过了抗震设计规范的规定值;汉源场地地形放大效应显著频段与汶川M_S8.0地震的能量集中频段基本吻合,汉源老县城建筑物的自振频率恰恰位于该频段,产生共振效应,从而造成更显著的放大效应,这也是汉源震害异常的主要原因之一.由此可见,河谷地形对地表地震动有重要的影响,在工程选址和抗震设计时应考虑其影响.     

汶川地震中极震区砌体结构教学楼典型震害分析

汶川8.0级大地震造成了巨大的损失,大量学校建筑遭受严重破坏,其中大部分是砌体结构教学楼。在此次地震中,极震区北川县擂鼓镇城区内的初中、小学和幼儿园等砌体结构教学楼的破坏极其严重,结构特征和震害现象十分典型。本文详细地介绍了擂鼓镇城区内5栋砌体结构教学楼的结构构造特点和震害现象特征,同时,总结归纳了砌体结构教学楼的典型震害并分析了震害原因;讨论并分析了建筑含墙率、开间大小、高宽比等因素对建筑的抗震能力的影响;通过结构易损性分析方法对教学楼在不同烈度下的破坏状态进行了计算,并与实际震害进行了对比分析;最后,为灾后教学楼的重建工作提出了建议。     

Probability-consistent spectrum and code spectrum

IntroductionInChina,thecombinationofseismicdesigncodewithzoningmapofseismicintensityorgroundmotionparametersisusuallyadoptedtodeterminetheseismicfortificationcriterionforthegeneralindustryandcivilbuildings.Thepresentproceduresareasfollows.Accordingtothepro-jectlocation,thedesignbasicaccelerationofgroundmotionandthedesigncharacteristicperiodofresponsespectrumareobtainedfromthezoningmapofseismicgroundmotionparameters(GeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineofthePeople…     

景观建筑挡土墙优化设计后抗震性能的实验测试研究

目前的景观建筑设计中往往更注重建筑的景观性,而忽略了建筑的安全稳定性,导致景观建筑的整体抗震效果较差,在景观建筑设计中加入挡土墙设计可以有效提高其抗震性。为此,设计一种具有一定抗震性能的景观建筑挡土墙,利用建筑施工过程中保留的复合纤维材料、建筑垃圾以及纤维绳等作为土墙填充物,并加入具有一定抗拉能力的拉筋材料,以保持土墙内部的稳定性。考虑景观建筑通常注重外观视觉效果,使用"平改坡"设计,在墙体表面种植具有一定视觉冲击的植物,增加土墙自重,促进土墙整体结构的稳定性。分析挡土墙后面无限倾斜填土受力状态,选取菱形微小单元体作为研究对象,计算景观建筑的挡土墙土压力强度。实验证明,优化设计的景观建筑挡土墙结构可以有效增强景观建筑的整体抗震能力。     

城市密集建筑群对沉积谷地地震动放大效应的影响

采用有限元模拟方法建立了建筑群-沉积谷地二维模型,并在土体截断边界上施加粘弹性人工边界,在频域与时域中对比分析此体系和单独沉积谷地的地震反应,观察地震时沉积谷地与建筑群之间的动力相互作用规律。分析表明,沉积谷地中建筑群对谷地本身的地震反应具有显著影响。入射波频率较低时,由于共振效应的存在,在部分区域处建筑群-沉积谷地体系的地表位移响应幅值会大于单独沉积谷地,但随着入射波频率的增加,建筑群的存在又会对地震反应产生明显的减弱效果;建筑群对谷地的影响还与建筑高度和建筑间距有关,且不同位置处的响应也存在很大差异。计算结果可为沉积谷地中设防烈度的设置以及工程抗震设计提供部分理论依据。     

常时微动观测在砖混结构建筑群振动特性及抗震能力快速判断中的应用

城市建筑群中砖混结构建筑数量众多,抗震性能较弱,在地震中的破损率较高,逐一进行抗震性能测定难度巨大。本文提出基于常时微动观测的城市砖混结构建筑群抗震性能快速评价方法,提供初步的决策参考建议,适用于在大范围城市建筑群中快捷地筛选易损建筑。选取呼和浩特市区331栋砖混结构建筑物进行振动特性分析,分别建立适用于研究区域建筑物长轴和短轴平均共振周期与建筑物楼层数的回归关系,作为衡量研究区砖混结构建筑群抗震能力的快速判断标准。筛选出82栋抗震能力较弱的易损建筑,其中24栋为重点关注对象,主要分布于人口较为密集的老旧城区,多为4层（含）以上住宅类型,建筑年代较为久远,具有面临潜在地震危害的风险,为下一步有针对性地进行抗震加固和防震减灾工作提供参考依据。     

一致概率谱与规范谱ht

在重大工程的地震安全性评价工作中，根据概率法地震危险性分析得到的一致概率反应谱，与建筑抗震设计规范给出的设计反应谱常常不一致，有时甚至会有较大的差异．一致概率反应谱低于相应的规范反应谱时，可能会产生重大工程抗震设防标准低于一般工业与民用建筑抗震设防标准的问题．本文利用理想简化的潜在震源，对一致概率谱与规范设计反应谱之间的关系进行了讨论．分析结果表明，对于较为普遍的主要受直下型地震和近震潜源影响的地区，在长周期部分，一致概率谱总体小于规范谱．规范谱长周期部分值得深入研究，且应尽可能与区划工作的概率法相结合．由于地震安全性评价工作存在较大的不确定性，故重大工程的抗震设防标准，据地震安全性评价结果将长周期部分降至规范谱（一般工民建）之下宜慎重．      

芦山MS7.0地震建筑结构震害特征

基于2013年4月20日四川芦山M_S7.0地震灾区的房屋建筑震害调查资料, 初步分析了这次地震中建筑结构的震害特征. 结合典型建筑结构震害案例, 从抗震概念设计和抗震构造措施的角度对震害机理进行了探讨, 总结了结构抗震设计方面的经验和教训并给出了相关的建议. 分析表明, 农村自建的砖木和土木结构房屋的抗震能力普遍较差; 砖混结构和砌体-框架混合结构的抗震性能需要严格的抗震构造措施给予保证, 包括合理设置钢筋混凝土构造柱和圈梁, 合理设置承重墙的数量以及承重墙上开洞的数量和位置; 由于鞭梢效应造成的突出屋顶的楼梯间和加层的破坏需引起重视.      

Response reduction factor of irregular RC buildings in Kathmandu valley

Most current seismic design includes the nonlinear response of a structure through a response reduction factor(R). This allows the designer to use a linear elastic force-based approach while accounting for nonlinear behavior and deformation limits. In fact, the response reduction factor is used in modern seismic codes to scale down the elastic response of a structure. This study focuses on estimating the actual ‘R' value for engineered design/construction of reinforced concrete(RC) buildings in Kathmandu valley. The ductility and overstrength of representative RC buildings in Kathmandu are investigated. Nonlinear pushover analysis was performed on structural models in order to evaluate the seismic performance of buildings. Twelve representative engineered irregular buildings with a variety of characteristics located in the Kathmandu valley were selected and studied. Furthermore, the effects of overstrength on the ductility factor, beam column capacity ratio on the building ductility, and load path on the response reduction factor, are examined. Finally, the results are further analyzed and compared with different structural parameters of the buildings.     

评估结构抗震性能的能量方法

在抗震概念设计中，虽然确立了一些准则，但这些准则基本上是定性的，目前尚缺乏简明的定量评估准则。本文结合抗震设计规范提出了一种对结构抗震性能评估的能量方法，可用于抗震设计方案的定量评估和比较，以及场地对结构影响的定量评估，减震方案的评估。该方法在实际工程设计中的应用取得预期效果。     

变电站地面景观建筑防震设计

伴随着我国城市建设的快速发展,变电站地面景观建筑防震设计有着举足轻重的作用,为了满足不同建筑功能的抗震要求,提出基于变电站地面建筑防震设计方法。将剪力墙与框架结构有效的结合起来,通过分析框架剪力墙建筑结构的优缺点,给出变电站地面建筑防震设计原理和防震控制指标,根据各项指标分析框架剪力墙在防震设计中的要点,以达到变电站地面景观建筑的刚度要求,实现防震设计。实验结果表明,所提出基于变电站地面建筑防震设计方法可有效提高整个结构的抗震能力,并且能够有效降低成本开销。     

鲜水河断裂带南东段康定—色拉哈断裂的浅层地球物理勘探

活动断层不仅是产生地震的根源,而且地震时其断层线两侧的建筑物破坏最为严重。因此准确探测出活动断层的位置和分布范围,并采取有效的工程避让措施,可大大降低地震灾害和经济损失。康定—色拉哈断裂作为鲜水河断裂南东段的主干断裂,具备发生强震的地震地质构造条件,因此该断裂所穿越的几个城镇的地震危险性不容忽视。针对康定新城探测场区存在交通条件不便、场地工作面狭窄等问题,在浅层地震反射波法探测工作中采取小道间距、小偏移距、多道短排列接收和共反射点多次覆盖观测的工作方式获取地震反射时间剖面,浅层地震探测结果辅以高密度电阻率成像断面,并结合地表地震地质调查结果,共同揭示康定—色拉哈断裂在康定新城北侧的展布位置、产状规模和近地表构造形态。研究结果发现康定—色拉哈断裂在康定新城北东侧呈左旋右界羽列状展布,经过两岔口村折多河Ⅰ级阶地处该断裂隐伏段近地表倾角约40°～50°,其破碎带及其影响带宽度约110m,随着地形的升高,破碎带的视宽度进一步增加至200m左右,并沿断层垭口向木格措方向延伸展布。浅层地球物理探测成果为判定康定—色拉哈断裂近地表构造活动提供了可靠的地震学证据,也为康定新城的地震危险性评价和制定抗震防灾规划提供了可靠的基础资料。     

公共建筑结构的抗地震倒塌能力优化评估分析

以往基于模态增量动力方法对公共建筑进行抗地震倒塌能力评估时是单纯地从总体角度进行考察的,其得到的结果较为粗糙,无法准确反映出公共建筑的抗地震倒塌能力,导致其经济效益较差。提出新的公共建筑结构抗地震倒塌能力优化评估方法以分析公共建筑整体的抗地震倒塌能力,总结出其与子结构以及构件三者间的关系,进而研究构件的损毁情况,以实现对建筑抗地震倒塌能力的整体评估。基于公共建筑的倒塌破坏区间,采用其结构抗震倒塌能力评估方法,对公共建筑结构的抗地震倒塌能力实施优化评估分析,得到其具体破坏指数,实现对其进行准确评估。实验结果说明,所提方法可准确描述公共建筑结构的抗地震倒塌能力,提高建筑结构抗地震倒塌能力和经济效益。     

Earthquake induced pounding between adjacent buildings considering soil-structure interaction

Many closely located adjacent buildings have suffered from pounding during past earthquakes because they vibrated out of phase.Furthermore,buildings are usually constructed on soil;hence,there are interactions between the buildings and the underlying soil that should also be considered.This paper examines both the interaction between adjacent buildings due to pounding and the interaction between the buildings through the soil as they affect the buildings’ seismic responses.The developed model consists of adjacent shear buildings resting on a discrete soil model and a linear viscoelastic contact force model that connects the buildings during pounding.The seismic responses of adjacent buildings due to ground accelerations are obtained for two conditions:fixed-based(FB) and structure-soil-structure interaction(SSSI).The results indicate that pounding worsens the buildings’ condition because their seismic responses are amplified after pounding.Moreover,the underlying soil negatively impacts the buildings’ seismic responses during pounding because the ratio of their seismic response under SSSI conditions with pounding to those without pounding is greater than that of the FB condition.     

The influence of landscape connectivity and landslide dynamics upon channel adjustments and sediment flux in the Liwu Basin,Taiwan

Catchment‐scale analyzes of spatial and temporal variability in landscape connectivity are critical considerations in appraisals of landscape evolution and disaster mitigation in tectonically active mountain belts such as Taiwan. This study uses historical aerial photographs, flow discharge and seismic data to analyze landslide changes and channel adjustments over a 30 year period in the Liwu Basin. Recurrent earthquakes and typhoon events trigger frequent landslide activity, channel adjustment and sediment reworking in this system. Spatial variability in magnitude–frequency relations of hillslope‐valley floor (lateral) and upstream–downstream (longitudinal) connectivity during the study period are shown to reflect annual reworking in source and accumulation zones, while partly‐confined valleys in the mid‐catchment area trap sediment behind landslide‐induced dams that are formed and breached on an approximately decadal basis. This promotes partial longitudinal connectivity in these areas. Landscape responses to disturbance events were especially pronounced following combinations of seismic and typhoon events prior to the 1998 and 2005 images. Although single high magnitude events and series of moderate events affect patterns of landscape connectivity in the Liwu Basin, residence times for sediment storage are very short in this highly‐connected river system, where confined valley settings extend virtually to the coast. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance‐based seismic assessment of conventional and base‐isolated steel buildings including environmental impact and resilience

Sustainability and resilience are issues that are recognized worldwide, and increased attention should be placed on strategies to design and maintain infrastructure systems that are hazard resilient, damage tolerant, and sustainable. In this paper, a methodology to evaluate the seismic sustainability and resilience of both conventional and base‐isolated steel buildings is presented. Furthermore, the proposed approach is used to explore the difference between the performance associated with these buildings by considering the three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental. Sustainability and resilience are both considered to cover a comprehensive performance‐based assessment content. The uncertainties associated with performance and consequence evaluation of structural and non‐structural components are incorporated within the assessment process. The proposed performance‐based assessment approach is illustrated on conventional and base‐isolated steel buildings under given seismic scenarios. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic hazard and risk scenarios for Barcelona,Spain, using the Risk-UE vulnerability index method

The vulnerability index method, in its version developed in the framework of the European project Risk-UE, has been adapted and applied in this article, to evaluate the seismic risk for the city of Barcelona (Spain) through a GIS based tool. According to this method, which defines five damage states, the action is expressed in terms of the macroseismic intensity and the seismic quality of the buildings by means of a vulnerability index. The probabilities of damage states are obtained considering a binomial or beta-equivalent probability distribution. The most relevant seismic risk evaluation results obtained, for current buildings and monuments of Barcelona, are given in the article as scenarios of expected losses.     

Elastic models of seismic failure in the Valley of Mexico

Restricted parts of the Valley of Mexico have been plagued by swarms of small earthquakes during recent years. The cause of these events is puzzling, but they may relate to massive artificial changes in the hydrology of the lake-bed which underlies most of Mexico City. If the valley responds elastically, plane strain finite element calculations can be used to relate geologic and seismic structure to observed seismicity and overall stability of the valley. These calculations show that unstable zones and areas of local seismicity coincide if the triggering mechanism of the seismicity is related to variations of pore pressure and water load.In order to make such a connection it is necessary to ascribe the generating mechanism of the seismicity to the density and elastic modulus anomalies associated with the valley structure, and to suggest that the phenomenon that triggers this seismicity is related to changes in water content of the near surface formations.