A simple solution for drainage through a 2-dimensional hydraulic fill stope

Inadequate drainage has been attributed as the major cause of failure of several hydraulic fill stopes that have claimed lives. Therefore it is necessary to be able to predict the pore water pressure developments and flow rates throughout the filling operation. There are computer programmes that can simulate the hydraulic filling of a mine stope and enable computations of the pore water pressures, flow rates and hydraulic gradients at any time. This paper presents a simple analytical solution for estimating the maximum pore water pressure within the stope, flow rate and the hydraulic gradients at the entry and exit. The proposed solutions are verified against solutions derived from FLAC, a finite difference software, and the agreement is found to be excellent. A simple equation for the hydraulic gradient at the top of the stope, as a function of the height of water within the fill, is also presented.     

斜坡降雨入渗在Flac中模拟

为了简化分析,在模拟斜坡降雨入渗暂态渗流时,通常没有考虑入渗和产流的耦合过程,通过施加流量边界或零水头边界进行地下水渗流计算,通过在FALC中利用内嵌的fish语言,考虑地表径流和地下渗流的耦合以及雨向影响下斜坡降雨入渗过程,并通过算例分析了考虑和不考虑耦合、对斜坡孔隙水压力分布以及考虑各种雨向作用下对坡面积水深度的影响。     

地下排水对滑坡稳定性影响动态研究

提出了考虑孔隙水压力的滑坡稳定性计算方法,对工程中常用的不平衡推力法进行改进。以某个水电工程滑坡为例,采用FLAC3D进行三维数值分析,对滑坡在地下隧洞排水过程中的孔隙水压、水位及流量等变化进行了模拟。利用FLAC3D计算结果,并使用FISH语言编程,得到改进后的不平衡推力法的所需数据,对滑坡的稳定性变化进行了动态研究。计算结果表明,上述方法很好地反映了地下排水过程中稳定性增长过程,同时表明常规的计算方法低估了地下排水在提高滑坡稳定性和降低剩余下滑力方面的作用。     

吹填土自重沉淤阶段孔隙水压力消散的试验研究

利用真空预压法处理吹填土时,细颗粒常堵塞排水管,导致土体排水不畅。为提高吹填土固结效率,采用自重沉淤排水与加负压排水固结相结合的方式在室内进行吹填土固结试验。试验第一阶段用排水管作为吹填土自重沉淤的竖向排水通道;第二阶段以装入中粗砂的排水管作吹填土排水通道,同时也是压力传递通道。试验监测到吹填土固结过程中不同位置孔隙水压力的变化,通过监测数据着重研究自重沉淤排水阶段吹填土的固结规律。借助渗流平衡方程确定吹填土在自重沉淤阶段孔隙水压力变化主要由排水管中水位、单位土面积控制,解释自重沉淤阶段孔隙水压力变化机理。同时,为了减小由于排水距离远近造成的固结不均,利用自重沉淤与加压固结结合的方法使吹填土达到较为理想的固结效果,将砂井设计理论与孔隙水压力变化曲线相结合确定排水管有效排水范围等效直径,为实际工程提供排水管间距的设计参数。     

考虑涂抹区渗透系数变化的非饱和土砂井地基固结特性分析

在以往对非饱和土砂井地基固结理论研究中,均将涂抹区与非涂抹区土体渗透系数视为相等,这与实际工程并不相符。本文将考虑涂抹区土体渗透系数的变化,分析其对超孔隙气、水压力消散规律的影响。基于Fredlund一维固结理论以及Darcy定律和Fick定律,对有限厚度线弹性非饱和土砂井地基,在大面积均布瞬时荷载作用下,考虑涂抹区土体渗透系数的变化,利用Laplace变换并引入Bessel函数推导出Laplace变换下的解,再通过Crump方法编程实现Laplace逆变换得到超孔隙气压力、超孔隙水压力的半解析解。利用典型算例进行计算,分别得到在不同半径、不同涂抹区半径和不同涂抹程度的情况下,超孔隙气压力、超孔隙水压力随时间的变化规律。得出考虑涂抹作用时,超孔隙气、水压力的消散速度降低;涂抹区半径越大、涂抹程度越高速度越慢,反之消散越快。本研究丰富了非饱和土砂井固结理论,对非饱和土砂井固结特性的研究具有一定的工程参考价值。     

Back analysis of the Kanowna Belle stope filling case history

A fully coupled multi-physics finite element model has been used to conduct a back-analysis of a stope filling case history at the Kanowna Belle (KB) mine in Western Australia. The model captures a number of important characteristics of mine backfill behaviour, including the evolution of strength and consolidation properties with cement hydration, the impact of chemical shrinkage (self-desiccation) and de-saturation. Material parameters for the constitutive model have been calibrated using published laboratory test data. A reasonable match between ideal and actual elements of response as revealed through in-situ measurements of total stress and pore pressure was obtained using these initial parameters. A parametric study was then performed which showed that the backfill strength parameters (friction angle, dilation and cohesion), the chemical volume shrinkage, the rate of cement hydration and the water retention properties all have a significant influence on the calculated states of stress within the stope.     

高水压作用下煤层底板隔水关键层弹性力学解

针对高承压水作用下的底板隔水关键层的隔水能力问题,将隔水关键层简化为固支梁,分别采用弹性力学中的应力函数法和半逆解法求取应力以及位移。并将2种计算结果与FLAC3D模拟结果进行对比验证。研究结果表明,应力函数法得到的应力及位移与FLAC3D模拟计算结果更加贴切,建议关键层固定梁弹性力学分析方法首采用应力函数法。研究成果可为采场底板突水的预测预报提供理论支撑。      

考虑挤土和群桩效应的预制桩安全监控模型

在深入分析密集型静力压入式预制桩挤土效应和群桩效应的机理和不利影响的基础上，建立了确保地基土不因挤土效应而破坏的孔隙水压力监控模型，优化压桩线路和次序的超静孔压监控模型，确保基桩不因桩周土隆起而被拔断的基桩轴力监控模型，确保基桩不因挤土效应而产生弯折破坏以及桩间土不因群桩效应而产生剪切破坏的桩侧土压力监控模型。实测数据表明，在没有采取有效的降排水和卸压预防措施时，沉桩施工容易导致地基土强度失效和基桩拔断破坏。采取袋装砂井排水和碎石桩式降水井降水后。即使是透水性差的软土地基。也可使较大的超静孔压在1d时间内消散70％。     

基于流固耦合的强震大型滑坡水力激发效应研究

2008年汶川Ms8.0级强震触发了体积近12×108 m3的大光包滑坡。该滑坡发生于古生代碳酸盐岩地层,滑带地质背景为斜坡内部深埋400 m、最大厚度达5 m的先期层间构造错动带。最新调查表明,该错动带是斜坡内部地下水通道,错动带岩体处于饱和状态。为揭示强震过程与地下水相关的大光包滑坡启动机制,提出了一种具有软弱层带的硬质碳酸盐岩边坡简化模型,将层间构造错动带概化为碳酸盐岩硬层内部软弱层带,采用FLAC3D程序中的流固耦合算法模拟了模型的响应特性。研究结果表明:强震过程中软弱层带上下碳酸盐岩硬层的变形响应时间、波型、大小出现明显差异,上硬层相对于下硬层产生了张离、压缩和剪切3种非协调变形模式,由此对软弱层带产生了振动冲压-张拉和振动剪切动力学行为,饱水软弱层带形成了具有瞬间放大和累积增涨特征的超孔隙水压力。这里将上下硬层差异性变形称为非协调变形,认为非协调变形是软弱层带应力放大成因,推测软弱层带应力瞬间放大以及放大应力长持时作用下的岩体致损是超孔隙水压力激发和累积的成因;强震过程软弱层带超孔隙水压力导致其内有效应力快速降低,使得斜坡前部锁固段应力快速集中,而后被突然剪断,滑坡骤然启动,揭示了强震过程中超孔隙水压力是大光包滑坡启动的主要原因。     

超孔隙水压诱发特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡破坏研究

特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡广泛发育于三峡库区重庆段万州城区及云阳地区。基于万州城区太白岩古滑坡以及云阳地区老药铺滑坡两个典型特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡,分析了其结构特征及破坏特点;建立了强降雨作用下特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡破坏的力学模型,解译了此类滑坡的破坏过程,并提出了滑带（面）超孔隙水压力是此类滑坡破坏的诱因。基于孔隙水压力与土体所处的应力状态的内在关系,推导了滑面处每个土条的孔隙水压力及水压力公式,并得出了考虑超孔隙水压力的滑坡稳定系数表达式。云阳地区老药铺滑坡算例表明,若将老药铺滑坡按zk5分为两个滑坡,两个滑坡的中心段是孔隙水压力值较高的区域;本文的孔隙水压力计算值略大于钻孔量测值,计算误差为5.8%～10%,原因在于滑面超孔隙水压力的消散;暴雨工况（含超孔隙水压力）下老药铺滑坡稳定系数为0.862,滑坡处于非稳定状态,并已发生破坏,验证了超孔隙水压力对滑坡体破坏的诱发作用;建议滑坡治理工程中应在按zk5分成的两个滑坡中间段打设排水孔,消除或降低滑面处的超孔隙水压力值,并结合滑坡周围及坡面的截排水工程以及封填裂隙治理老药铺滑坡。     

Consolidation of sensitive clay with vertical drain

The coefficient of consolidation is one of the most important parameters that control the rate of consolidation. Conventional consolidation theories assume that the coefficient of consolidation is constant during the whole consolidation process. In the case of sensitive clay, the coefficient of consolidation is strongly dependent on the level of effective stress of clay. With the dissipation of pore water pressure and the increase of effective stress, the soil structure of the upper subsoil is gradually destroyed downwards and its coefficient of consolidation becomes smaller. At the same time, the coefficient of permeability of the vertical drains drops down because of the kinking or bending effect. The destructured upper subsoil and the kinking of the vertical drain hinder the dissipation of the pore pressure in the lower subsoil. This paper presents a model to describe the above important phenomena during the consolidation of sensitive clay with vertical drain. The solution for proposed model can be obtained by extending the closed‐form solution of the consolidation of double‐layered ground with vertical drain by the interactive method introducing the concept of the moving boundary and the reduction of discharge capacity of vertical drain. The numerical results obtained from the finite element method package PLAXIS (Ver. 7.2) are adopted to compare those obtained from the present algorithm. Moreover, the rationality of the moving boundary is explained by the distributions of the excess pore water pressure in natural soil zone along the radial direction. Wenzhou airport project is taken as a case study in this paper. The results for the sensitive soil with decaying sand drain agree very well with the in situ measured data. The calculated results can properly explain two general phenomena observed in the consolidation of soft sensitive soil ground with vertical drains: one is that the time to achieve the same consolidation degree is much longer under heavy loading than that under light loading; the other is that the consolidation speed is much slower in the lower subsoil than in the upper subsoil. Finally, it is indicated that the vertical drains can decrease the hindrance effect of the destructured subsoil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环荷载作用下竖向排水板加固软黏土的孔隙水压力累积特性研究

采用大型动三轴试验仪进行重塑高岭土试样的循环三轴试验,试样直径为300 mm,高度为600 mm。圆柱体试样中心放置了一块竖向排水板,在循环加载试验进行时和结束后都可进行径向排水。试验结果验证了径向排水可以有效地消散循环荷载引起的孔隙水压力。通过结合径向固结理论与不排水循环加载土体模型,提出了一个循环荷载作用下径向固结模型,用来描述在允许径向排水的情况下软黏土在循环荷载作用下的孔压累积特性。模型中考虑了应力历史和孔隙水压力消散对孔隙水压力生成的影响,并用大型循环三轴试验结果进行验证。研究发现,当施加较大循环荷载时,径向排水减缓了孔隙水压力累积到临界值的速率,因而土体在破坏前可以经历更多次的循环荷载;当施加中等循环荷载时,径向排水可有效阻止孔隙水压力增长至临界值。除此之外,还研究了加载间歇期对孔压累积特性的影响,结果显示3组循环加载结束后,累积孔隙水压力开始减小,表明之后更多的循环加载并不会引起孔隙水压力的累积增长。     

深部变面长采场顶板破断演化的力学机制分析

不规则煤层开采容易引发顶板应力集中、矿压显现异常等问题,为探究变面长采场顶板破断规律与结构演化特征,针对工作面斜长由小变大的突变型采场不同开采阶段的几何特征与力学成因,运用小挠度薄板弯曲理论依次建立并解析4种边界条件的顶板结构模型。根据变面长采场顶板矿压分区显现特征,采用MATLAB与FLAC^3D数值模拟方法分析顶板破断规律与宏观力学响应。通过系统分析与总结归纳,构建了变长工作面“三场三区三结构”的覆岩结构传递演化模式,提出了“两场两规律”的顶板分区破断效应。并通过典型工程案例的矿压实测进行应用验证。结果表明：变面长采场分为小面采场、变面采场和大面采场,小面采场顶板为缓压型结构,发生的是传统“O-X”形破断;变面采场顶板为突变型结构,顶板断裂产生的延长形与漂移形“O-X”破断裂隙与大面采场增压型结构顶板的裂纹发育特征较为相似,故将二者整合为全大面采场;全大面采场顶板发生的是“X-O”形破断,裂纹继续发展产生延长形破断,形成“两场两规律”的顶板破断理论。研究结论为探明变面长采场的覆岩运移本质,加强深部复杂煤层赋存条件下的顶板灾害防控提供了重要依据。     

Arching within hydraulic fill stopes

Arching is a well known phenomenon, which effects stress developments which were investigated and compared using analytical and numerical solutions. Marston’s (1930) solution was extended to a generalised 3-dimensional rectangular stope and later modified for square and circular stopes for comparison with FLAC results. Aubertin et al. (2003) & Li et al. (2003) models were improved significantly by placing the backfill within narrow stopes as lifts or layers in numerical modelling where the normal stress variation with depth were found to be more realistic. The FLAC results were compared with analytical solutions which were developed by previous researchers and modified by the authors to evaluate the arching effects in backfilled placed in narrow and circular stopes. It appeared from the investigation herein that δ = 0.67 ϕ and K = K _o condition gives a very close match with the numerical model solutions obtained from FLAC. Many laboratory tests were conducted to find out friction angles for four Australian mines, which were between 30 and 49 degrees.     

饱和兰州黄土液化过程中孔压和应变发展的试验研究

采用WF12440型空心圆柱扭剪仪,用反压饱和法对初始饱和度较低的原状黄土进行饱和,进行室内原状黄土饱和液化试验研究,探讨了饱和兰州黄土液化过程中孔隙水压力、轴向应变、应力-应变滞回圈的发展规律。结果表明,对初始饱和度较低的原状黄土,反压饱和法使孔压系数B值达到0.95以上,即土样完全饱和;兰州黄土在均压固结条件下液化的孔压发展,开始时上升速率较缓慢,循环数一定后会出现孔压迅速增高的现象直至达到有效围压;应力-应变滞回特性随着振动次数的增加发生变化,塑性逐步增大;当轴向应变小于2%时,孔压增长缓慢;此后,孔压上升速率加大,3%应变可以出现在初始液化前;接近液化时偏应力为负值时的有效应力大于正值时的有效应力。     

Analysis of soil consolidation by vertical drains with double porosity model

The soil around a drain well is traditionally divided into smeared zone and undisturbed zone with constant hydraulic conductivity. In reality, hydraulic conductivity of the soil changes continuously and it may not be always appropriate to approximate its distribution with two zones. In this study, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the soil is described by an arbitrary function of radial distance. The horizontal flow under equal strain condition is analysed for a soil–drain system with a circular or regular polygonal boundary. It is found that the horizontal flow can be generally characterized with a linear equation in which the flow rate of water through soil–drain interface is proportional to the difference between the average excess pore pressure in the soil and the excess pore pressure in the drain well. The water exchange between the drain and the soil is analogous to that between fractures and matrix in a double porosity system, a popular conceptual model of fracture rocks. On the basis of this characterization, a simplified approach to analyse soil–drain systems is developed with one‐dimensional double porosity model (DPM). Analytical solutions for both fully and partially penetrating drains are derived. The solution for partially penetrating drains is compared with both numerical and approximate analytical results in literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑加载过程的真空预压轴对称解析解

本文在砂井地基轴对称等应变方程的基础上,推导了真空预压荷载下的轴对称孔压、固结度解析解,该解析解利用函数模拟孔压在地表的初始条件,以考虑真空荷载的施加过程,解决了以往真空预压解孔压边界条件和初始条件在地表处的矛盾。同时也可考虑涂抹和井阻等因素,更加接近实际工程情况。通过例题与其他解答及数值解进行了验证、比较,证明了该解答的适用性,可进一步用于实际工程的设计计算。     

土体持水特性及孔隙水分布特性的试验研究

采用轴平移技术对砂土、粉质黏土、黏土3种土质的土-水特征曲线进行了测试分析,并结合核磁共振技术测得了试样在不同基质吸力加载步条件下的T₂时间（横向弛豫时间）分布曲线,从细微观角度分析了脱湿过程中孔隙水在土体中赋存分布的情况。实验结果表明:3种土质的体积含水率随着控制吸力的增大而减少,该脱湿曲线可分为边界效应区、过渡区与残余区3个区域。其中,黏土的持水特性明显大于粉质黏土和砂土。核磁共振的试验结果与压力板仪获得的脱湿过程是对应的,从微细观角度展示了土体的排水过程。在排水过程中,总体上具有较大势能的大孔隙水先排出,随后小孔隙开始排水,但这一规律并不绝对,由于土体孔隙结构的复杂性,会出现大小孔隙同时排水以及土样中水分重分布的现象。     

考虑井阻和涂抹的砂井地基平面应变等效方法分析

根据固结度或平均孔压不变的条件,推导出考虑砂井阻力和涂抹效应的砂井地基平面应变等效公式,将砂井地基等效为砂墙地基进行计算,从而使复杂的空间问题转变为简单的平面问题。采用此方法时,只需对地基的渗透系数进行调整,计算方法简便易行,计算结果可以满足工程的需要,便于在实际工程中推广应用。     

A solution to estimate the total and effective stresses in backfilled stopes with an impervious base during the filling operation of cohesionless backfill

Mining backfill is commonly used in underground mines. A critical concern of this practice is to evaluate the pressures and total stresses in backfilled stopes to ensure a safe and economic design of barricades, constructed to retain the backfill. When a slurried backfill is placed in a mine stope, excess pore water pressure (PWP) can instantaneously generate and progressively dissipate. The dissipation of the excess PWP and consolidation lead to the development of effective stresses, which in turn lead to an arching effect in the backfilled stope. Until now, arching effect has been largely considered for stress estimation in dry or submerged backfill. The former corresponds to the final state at the end process of the drainage and consolidation of the backfill with a pervious while the latter with an impervious barricade. However, previous studies have shown that the most critical moment for the stability of barricades is during the stope filling. Therefore, the design of barricades requires a proper estimation of the pressure and total stresses during the filling operation. This in turn needs joint consideration of the arching effect and consolidation of the backfill. In this paper, a new solution is developed to evaluate the pressures and stresses in backfilled stopes during the filling operation of cohesionless backfill by considering the self-weight consolidation and arching effect. The proposed solution is validated by numerical modeling with Plaxis2D. It can thus be used to evaluate the pressures and stresses in backfilled stopes during the stope filling with an impervious barricade.