基于3S技术的中国红树林湿地监测研究概述

本文概述了基于3S技术的中国红树林湿地研究与监测现状。关于红树林湿地的监测研究,主要涉及了红树林湿地资源监测研究、红树林湿地动态监测研究中不同遥感处理软件的应用和红树林湿地监测系统研究;此外,还展望了3S技术在红树林监测中的发展前景以及建立中国红树林湿地监测系统的构想。     

基于3S技术的中国红树林湿地监测研究概述

本文概述了基于3S技术的中国红树林湿地研究与监测现状。关于红树林湿地的监测研究,主要涉及了红树林湿地资源监湖研究、红树林湿地动态监测研究中不同遥感处理软件的应用和红树林湿地监测系统研究;此外,还展望了3S技术在红树林监测中的发展前景以及建立中国红树林湿地监测系统的构想。     

草原植被长势遥感监测研究进展

草原植被长势监测是草原监测的重要领域, 它能从宏观上揭示草原的生长状况及其动态变化, 从而为草原科学管理提供快速、准确的参考依据。目前长势监测主要利用遥感的方法, 即选择归一化植被指数NDVI作为反映植被生长状况的指标, 方法有同期对比法、植被生长过程曲线法、直接监测法。本文在总结草原长势监测进展与方法的同时, 指出了其中存在的问题--监测中过分依赖NDVI、不区分草原类型而使用同一种方法进行监测;对未来发展方向做了展望--监测中选用适宜植被指数、监测方法, 分区域、分类型的监测长势, 提高监测精度, 将长势监测与草原产草量、生产力结合, 为牧民生产提供指导。     

农业干旱监测研究进展与展望

本文全面分析了农业干旱的概念内涵及其与其他干旱类型之间的关系,进而从基于站点监测和基于遥感监测两个方面,系统梳理了国内外农业干旱监测的近今进展,对比了不同干旱监测指标的适用范围和局限性;同时,通过文献统计和重要文献引用揭示了国内外农业干旱监测研究的发展历程和最新进展,即农业干旱监测指标从传统的单一气象监测指标逐渐向气象与遥感相结合的综合监测指标转变。最后,在分析农业干旱监测现有挑战和困境的基础上,将农业干旱监测未来发展趋向归纳为5点展望,即进一步明晰农业干旱发生机理和受旱过程、识别农业干旱影响因素及其相互作用关系、构建多时空尺度农业干旱监测模型、耦合农业干旱定性表征与定量评估模型以及提高农业干旱监测模型中遥感数据的应用水平。     

Agricultural drought monitoring: Progress,challenges, and prospects

In this paper, we compared the concept of agricultural drought and its relationship with other types of droughts and reviewed the progress of research on agricultural drought monitoring indices on the basis of station data and remote sensing. Applicability and limitations of different drought monitoring indices were also compared. Meanwhile, development history and the latest progress in agricultural drought monitoring were evaluated through statistics and document comparison, suggesting a transformation in agricultural drought monitoring from traditional single meteorological monitoring indices to meteorology and remote sensing-integrated monitoring indices. Finally, an analysis of current challenges in agricultural drought monitoring revealed future research prospects for agricultural drought monitoring, such as investigating the mechanism underlying agricultural drought, identifying factors that influence agricultural drought, developing multi-spatiotemporal scales models for agricultural drought monitoring, coupling qualitative and quantitative agricultural drought evaluation models, and improving the application levels of remote sensing data in agricultural drought monitoring.     

农业干旱监测研究进展与展望（英文）

In this paper, we compared the concept of agricultural drought and its relationship with other types of droughts and reviewed the progress of research on agricultural drought monitoring indices on the basis of station data and remote sensing. Applicability and limitations of different drought monitoring indices were also compared. Meanwhile, development history and the latest progress in agricultural drought monitoring were evaluated through statistics and document comparison, suggesting a transformation in agricultural drought monitoring from traditional single meteorological monitoring indices to meteorology and remote sensing-integrated monitoring indices. Finally, an analysis of current challenges in agricultural drought monitoring revealed future research prospects for agricultural drought monitoring, such as investigating the mechanism underlying agricultural drought, identifying factors that influence agricultural drought, developing multi-spatiotemporal scales models for agricultural drought monitoring, coupling qualitative and quantitative agricultural drought evaluation models, and improving the application levels of remote sensing data in agricultural drought monitoring.     

MODIS卫星影像显示的2001-2017年中国荒漠化年度状况

年度监测是及时掌握荒漠化动态的有效方法。以MODIS卫星影像为数据源,依据荒漠化土地特征和荒漠化遥感监测指标选取原则,选取了能够基于中低分辨率MODIS卫星数据反演的4个遥感监测指标,将原国家林业局第三次荒漠化监测结果与MODIS反演的4个遥感监测指标的栅格图进行叠加,参照各监测指标在不同荒漠化程度等级下的像元值,得到各指标荒漠化程度判别值。根据原国家林业局荒漠化监测气候分区规定,基于各监测指标判别值,应用决策树分类方法,实现了中国不同气候区域2001-2017年的荒漠化状况年度监测。以2009年原国家林业局第四次中国荒漠化土地监测结果与本文年度监测结果对比,吻合度达92.62%。     

中国国际重要湿地监测的指标与方法

湿地是具有多功能的重要的生态系统和自然资源,具有巨大的经济、生态和社会价值,为有效保护、科学管理和合理利用中国的国际重要湿地,需要在全国范围内开展国际重要湿地监测工作。国际重要湿地监测采用基于遥感技术、全球定位系统、地理信息系统(3S)技术为主的大范围宏观监测和典型湿地定位连续监测相结合的方法。在一定时期内对国际重要湿地生态特征变化进行测度的过程中,监测指标和技术方法的选择是最为关键的。国际重要湿地监测指标可分为湿地生态特征监测指标和影响湿地生态特征因子的监测指标,针对不同的监测指标提出了相应的监测技术和方法。     

农业干旱业务化监测研究进展与展望

业务化农业干旱监测系统是农业干旱监测和预测以及农业风险评价和防范的有力工具,为了更好地促进农业干旱业务化监测的发展,系统回顾了基于气象变量、土壤湿度、植被状态和多变量等4类常用干旱指数,详细分析了美国、中国、欧洲和联合国粮食及农业组织等业务化农业干旱监测系统的特征,讨论了业务化农业干旱监测系统中存在的问题：如数据的质量及融合不稳定、综合干旱指数的构建不确定、监测的时间分辨率有待提高、缺乏考虑水文条件以及作物的生长过程等影响的问题。展望了未来农业干旱业务化监测,应从利用多源数据监测干旱、构建综合指标时需考虑区域时空差异及不同指标间的累积性和滞后性、加强机器及深度学习在综合指标构建中的作用、发展日时间尺度监测干旱以应对骤旱事件的发生、强化作物生长过程模型和先进的技术手段在干旱监测中的作用等方面深入发展。     

Outdoor recreation monitoring in coastal and marine areas – an overview of Nordic experiences and knowledge

This paper involves a collection and communication of important knowledge about and experiences with outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas. This is a topic that so far has received little attention, especially among researchers and practitioners working with outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas, who are in need of knowledge on the topic in order to advance monitoring activities and procedures. To remedy this situation, the purpose of this paper is to provide a knowledge base by listing and describing central literature contributions with important insight into outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas. More specifically, this includes information about: (a) where important knowledge about outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas can be found, (b) who the main contributors are and (c) what monitoring knowledge that has been reported so far. The paper also examines what tasks lie ahead for researchers and area managers in order to improve knowledge about outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas. The paper is a central contribution and addition to manuals on outdoor recreation monitoring that are currently available in the Nordic countries.     

以遥感为基础的干旱监测方法研究进展

总结了目前广泛应用的气象监测模型和基于遥感数据的干旱监测模型,将目前的遥感监测方法分为植被状态监测方法、微波土壤水分监测方法、热红外遥感监测方法和基于能量平衡的遥感监测方法进行综述,深入分析了基于遥感数据的监测方法的特点、适用条件和存在的问题。通过综述基于多源数据的干旱综合监测模型,对未来干旱监测方法的发展方向进行研究和探讨,指出集成多源数据的干旱综合监测模型是解决复杂的干旱监测问题的新方法。     

Investigation of monitoring system for high-speed railway subgrade frost heave

This paper presents methods for monitoring frost heave, device requirements, testing principals, and data analysis requirements, such as manual leveling observation, automatic monitoring (frost heave, frost depth, and moisture), track dynamic detection, and track status detection. We focused on the requirements of subgrade frost heave monitoring for high speed railways, and the relationship of different monitoring methods during different phases of the railway. The comprehensive monitoring system of high speed railway subgrade frost heave provided the technical support for dynamic design during construction and safe operation of the rail system.     

基于CiteSpace国内干旱遥感监测的知识图谱分析

利用CiteSpace软件对1995—2017年中国知网的"SCI来源期刊"、"EI来源期刊"、"核心期刊"以及"CSSCI来源期刊"数据库中有关干旱遥感监测研究的642篇文献进行可视化分析得到知识图谱。结果表明:国内经历了传统基于站点的干旱监测、小范围的干旱遥感监测试验到大范围干旱遥感监测及应用三个阶段;干旱遥感监测主要从"干旱监测"、"遥感监测"、"温度植被干旱指数"、"土壤湿度"、"地表温度"以及"归一化植被指数"等方向展开;王鹏新、张树誉、张强等是主要的发文作者;中国科学院、中国气象局、中国农业大学等是主要的发文机构。基于多源信息的干旱综合监测模型、大范围干旱监测评估、预警以及决策支持系统、干旱遥感监测技术在社会服务方面的应用以及加强国内学者与机构之间的交流合作是未来国内干旱监测研究几个重要方面。     

多源遥感数据协同的我国草原积雪范围全天候实时监测

草原积雪信息的获取对于确定草原雪灾的影响范围与灾情等级等具有重要意义。基于光学遥感与微波遥感应用于草原积雪监测的各自优缺点,提出了将光学MODIS数据与被动微波AMSR-E数据有效协同进行我国草原积雪实时监测的业务流程,阐述了相关算法和实现步骤;进而结合农业部要求,对我国雪灾最严重的省区之一——内蒙古草原2007年12月1日至2008年1月20日期间的雪灾状况进行了全天候实时监测,取得了实际监测效果,成功地获取了总计达到51天的连续监测数据,揭示出了监测时段期内蒙古草原积雪发生的时空状况。所提出多源遥感数据在我国草原积雪监测中协同应用算法及其技术路线实现了对草原积雪的全天候实时监测,可应用于我国草原积雪监测的业务化运行,可提升我国雪灾减灾应急基于先进遥感手段的应用水平和监测精度,积极服务于国家雪灾应急减灾的迫切现实需求。     

WHY MONITOR CARBON IN HIGH‐ALPINE STREAMS?

In this short communication, we report on dissolved organic and inorganic carbon concentrations from a summer stream monitoring campaign at the main hydrological catchment of the Tarfala Research Station in northern Sweden. Further, we place these unique high‐alpine observations in the context of a relevant subset of Sweden's national monitoring programme. Our analysis shows that while the monitoring programme (at least for total organic carbon) may have relatively good representativeness across a range of forest coverages, alpine/tundra environments are potentially underrepresented. As for dissolved inorganic carbon, there is currently no national monitoring in Sweden. Since the selection of stream water monitoring locations and monitored constituents at the national scale can be motivated by any number of goals (or limitations), monitoring at the Tarfala Research Station along with other research catchment sites across Fennoscandia becomes increasingly important and can offer potential complementary data necessary for improving process understanding. Research catchment sites (typically not included in national monitoring programmes) can help cover small‐scale landscape features and thus complement national monitoring thereby improving the ability to capture hot spots and hot moments of biogeochemical export. This provides a valuable baseline of current conditions in high‐alpine environments against which to gauge future changes in response to potential climatic and land cover shifts.     

The Social Nature of Participatory Ecological Monitoring

Participatory ecological monitoring brings together conservationists and members of the public to collect data about changes in nature. This article scrutinizes the “social nature” of such monitoring, considering not only its impacts for nature, but also society, and importantly the ways in which these interact. Drawing on the field of nature–society studies we present a framework with which to explore case studies from the community forests of Nepal. We document the importance of multiple knowledges of nature, including what is referred to as “local monitoring” and its relation to the scientific procedures promoted in participatory monitoring; the consequences of participatory monitoring as a situated and embodied practice, such that it may (re)produce social inequalities; and the place of monitoring within the wider socioecological regime, with regard to possible unintended consequences for both nature and society. This article thus expands our understanding of the complexities of this increasingly popular approach to conservation.     

Design and Application of the Annual Report of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Monitoring

Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values, but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site. In order to promote the conservation and management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), this study proposed a design for the annual report of GIAHS monitoring under the overall framework of the GIAHS monitoring system, and explored the application of the annual report in the first GIAHS site in China: the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System. In the design scheme of this study, the GIAHS annual monitoring report is composed of 24 monitoring items, with each of them logically related. It is to be filled in by the bureaus of the heritage site and reported through the GIAHS dynamic monitoring system. The results of an analysis of the annual reports of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System for four years showed that Qingtian County has taken a series of conservation and development measures which have reduced the area of abandoned paddy, enhanced the unit benefit of agri-products, and increased the farmers’ income. At the same time, the heritage site is faced with various challenges and threats, such as the weakening of the tourism attraction, the aging of the heritage practitioners, and the limitation of the heritage-themed agri-products and tourism income, which need to be addressed with proper measures. The results can also provide guidance for other GIAHS based on indications that heritage sites should improve the development of cultural products, the construction of social organization and the cultivation of spontaneous publicity, and an exchange and learning mechanism should be established among them in the future. The design and application of the GIAHS annual monitoring reports can not only provide specific guidance for conducting the GIAHS monitoring, but also lay the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of GIAHS conservation and management. This study is expected to help enrich the theory of GIAHS monitoring, further promote China’s GIAHS monitoring work, and also provide China’s experience for the benefit of international GIAHS monitoring efforts.     

A National Key R&D Program: Technologies and Guidelines for Monitoring Ecological Quality of Terrestrial Ecosystems in China

Ecological quality is defined as the stability, adaptability and resilience of an ecosystem. Monitoring and assessing ecological quality are important bases for China's ecological civilization construction. The national key research and development program “Technologies and guidelines for monitoring ecological quality of terrestrial ecosystems in China”, launched in July 2017, includes plans to study the observation technologies and provide guidelines on the ecological in-situ observation, the regional biodiversity and ecosystem function monitoring and its applications, all of which contribute to national ecological quality assessment. A year after its implementation, some important progress has been achieved, such as building the indicator system for comprehensive monitoring of ecological quality and improvement of the methods, mass data transmission, infrared camera-based monitoring of biodiversity, multi-angle automatic spectral observation systems, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based desert monitoring. We have organized this special issue and attempted to introduce the monitoring techniques and assessment methods on ecological quality from different perspectives in order to further promote the development of ecology and its observation methods.     

和田绿洲土地利用动态监测系统研究

以和田绿洲为研究对象，详细地介绍了和田绿洲土地利用动态监测系统的总体目标、总体设计方案、数据库和数据流程、软硬件环境和系统功能。在系统支持下有效地实现了和田绿洲土地利用动态监测。由于本系统具有使用灵活、高效准确、可操作性和适应性强等特点，可为从事绿洲研究的科研工作者提供数据存储、处理、分析和应用的强有力的技术支撑。     

森林生态系统遥感监测技术研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,森林生态系统监测技术是实现森林可持续利用与全球变化研究的重要支撑与信息保障。从4个方面概述了遥感技术在森林生态系统监测中的应用研究进展：森林遥感分类及变化监测、森林植被参数遥感反演、森林蓄积量与生物量遥感估算、森林干扰遥感监测等。结合遥感技术的发展,总结了森林生态系统监测中使用的多源遥感数据和各类模型,提出集成地面调查数据、高分地-空雷达扫描监测技术,以及多源光学遥感建模技术和生态系统过程模型,构建多维度、多尺度、高时间密度的森林生态系统监测平台的研究展望。