论苗族传统知识在贵州麻山石漠化灾变救治中的价值

20世纪中期以来,麻山喀斯特山区随着周边社会环境的巨变,这些巨变冲击了麻山地区生态系统的脆弱环节,使麻山地区石漠化灾变日趋扩大。国家从20世纪60年代开始虽经多方救治,成效甚微。我们在对苗族生计方式的田野调查后发现,生息在这里的苗族积累有高效利用与精心维护喀斯特生态系统的经验和技能,发掘和利用苗族传统的地方性知识和技能,在石漠化灾变救治中具有不可替代的特殊价值。     

3D Modeling of Large-Scale Geological Structures by Linear Combinations of Implicit Functions: Application to a Large Banded Iron Formation

Natural Resources Research - Implicit methods for modeling geological structures such as stratigraphy and faults have been developed for more than a decade, and they have made automatic model...     

Suggestions for Low-Cost Equipment for Physical Geography I: Laboratory Equipment

Abstract

Fieldwork and laboratory experiences have always been important components of physical geography education, at universities as well as secondary schools. However, the rising cost of necessary equipment and dwindling education budgets of most universities and secondary schools have placed such experiences in crisis. This is the first of two papers that present lab- and field-based items we have designed and built for student research. The equipment is easy to construct and made from low-cost materials like PVC plumbing pipe. Photographs, construction notes, and costs have been included for each of the pieces of equipment, as well as measured schematics for the more complex items.     

Suggestions for Low-Cost Equipment for Physical Geography II: Field Equipment

Abstract

Fieldwork and laboratory experiences have always been important components of physical geography education, at universities as well as secondary schools. However, the rising cost of necessary equipment and dwindling education budgets of most universities and secondary schools have placed such experiences in crisis. This is the second of two papers that present lab- and field-based items we have designed and built for student research. The equipment is easy to construct and made from low-cost materials like PVC plumbing pipe. Photographs, construction notes, and costs have been included for each of the pieces of equipment, as well as measured schematics for the more complex items.     

Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region

This paper summarizes evidence for surface faulting in historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region and in the Middle East. Such information is particularly important for studies of active tectonics and for palaeoseismology. We have found 78 cases of faulting pre-1900 and 72 post-1900, some of which show that faults that have apparently been inactive this century had already ruptured before 1900. For some cases faulting could not have been predicted from 20th century activity, and in others it could have been expected, but has not been observed during the instrumental period. The data are sufficient to allow the derivation of relationships between magnitude and rupture length.     

Islands, idylls and the detours of development

A passing parade of paradigms imported from distant places has failed to bring development to small islands and island states in the Pacific. Insularity might once have suggested purity, but more extended resource frontiers and other external pressures have challenged illusory benefits of 'isolation'. Failures of development, seemingly crystallized in the 'arc of instability', have brought new and more direct external intervention as regional geopolitics have been recast, despite the failure of earlier 'foreign flowers'. These have been paralleled by a new outward urge and simultaneous emergence of alternative indigenous responses at various scales, mostly encapsulated within indigenous 'cultural turns' and 'economic turns'. Older versions of syncretism and hybridity have taken more cultural and economic forms, in various contexts of disengagement and restructuring, which offer positive development outcomes and suggest the need for new, more culturally relevant dimensions and directions for development practice and theory.     

Avalanche Climatology of the Western United States,with an Emphasis on Alta,Utah*

Climate and snowpack characteristics of avalanches vary spatially across the western United States, distinguishing three regions. The coastal mountain renges have warmer, denser snow; interior (continental) ranges have colder, less-dense snow; and intermountain ranges have intermediate characteristics. Avalanche character of Alta, Utah, is related to eastern Pacific 700-mb height anomalies for December, January, and March, but not for February. Avalanche conditions around Alta do not always relate to localized pressure gradient winds for December and February.     

陕北风沙区4种乡土树种适应干旱环境的特性及利用前景

针对陕西北部风沙区固沙造林树种贫乏,造林成效低的现状,对该区的乡土树种进行了调查研究,并选育出沙地柏、长梗扁桃、蒙古莸、东北木蓼4种表现好的优良乡土灌木树种。从它们的旱生结构特征、生物生态学特性及繁殖技术等方面进行了较详细的研究。这4种树种普遍具有叶片小,具表皮毛,栅栏组织发达等典型旱生结构特征和低水势、束缚水含量高等抗旱生理指标,而且具有繁殖技术简单易行、固沙性能好、经济利用价值高等优良性状。在调查研究的基础上,提出了4个乡土树种在沙区植被恢复利用中的前景。     

Aborigines and land in Northern Australian development

Northern Australian development has been based primarily on land ownership and the commercial exploitation of resources. Aborigines, lacking legally recognised tenure to land, have largely been excluded from this process. Their priorities for development have rarely been considered. Aboriginal land rights legislation theoretically transforms this situation. But, because of external pressures, Aboriginal land owners have to a large extent continued to follow the conventional development path through the establishment of enterprises. Factors such as physical isolation, lack of management expertise and the demands for reciprocity in Aboriginal society have inhibited the success of such enterprises. This paper, focusing primarily on Aboriginal pastoral operations, discusses these issues and illustrates some alternative forms of land and resource use which suggest that Aboriginal development priorities have a stronger social orientation.     

基于耦合的地理模拟优化系统

尽管GIS在涉及空间信息的许多学科和行业有广泛的应用,但其在对过程进行模拟和优化方面存在严重的功能不足。本文提出地理模拟优化系统GeoSOS的概念与实现方法。进一步建立了GeoSOS1.0的模拟优化平台,作为GIS的重要补充工具。包含了三个重要部分:地理元胞自动机(CA)、多智能体系统(MAS)、生物智能(SI)。其核心内容就是根据微观个体的相互作用,达到模拟和优化的目的。根据Tobler地理学的第一定律,提出了GeoSOS的统一的相互作用规则。GeoSOS具备将模拟和优化耦合起来的功能。将动态模拟模型与空间优化模型耦合起来,使得优化的方案具有一定的前瞻性。对比实验结果发现,耦合模型产生的效用值比非耦合模型分别高出4.3%(点状优化)和4.1%(线状优化),表明GeoSOS能够改善优化的结果。     

Hazard Perception and the Urban Geographies of Place: Insights from New York City's Financial Executives Following 9/11

Theories of place have yet to be developed to explore societal responses to terrorism in the post-9/11 city. Urban geographers have shown the relevance of place for understanding the way people live in cities, including conceptualizations of the way people perceive those places. Geographers working on environmental risk have also conceptualized perception, but only in regard to hazard perception. They have not focused on the city itself as a hazard site, nor have they studied how the contours of place affect hazard perception. Joining urban geography and risk-hazards scholarship, this study argues for a terrorism-place nexus that links terrorism hazard perception to urban place. Using survey and interview data collected from 79 financial service executives in New York City, it will be shown that terrorism has created a place-based ontological dissonance among financial executives, and we speculate about the implications for the city should these workers restore ontological order by moving away their establishments.     

河西走廊酿酒葡萄生态气候资源定量分析及评价

 运用2002—2003年试验观测资料,在筛选影响酿酒葡萄生育主要气象因子的基础上,建立了各因子适宜度隶属函数和酿酒葡萄气候适宜度动态模型,计算了河西地区酿酒葡萄各种生态气候指数,用多年酿酒葡萄不同生育阶段平均效能指数的模糊聚类,将河西划分为4种生态气候资源类型并进行了分类评价,为酿酒葡萄种区域化和不同生育阶段生产管理提供了理论依据。     

建设海南全国最大芒果生产基地的可行性

本文在调查研究基础上，分析了海南发展Ｍａｎｇ果生产的现状和存在问题，论证了进一步发展海南Ｍａｎｇ果生产，把海南建成我国最大的Ｍａｎｇ果生产基地的可行性，并提出了进一步发展海南Ｍａｎｇ果生产的布局、规模与对策，为进一步发展Ｍａｎｇ果生产提供科学依据。     

SEA AND OCEAN BASINS AS FRAMEWORKS OF HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT. Since the mid-nineteenth century, historians have taken national states as the principal focus of their scholarship. Since the mid-twentieth century, they have increasingly recognized the importance of large-scale historical processes that transcend the boundaries of national states, and they have identified large-scale zones of interaction that help to bring these processes into clear focus. Sea and ocean basins show considerable promise as frameworks for the analysis of some historical processes. They would not serve well as the absolute or definitive categories of historical analysis because their contours and characteristics have changed dramatically over time with shifting relationships between bodies of water and masses of land. But they are especially useful for bringing focus to processes of commercial, biological, and cultural exchange, which have profoundly influenced the development of both individual societies and the world as a whole.     

价值转换方法在中国生态服务评估中的应用和发展(英文)

国内和国外生态系统服务物理量和价值量的评估都难以得出让公众和学术界普遍接受的结果,这反映了该领域研究方法还不成熟,需要继续完善。如何建立符合中国基本国情的单位价值量是核算生态系统服务功能价值的核心。由于中国缺乏完善的市场环境,如何选择一个合理的价格体系作为衡量生态系统服务的单位价值量仍然还是一个难题。目前普遍采用的市场价格很难真实反映消费者剩余,从而导致单位价值或者说最终价值评估结果的不准确。本研究将生态服务划分为食物生产、原材料生产、景观愉悦、气体调节、气候调节、水源涵养、土壤形成与保持、废物处理、生物多样性维持共9项,就森林、草地、农田、湿地、水体和荒漠6类生态系统的9项生态系统服务价值相对生态重要性进行了问卷调查,进而形成中国生态系统单位面积生态服务价值评估单价体系,通过结果对比发现,该生态系统服务单价体系与基于物质量估算的生态系统服务价值之间具有较好的可比性,可较准确地反映中国各项生态系统服务的相对重要性,在没有其他更为可靠的方法的情况下,可以采用该方法对中国生态系统服务价值进行评估,可以作为适合中国生态系统状况和经济发展水平的一个生态系统服务价值评估工具。对上述方法的合理性我们也做了一个问卷调查,约70%的被调查者认为这是一个"比较合理"的评估方法,约20%的被调查者认为并不合理,可以肯定在生态系统服务价值评估技术取得更新的一些研究成果之前,这种对生态系统服务价值进行评估的方法将长期存在争论。本方法仍有许多需要改进和完善之处,如生态系统服务价值的空间异质性和时间动态性有待考虑,具体应用时可采用生态服务价值生物量调整因子来做进一步修订。     

我国生物修复技术的现状与展望

环境问题是当前人类生存与发展过程中所面临的重大问题。生物修复技术是解决环境污染,恢复被人类活动破坏的生态系统,实现人类社会可持续发展的重要手段之一。近年来,我国生物修复技术研究与应用蓬勃发展,取得了显著成绩。其内容主要包括微生物修复技术、重金属污染的植物修复技术、矿山废弃地生态恢复技术、固体废弃物资源化技术、垃圾填埋场生态修复技术及湖沼生态恢复技术等。在高效特异微生物与重金属超富集植物筛选及其机理研究上取得了一系列的突破,已筛选出近50种针对农药、石油、多环芳烃等有机污染物的高效特异菌种和As、Cd、Mn、Zn等12种重金属的超富集植物。今后应注意吸收其他学科的理论知识,拓宽研究领域,注重生物修复的机理研究及相关分子生物学技术的开发与应用;开展全国范围的环境污染调查与风险评估工作;建立污染环境修复的法规与标准;从而促进生物修复技术的持续发展,为国民经济发展及环境与健康保护服务。     

广州古城的湿地及其功能

历经2000多年,广州老城区的湿地环境变迁显著,广州珠江河道缩窄近9/10,不少古河涌今已改建成暗渠,面积广大的古湖泊及沼泽均已湮没.湿地在广州城市发展史上起着重要的作用,河涌担负着城市主要的交通运输及排水防涝功能,并引导着城市的发展与布局;各类湿地为城市提供了拓展空间和丰富的农产品;湿地还可以调节生态环境,美化城市景观,甚至为广州地方文化打上"水"的烙印.这一切对当今城市建设有着重要的启示.     

中国地方政府科技财政支出对企业创新产出的影响研究——来自工业企业数据库的证据

自主创新是中国重要的国家战略之一,各级政府纷纷给予企业创新活动多方面的财政支持。然而,经济地理学很少考察政府财政支持对创新的具体效应,其他学科对这一问题的研究也缺乏定论。为弥补这一缺憾,本文运用工业企业数据库的大样本数据和多层次回归模型,分析了全国地级市政府科技财政支出对当地企业创新产出的影响。研究结果表明,地方政府对创新的支持效果存在异质性。从全国整体情况看,地方政府科技支出对企业创新产出的影响不显著,但东部地区、大城市例外;政府科技支出对国企和大中型企业的促进作用更强。该结论对于政府检视地方政府科技扶持政策效果和调整政府在科技创新方面的财政分配方案具有参考意义。     

中国土地适宜性评价研究进展

长期以来, 土地适宜性评价一直在土地规划利用中起着基础性作用。近十几年, 农业土地 适宜性评价持续深入开展, 城市用地、旅游用地、土地整理复垦以及其他用地的土地适宜性评价 日渐增多; 基于此, 土地适宜性评价的理论思想得到了进一步的丰富, 景观生态学被引入土地适 宜性评价, 可持续利用观深入人心; 土地适宜性评价在方法上也有新的发展, GIS 在土地适宜性 评价中得到广泛的应用, 这使得土地适宜性评价更为灵活、科学。     

Photosynthesis and respiration of some marine benthic algae from Spitsbergen

Light-photosynthesis curves for 9 species of benthic algae from the Hornsund fiord were determined. As a result of adaptation to the conditions in the Arctic, benthic algae from Spitsbergen have a low requirement of light. Saturation and compensation points are low and within a range typical for shadow-tolerant plants.The values for gas exchange rates indicate that Arctic algae have lower photosynthctic capacity than temperate species.