Deep-Lacustrine Shale Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Hydrocarbon Generation,Expulsion, and Retention: A Case Study from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China

The Chang-7 shale of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation was deposited in a deep-lacustrine environment in the southwest part of the Ordos Basin. It is characterized by a strong lithological heterogeneity, consisting primarily of pure shale and sandy laminated shale. This study explored the impact of sandy laminae in the thick pure shale on hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion, which were rarely considered in previous studies. Based on core observation, thin section, and geochemical analysis, the hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion characteristics were obtained for both pure shale and sandy laminated shale. In general, the Chang-7 shale stays at low mature to mature thermal evolution stage and has good hydrocarbon generation potential. It contains mainly Type II kerogen with an average total organic carbon (TOC) of 2.9% and average (S₁?+?S₂) of 8.2 mg/g. Compared with sandy laminated shale, pure shale contains more retained liquid hydrocarbon and has a higher amount of asphaltene and nitrogen–sulfur–oxygen (NSO) polarized components, indicating a relatively weak hydrocarbon expulsion process. The middle part of a thick pure shale retains more liquid hydrocarbon and has higher percentages of asphaltene and NSO polarized components than that of the top and basal part of the shale where sandy laminae occur. The difference in hydrocarbon retention capacity is interpreted to have been primarily caused by the comparatively higher reservoir quality of the sandy laminated shale, having higher amount of brittle minerals and larger pores than the pure shale. Polymer dissolution and nanopore adsorption are also key factors in hydrocarbon retention and component partition. Based on this study, we suggest that sandy laminated shale, which receives most of the hydrocarbon from adjacent pure shale, should be the current favorable shale oil exploration targets. Even though pure shale contains high hydrocarbon potential, its development is still pending improved technologies, which could solve the challenges caused by complicated geological conditions.

     

Evaluation of Upper Triassic T3x5 Source Rocks (Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin) and their Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion Characteristics: Implication for Tight-Sand Gas and Shale Gas Accumulation Potential Assessment

An unconventional, continuous petroleum system consists of an accumulation of hydrocarbons that is found in low-matrix-permeability rocks and contain large amounts of hydrocarbons. Tight-sand gas in the Jurassic and shale gas within the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation (T₃x⁵) are currently regarded as the most prolific emerging unconventional gas plays in China. The conventional and systematical evaluation of T₃x⁵ source rocks was carried out for the first time in the western Sichuan basin (WSD). Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics (including intensity, efficiency, and amount) of T₃x⁵ source rocks were investigated. Results show that T₃x⁵ source rocks are thick (generally >200 m), have high total organic content (TOC, ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 wt%), and dominated by III-type kerogen. These favorable characteristics result in a great hydrocarbon generating potential under the high thermal evolution history (R _o > 1.2%) of the area. An improved hydrocarbon generation potential methodology was applied to well data from the area to unravel the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of T₃x⁵ source rocks in the WSD. Results indicate that the source rocks reached hydrocarbon expulsion threshold at 1.06% R _o and the comprehensive hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency was about 60%. The amount of generation and expulsion from T₃x⁵ source rocks was 3.14 × 10¹⁰ and 1.86 × 10¹⁰ t, respectively, with a residual amount of 1.28 × 10¹⁰ t within the source rocks. Continuous-type tight-sand gas was predicted to develop in the Jurassic in the Chengdu Sag of the WSD because of the good source-reservoir configuration (i.e., the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion center was located in Chengdu Sag), the Jurassic sandstone reservoirs were tight, and the gas expelled from the T₃x⁵ source rocks migrated for very short distances vertically and horizontally. The amount of gas accumulation in the Jurassic reservoirs derived from T₃x⁵ source rocks is up to 9.3 × 10⁸ t. The T₃x⁵ gas shale has good accumulation potential compared with several active US shale-gas plays. Volumetrically, the geological resource of shale gas is up to 1.05 × 10¹⁰ t. Small differences between the amounts calculated by volumetric method compared with that by hydrocarbon generation potential methodology may be due to other gas accumulations present within interbedded sands associated with the gas shales.     

柴达木盆地昆北地区路乐河组/下干柴沟组泥岩地层地球化学特征及古环境意义

柴达木盆地昆北地区位于柴达木盆地西部南区的昆仑山前缘,该地区构造活动频繁,地层完整,是研究古环境和古气候理想地区。通过采集昆北地区切26井新生界下部泥岩样品,对其进行微量元素分析。结果表明：在地层界线附近,路乐河组Cu、U、Cr、Sr元素含量平均值分别为18.34×10^-6、3.24×10^-6、141.68×10^-6、107.10×10^-6,下干柴沟组下段为28.17×10^-6、3.35×10^-6、192.07×10^-6、217.05×10^-6。下干柴沟组下段微量元素有明显增大趋势,指示沉积环境发生变化。U与陆源碎屑来源指示元素Th相关性差（R²=0.174 5),表明U主要为自生成因,因此其含量的增加可以指示原始沉积水体还原程度的增强。Cr与U表现为弱相关（R²=0.420 9),表明水体环境的变化对Cr的富集有一定的影响;氧化还原指标U/Th、V/Cr表明研究区古环境为氧化水体沉积环境,U/Th、V/Cr指标在下干柴沟组下段变大表明水体加深,还原性增强。利用Sr/Cu比值变化以及结合化石种属演化等推测地层界线附近古气候经历了干旱—湿润—干旱的旋回变化。     

Differential Enrichment of Organic Matter in Saline Lacustrine Source Rocks in a Rift Basin: A Case Study of Paleogene Source Rocks,Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

Natural Resources Research - Organic matter enrichment in shale is one of the key factors that control shale oil resources; however, studies of the mechanism of organic matter enrichment in shale...     

Evaluation of Relative Permeability in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs Based on Production Data: A Case Study in Qinshui Basin,China

Relative permeability is an important feature to characterize two-phase flow in coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs, as it can be widely used in laboratory, simulation studies and field production. The main methods to derive relative permeability curves include history match, laboratory core test and production data. In China, most of the acquired CBM well data are the field production data, so this study intended to evaluate of CBM relative permeability based on production data. The Zhengzhuang area in Qinshui Basin was chosen as a case study. Since flow equations can only be used in radial flow, flow regime was first identified for radial flow. Then, the Palmer et al. (in: International coalbed methane symposium, Tuscaloosa, 2007) absolute permeability model was used to characterize absolute permeability, so that the effects of relative permeability and absolute permeability changes can be isolated. Material balance equation (MBE) was also applied to derive water saturation. Therefore, the relative permeability curve can be derived by combination of flow equations, Palmer et al. (2007) absolute permeability model and MBE based on real field production data. In addition, relative permeability curves of producing wells from different zones of the Zhengzhuang area were compared and the possible reason for the difference was also discussed. The work presented here can provide a useful and practical instruction for the derivation of relative permeability of China’s CBM wells.

     

A Novel Method to Obtain Permeability in a Dual-Pore System Using Geophysical Logs: A Case Study of an Upper Triassic Formation,Southwest Ordos Basin,China

Fractured tight sandstone reservoirs are dual-pore systems including matrix pores and natural fractures, which both contribute to the system permeability. However, most previous studies either calculated the matrix permeability or obtained the fracture permeability to represent the system permeability in the logging evaluation of fractured tight sandstones because existing logging methods cannot distinguish the two types. In this study, a novel method is proposed to estimate the system permeability in fractured tight sandstones using geophysical logs. First, the fracture characteristics in the Upper Triassic Chang 8 member of the Yanchang Formation, southwest Ordos Basin, China, were analyzed. Based on the hydraulic flow unit approach, the formation classification criteria and the corresponding permeability–porosity models were established; then, the pure matrix permeability in the dual-pore system was calculated using geophysical logs. Based on the fracture characteristics, the relative pure fracture permeability was obtained using the Sibbit and Faivre method. By applying the Parsons’ model in boreholes, the system permeability was then calculated by coupling the relationship between the two permeabilities. Finally, two field applications in the study area demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, and the logging responses, application effects and applicable conditions of this method are discussed in detail. These applications indicate that the proposed method is suitable for tight reservoirs with fracture widths less than 200 μm, and considered to be dual-pore systems.

     

黑河流域水资源信息系统设计

建立黑河流域水资源信息系统的目标是为黑河流域水资源合理利用与经济社会和生态环境协调发展的研究提供基础数据和技术支撑,并辅助建立流域决策支持系统和水资源模型。本文介绍黑河流域水资源信息系统的设计和应用,共包括27个图层的空间数据、40 a气候和水文序列、以及部分NOAA AVHRR和TM遥感数据,是我国西北内陆河流域最完整的水资源信息系统之一,已被应用于黑河流域水资源合理利用以及水文和生态基础研究。     

柴达木盆地水—岩硼含量分布特征及其富集区域物源讨论

柴达木盆地盐湖是我国重要的硼资源富集区和成矿区。针对盆地内不同盐湖硼资源富集程度的差异性,采集柴达木盆地北缘河水和泉水样品,分析其硼和锂含量、矿化度和p H值,结合柴达木盆地不同流域补给水及蚀源区岩石已有的硼锂含量,总结盆地水—岩体系硼锂含量地球化学特征,并对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖物源进行了探讨。结果表明,柴达木盆地北缘祁连山流域水体和岩石硼含量均较阿尔金山和昆仑山流域高,而其锂含量均较昆仑山那棱格勒河流域低,显示柴达木盆地北缘水—岩相对富硼贫锂的地球化学特征。综合对比柴达木盆地不同流域硼锂资源分布,显示出整个盆地硼锂含量的不均一性和不同步性特征。针对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖的物源研究,主要归纳为祁连山系围岩(含电气石花岗岩)的风化淋滤、深部富硼地下水补给和含盐风成沉积溶滤输入成因,其中深部富硼地下水补给为最主要的来源。     

柴达木盆地中部盐湖环境遥感初步解译

柴达木盆地是我国主要的盐湖分布区 ,通过美国陆地卫星TM标准假彩色影像图 ,对该盆地中部地的盐湖环境、沙漠分布与变化、地质构造、1 989年洪水的影响范围等自然地质地理特征进行了初步的研究     

Occurrence State of Soluble Organic Matter in Shale Oil Reservoirs from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,China: Insights from Multipolarity Sequential Extraction

Natural Resources Research - Quantitative characterization of different occurrence states of soluble organic matter is the basis and key for shale oil resource evaluation and movable oil and...     

柴达木盆地水岩硼含量分布特征及其富集区域物源探讨

柴达木盆地盐湖是我国重要的硼资源富集区和成矿区。针对盆地内不同盐湖硼资源富集程度的差异性,本文采集柴达木盆地北缘河水和泉水样品,分析其硼和锂含量、矿化度和pH值,结合柴达木盆地不同流域补给水及蚀源区岩石已有的硼锂含量,总结盆地水岩体系硼锂含量地球化学特征,并对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖物源进行了探讨。结果表明,柴达木盆地北缘祁连山流域水体和岩石硼含量均较阿尔金山和昆仑山流域高,而其锂含量均较昆仑山那棱格勒河流域低,显示柴达木盆地北缘水岩相对富硼贫锂的地球化学特征。综合对比柴达木盆地不同流域硼锂资源分布,显示出整个盆地硼锂含量的不均一性和不同步性特征。针对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖的物源研究,主要归纳为祁连山系围岩（含电气石花岗岩）的风化淋滤、深部富硼地下水补给和含盐风成沉积溶滤输入成因,其中深部富硼地下水补给为最主要的来源。     

Non-uniform Distributions of Gas Pressure and Coal Permeability in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs Induced by the Loess Plateau Geomorphology: A Case Study in Ordos Basin,China

Natural Resources Research - Coal mine methane (CMM) accumulation and permeability distribution characterization are the bases for a successful CMM drainage design. Before extending degassing...     

锂元素及其同位素对南翼山油田卤水形成演化的指示意义

南翼山油田卤水以高钙富锂等元素为特征,是柴达木盆地研究程度较高的油田卤水之一。本文根据南翼山构造区及其周边地区油田卤水、盐湖卤水、河水和潜水等不同水体的水化学及岩层的地球化学和矿物特征,研究了湖水的蒸发浓缩对Li+的富集作用,探讨了水岩反应对油田卤水Li+含量和δ7Li的影响。结果表明,埋藏之前的蒸发浓缩是Li+含量和总固溶物增大的主要原因;水岩反应对Li+含量和δ7Li有影响,但不会引起明显变化。南翼山油田卤水主要来源于古盐湖卤水,演化过程中曾受到水岩反应的影响。     

柴达木盆地西部典型地区油田卤水水化学异常及资源评价

柴达木盆地自中生代末一新生代以来，由于喜玛拉雅山运动影响，西部形成了众多北西一南东向分布的一系列断裂和褶皱构造单元。这种多断裂带、多褶皱的构造背景，不仅有利于深部水的运移和外围山系风化产物进一步聚集，而且为柴达木盆地盐类资源的储存提供了丰富的空间扣场所，富集了广厚的岩盐和深部富钾卤水。在对柴达木盆地西部地表蒸发岩和卤水进行野外实地考察的过程中，在典型的背斜构造区采集和分析了9件油田卤水水样，通过离子含量和一些特征离子比值的分析，发现柴达木盆地西部油田卤水具有高矿化度，高的Na^＋、Cl^-含量和相对更高的Ca^2＋，低Mg^2＋、SO4^2-含量特征；并且盆地西部油田卤水普遍具有较高的K^＋、Br^-、B^3＋、Si^2＋、Li^＋等离子含量，Br、B^3＋、Sr^2＋、Li^＋等的含量也基本达到了综合利用工业品位和单独开采工业品位，具有潜在的资源意义。     

Quantifying the Degree of Water Resource Utilization Polarization: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin

The overexploitation of water resources has a substantial influence on their sustainable utilization and the ecological environment in a river basin. Quantification of the development and utilization of water resources plays an important role in guiding the rational utilization of water resources. Based on this, this paper develops the concept of water resource utilization polarization (WRUP) in order to qualitatively analyze whether water resources are being overexploited in the process of utilization. An index model of WRUP was built to quantify the degree of water resources overexploitation. In addition, taking seven secondary basins of the Yellow River as examples, the available quantity, overdraft and polarization indexes of surface water and groundwater resources were calculated. The results show that there are 34.49×10⁸ m³ of surface water available, which accounts for 56.21% of the total surface water volume. A total of 5.84×10⁸ m³ of groundwater is available, which is 58.74% of the total groundwater resources. We also found that the water resources are heavily overexploited and that there is extensive polarization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The highest polarization of water resources occurs from Lanzhou to Toudaoguai where the polarization index is 19.88 and from Longmen to Sanmenxia where it is 11.81. There is no polarization above Longyangxia or from Toudaoguai to Longmen. Overall, the polarization of water resources is 7.95 over the entire Yellow River area. These results provide a reference for the availability of water resources that can be used to determine the degree of overexploitation of the water resources in the Yellow River.     

Quantitative Characterization,Classification, and Influencing Factors of the Full Range of Pores in Weathering Crust Volcanic Reservoirs: Case Study in Bohai Bay Basin,China

Natural Resources Research - Weathering crust volcanic oil and gas reservoirs were revealed in the Bohai Bay Basin, and the physical properties changed considerably in different volcanic...     

Untapped Economic Resource Potential of the Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic Volta Basin,Ghana: A Review

Natural Resources Research - The ~?115,000 km2 Volta Basin of Ghana is one of the most studied geological terrains. However, unlike the Birimian and Tarkwaian which have been...     

两层次定量评价法在滨海旅游资源评价中的应用——以广西滨海为例

针对以往滨海旅游资源综合评价中存在的不足,吸纳海洋科学的研究成果,结合海洋观测资料和滨海旅游资源调查大量数据,构建两层次定量评价方法,从旅游资源的开发价值和潜在开发价值两个方面,针对3类旅游资源(水体—沙滩类、生态类、人文类)分别建立评价指标。应用SPSS和ARCVIEW软件,采用聚类和空间分析方法,对旅游资源开发价值和潜在开发价值的空间分布、组合进行定量研究。研究认为,两层次定量评价法能充分考虑到旅游资源开发的过程性,针对滨海旅游资源的特点,定量地评价滨海旅游资源的现实价值和潜在开发价值,能准确地识别滨海潜在旅游区。结果显示,广西滨海旅游资源类型丰富、现实价值和潜在开发价值高,且旅游资源分布相对集中,便于开发利用。     

The Evaluation of Rural Territorial Functions: A Case Study of Henan,China

China’s new urbanization process requires coordinated development between cities and rural areas. Territorial functions of rural areas are defined as advantageous effects on nature and human society that, in particular, rural systems perform via their property and interactions with other systems at certain social development stages. This paper establishes an index system for evaluating rural territorial functions including agricultural function, social function, economic function and ecological function. By establishing a model based on a General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) with the county-level as the basic unit, we comprehensively evaluate the rural territorial functions of 109 counties and/or cities in Henan province, China in 2000, 2005 and 2010. Results show that compared with that in 2000, each function in 2010 improved, with the spatial heterogeneity of economic function the most evident, social service function comparatively balanced and spatial distribution of agricultural production function changing little. Cluster analysis was adopted to study the major functions of rural regions. Henan was divided into six major function zones to enhance administrative management and developmental policy. The six major function zones are Type I (core economic development zone), Type II (agricultural production safeguarding zone), Type III (function improving zone for rural areas), Type IV (model zone of livelihood and social services), Type V (economic restructuring and development zone), and Type VI (nature conservation areas). Different development goals and development strategies should be considered according to different major function areas to achieve the coordinated development of urban and rural areas in China.     

柴达木盆地中部与西南部古沙丘的光释光年代学研究

青藏高原东北部的柴达木盆地广泛分布着风成沉积,其中古沙丘主要分布在盆地东部、中部三湖区和西南缘。柴达木盆地中部和西南部两处古沙丘集中分布区靠近柴达木盆地盐湖区,与盐湖的演化有着密不可分的联系,但是这些古沙丘的形成时代至今没有具体研究。本文应用光释光定年的单片再生剂量法对这两个区域典型的古沙丘进行了风成砂沉积年代测定。结果显示研究区古沙丘的堆积开始于约4~3 ka,并延续至0.5 ka之后被固定,其形成与柴达木盆地晚全新世气候的干旱和盆地内湖泊退缩引起的砂源增加有关;古沙丘下伏的河流相沉积物形成于末次冰消期（12.6±0.8 ka）。古沙丘的固定事件对应青藏高原东北部的冰川前进期,冰川前进期的低温条件可以引起盆地内蒸发量下降和有效湿度相对增加,从而促使植被条件改善并最终使沙丘固定。