Coastal Resident Trust,Similarity, Attitudes,and Intentions Regarding New Marine Reserves in Oregon

This article examined coastal resident attitudes and behavioral intentions associated with new marine reserves (MRs) in Oregon, as well as resident perceived similarity and trust in the lead managing agency (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). Data were obtained from a survey of residents along the Oregon coast (n?=?596). Most residents perceived moderate similarity and trust in the agency, had stronger attitudes toward potential advantages of MRs, and would vote in support for the establishment of these reserves. Those living nearest the reserves had the most positive attitudes and were most supportive. Residents who perceived themselves as similar to the agency were more likely to trust this agency, and those with higher trust had stronger attitudes toward advantages of MRs and less agreement with disadvantages of the reserves. Residents with stronger attitudes toward advantages were most likely to vote for MRs, whereas those who agreed with disadvantages were less supportive.     

DIVERSITY OF EPHEMEROPTERA, PLECOPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA IN VARIOUS TRIBUTARIES OF TEMENGGOR CATCHMENT, PERAK, MALAYSIA

Ephemeroptera(mayfly),Plecoptera(stonefly)and Trichoptera(caddisfly)(EPT,3 kinds of insectorders)reach their maximum development in streamsand contain families that are entirely or almost con-fined to running water.Ross(1963)suggested thatthe early evolut…     

Statistical Analyses of La, Ce, Nd, Y, Nb, Ti, P, and Zr in Bedrocks and Their Significance in Geochemical Exploration at the Um Garayat Gold Mine Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt

A prospective lithochemical survey (scale 1:50,000) was carried out at the Um Garayat gold mine area within the central wadi Allaqi shear zone. The metavolcanic samples were analyzed for Ti, P, Zr, Nb, Y, La, Nd, and Ce. The background and threshold values were determined using histograms, box-plots, and Q-mode cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis classifies the samples into four groups: Group 1 (Au mineralization) characterizes Phase III of the hydrothermal stage; Group 2 (Cu?CAu mineralization) characterizes Phases I and II; Groups 3 and 4 comprise the least altered samples. Cubic trend surface and residual maps display groups of elements: (P, Ti, Zr), (Nb, Y), and (La, Nd, Ce) each group has similar areal distribution pattern. R-mode factor analysis, using the cubic residuals, produces a model with three factors. Factors 1 (P, Ti, Zr) and 2 (Nb, Y) are referred to the magmatic minerals of the least altered volcanic rocks. In addition, Factor 1 associates with the Au-rich site at the shafts area, whereas Factor 2 is referred to albitization western to the shafts area with high contents of Nb and Y. In Factors 1 and 2, major P and Ti with traces Nb and Y are attributed to the accessories rutile, sphene, anatase, and calcite that were developed during propylitization as well as apatite and calcite-accompanying Phase I of the hydrothermal stage. Phosphorous could be considered as an indicator element for the Au mineralization at the study area. The principal elements of Factor 3 (La, Nd, Ce) associate with the Cu?CAu-rich site at the southern adits area, and attributed to the secondary Ca-bearing accessories calcite, sphene, and apatite. In general, these elements associate with the regional propylitization and the three phases of hydrothermal stage in zones of alkali metasomatism. In these alteration zones, La, Nd, and Ce could be used as indicators during geochemical exploration at the study area. In general, the secondary accessory minerals calcite, apatite, rutile, sphene, and anatase associating with zones of alkali metasomatism are significant carriers for the investigated elements. These accessories are possible indicators during geochemical exploration in the adjacent similar mineralizations of the central Allaqi shear zone area.     

Statewide Estimates of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold,Silver, Copper,Lead, and Zinc

Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits on a statewide basis offer a different perspective on the nation's undiscovered resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Mean estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits statewide were extracted from the estimates of undiscovered deposits nationwide. More than 50 undiscovered deposits are estimated to occur in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin. Estimating the number of undiscovered deposits statewide serves as a measure of a state's total remaining mineral resources in known conventional deposit types.     

CREEKS,RUNS, AND HOLLOWS

Three samples of twenty drainage basins were analyzed to test the hypothesis that the generic terms “creeks,'’“runs,'’and “hollows'’connote streams of different size and velocity. Analysis of variance and Scheffé's test indicate the validity of a perceptual hierarchy among generics. It is suggested that other hierarchies may exist among geographically named features.     

Age,stratigraphy, sedimentology and tectonic setting of the Sigri Pyroclastic Formation and its fossil forests,Early Miocene,Lesbos, Greece

The Petrified Forest of Lesbos comprises silicified tree fossils at multiple stratigraphic levels within the Lower Miocene Sigri Pyroclastic Formation. Our objective was to understand the interplay of tectonic setting, structural evolution, volcanological setting and basin evolution in the preservation of this remarkable natural monument. Sections were logged for lithology, sedimentary structures and hydrothermal alteration. Orientations of fallen fossil trees were measured. Samples were taken for mineralogical and geochemical analysis. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating was carried out on mineral separates from four samples. Widespread andesite‐dacite domes, the Eressos Formation, intrude and overlie metamorphic basement and are overlain by the Sigri Pyroclastic Formation, which comprises several hundreds of metres of pyroclastic flow tuffs (unwelded ignimbrites) interbedded with fluvial conglomerate and volcaniclastic sandstone. The Sigri Pyroclastic Formation ranges in age from 21.5 to 22 Ma, where it overlies the lacustrine Gavathas Formation, to younger than 18.4 Ma. Tuffs and fluvial conglomerates in the Sigri Pyroclastic Formation coarsen eastwards, and petrified trees and soil horizons occur throughout the Formation. The recurrence of pyroclastic flows was approximately one every 20 ka, so destructive flows were relatively infrequent, allowing the development of climax vegetation between most eruptions. Conglomerate‐filled channels show that rivers flowed westwards. Tree fall directions indicate NW to N movement of pyroclastic flows, implying a source near the younger Mesotopos–Tavari caldera to the south. The basin, which formed in a NNE‐trending dextral strike‐slip regime, provided some topographic steering. Following the Sigri Pyroclastic Formation at ca. 18 Ma, there was a rapid increase in the pace of volcanic activity, with the eruption of thick lava sequences and welded ignimbrites, and intrusion of dykes and laccoliths in SW Lesbos. Rapid burial by permeable tuffs, silica from alteration of volcanic ash, and later hydrothermal circulation all contributed to the preservation of the petrified trees.     

Spatial relationships among species, above-ground biomass, N, and P in degraded grasslands in Ordos Plateau, northwestern China

We chose five communities, representing a mild to severe gradient of grassland desertification in a semi-arid area of Ordos Plateau, northwestern China, to explore the spatial relationships among plant species, above-ground biomass (AGB), and plant nutrients (N and P). Community 1 (C1) was dominated by Stipa bungeana; Community 2 (C2) by a mix of S. bungeana and the shrub Artemisia ordosica; Community 3 (C3) by A. ordosica; Community 4 (C4) by a mix of Cynanchum komarovii and C. komorovii; and Community 5 (C5) by C. komorovii. Quantitative methods, including geostatistics, were used to compare community composition, structure, and indicators of ecosystem function (i.e. AGB, plant N and P) in five 16-m² plots. The highest AGB, plant nitrogen (N) and plant phosphorus (P) were found in lightly degraded community C2. With increasing desertification effects from C3 to C5, the AGB, N, and P decreased significantly while plant density remained unchanged. The spatial variations of AGB were higher in shrub-dominated communities (C1 and C5) than in grass-dominated communities (C2–C4). Strong spatial relationships were detected within and among the communities, with stronger relationships between AGB and density than between AGB and species richness. Spatial patterns of plant N and P were different from those of AGB, reflecting different N and P contents of individual plants and different species that can redistribute soil resources in these communities. The AGB was positively correlated with soil nutrients (TOC, TN, TP, and IN), except for soil AP. We concluded that several specific aspects of ecosystem properties were directly associated with the conversion of the grass and shrub “functional types” in these degraded grasslands.     

SHORELINE CHANGE AT THOMPSON ISLAND,BOSTON HARBOR,MASSACHUSETTS, 1938-1977

A photogrammetric and sediment analysis is presented to illustrate the relationship between beach erosion and seacliff recession on Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Aerial photographs taken in 1938, 1952, 1963, and 1977 were measured to determine rates of shoreline change around the island. The 39-year average rate of beach erosion is 0.3 m/yr ± 2% with an average rate of cliff recession at 0.2 m/yr ± 2%. Rates of beach erosion between six orientations that reflect principal wave approach to the island were not found to be significantly different (0.05) for the 39-year period. The rank order correlation between beach erosion and cliff recession for these six orientations was moderately well correlated (0.63). To determine possible controls of cliff erosion, 58 sediment samples were collected from glacial cliffs along the shoreline. The textural composition was determined, and then tested with discriminant function analysis. Partial correlation analysis between beach erosion and cliff recession holding a surrogate for sediment size constant improved the rank order from 0.63 to 0.84. The results indicate that coarser-grained cliffs recede at faster rates, but with less erosion occurring on adjacent beaches. Alternatively, finer-grained cliffs recede at slower rates, but with greater erosion occurring on adjacent beaches.     

Relationships between Holocene sea-level variations,trophic development,and climatic change in Negra Lagoon,Southern Uruguay

Paleolimnological data are presented on trophic development, climatic change and sea level variations in Negra Lagoon, a 142 km² coastal lagoon in southern Uruguay. Using a sediment core that extended to the early Holocene, analyses of organic matter, carbonate, diatoms and opal phytoliths allowed us to track changes in trophic state and paleosalinity levels, which were closely related to Holocene sea level variation, temperature and humidity. Diatom Association Zones (DAZ) corresponding to transgressive events were dominated by marine/brackish taxa and relatively low organic matter values, while those DAZ corresponding to regressive events showed increases in brackish/freshwater diatoms and organic matter. Opal Phytoliths Association Zones (OPAZ) also were identified, temperature and humidity indices were calculated, and climatic trends were inferred. During the middle Holocene (i.e., ~5000–4000 yr BP), cool–dry climatic conditions were established. After ~4000 yr BP, a transition from cool to warm–humid conditions was observed, but fully warm humid conditions established only after ~1700 yr BP. Such climatic amelioration led to increases in trophic state.     

Zoogeography and paleozoology of leeches,molluscs, and amphibians in Western Bonneville Basin,Utah, USA

The artesian springs of Tule Valley are similar to those of adjacent Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat based on conductivity and temperature. All three valleys support Ranidae amphibians and the leechErpobdella punctata. The artesian springs in Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat contain six and two species of fish and contained up to 18 and 12 species of mollusk respectively, whereas Tule Valley artesian springs contain neither fish nor mollusks. The leechesHelobdella stagnalis, Glossiphonia complanata, andHaemopis grandis were found in Snake Valley whereasHelobdella triserialis, Theromyzon rude, andHaemopis marmorata were found in Tule Valley. These springs which were covered by Lake Bonneville to a depth of several hundred meters, 16 000 BP., became isolated after the paleolake desiccated 13 000 years BP. The marsh snailCatinella is found above the paleolake level in Snake and Tule Valley and has not penetrated to the valley floor habitats once covered by the paleolake, whereas another marsh snailOxyloma has penetrated into these habitats in Snake Valley. The leech and molluscan distributions in Tule, Snake and Fish Springs Valleys suggest that the paleolake did not allow for much movement among the valleys, and successful passive aerial transport has not occurred after the paleolake desiccation 13 000 years BP. Paleozoological models are proposed to explain the presence and absence of these species in Tule Valley. Both lateral movement (along paleolake shorelines) and vertical movement (to new habitats formed after the desiccation of the paleolake) by amphibians, mollusks and leeches is restricted in large terminal lakes and is species dependent in both spatial and temporal scales of the hydrological cycle.     

The Relationship between Narratives,Wildlife Value Orientations,Attitudes, and Policy Preferences

Overabundance of white-tailed deer is a pervasive problem across the United States. Deer are blamed for increased risk of auto accidents, tick-borne diseases, and overbrowsing of native species. Lethal management techniques, cited as cost-effective and humane, are commonly employed for herd management. However, the approach frequently sparks outrage among various stakeholders who feel killing of animals is unjustified and prefer nonlethal measures. Wildlife managers then face the challenge of communicating with the public to build policy support for lethal management. The Narrative Policy Framework was used to test the effects of differing narratives on public opinion for lethal deer management. Results indicated narratives were influential in shifting attitudes toward and support for a proposed sharpshooting policy even in some cases where respondents were already familiar with the issue and held a previous opinion. This study also supported the utility of the Narrative Policy Framework for examining human dimensions of wildlife issues.     

African Environment and Development: Rhetoric,Programs, Realities

Tropical deforestation is widely believed to directly influence the climate at a number of scales. Yet while much has been written about the tropical forest-climate relationship, there is little empirical evidence showing if and how local and regional climates are modified by deforestation. This study presents the results of an analysis of deforestation and climate change in a rain forest in southern Mexico. Records from 18 climate stations in the Selva Lacandona of Chiapas, Mexico were examined and related to an analysis of deforestation based on Landsat images. The area surrounding some stations has been deforested since the stations were established, while the area surroundings others has remained forested. Strong climatic trends were generally evident at the deforested stations, including decreases in the average daily maximum temperature and temperature range. No precipitation changes were observed. A comparison of the results with microclimatic experiments and modeling studies suggests that the climatic impacts of deforestation are overgeneralized at the local scale. Landscape heterogeneity appears to influence the biophysical mechanisms linking tropical forests and climate, and should be explicitly represented in modeling studies.     

Annual regime of bedforms, roughness and flow resistance, Lillooet River, British Columbia, BC

A field study to examine the statistical character of dune morphology and the correlation among dune morphology, discharge, and flow resistance was conducted in a meandering reach of Lillooet River, near Pemberton, British Columbia, Canada. The field season spanned the 1995/1996 hydrologic year with sample day discharge events ranging between 33 and 425 m³ s⁻¹. Surveys of the bed morphology along the thalweg in two dune fields (A and B) were completed using an echo sounder with chart recorder that enabled the measurement of more than 4000 dunes. Dune height ranged between 0.08 and 0.96 m, length between 2.01 and 20.99 m, and steepness between 0.02 and 0.10. Histograms of each dune shape (height, length, steepness) sample most often displayed positive skewness and non-Gaussian distributions (Gamma, Beta, and Weibull); median sample height and length histograms displayed positive skewness; and steepness was nearly Gaussian. Histograms of all dimensionless dunes (i.e., measurement divided by average measurement of sample) were Gaussian and slightly leptokurtic. Neither the height nor length of dunes measured in this investigation were successfully predicted by the empirical models of Allen [Allen, J.R.L., 1984. Developments in Sedimentology. Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis, 2nd edn. Elsevier, New York, vol. 30 (A and B), 1256 pp.], Fredsøe [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 108(HY8) (1982) 932.], or Yalin [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 90(HY5) (1964) 105.]. Least-squares regression models for dune–height relations produced here are similar to models published by other field researchers; regression models for dune length only conform to those developed elsewhere if the discharge of the study rivers was similar. The energy gradient in dune field A varied within a smaller range than in field B, enabling dune size to become more fully equilibrated with respect to flow environment. Although the average Froude numbers were much less than critical, dunes appeared to wash out towards a plane bed as discharge increased due to a change from a bedload to suspended-load dominated sediment-transport regime. Flow resistance increased most rapidly during changes in base flow and at the beginning and end of the seasonal flood; resistance tended to be smaller in field A than B, reflecting local differences in energy gradient. Flow resistance increased until a dune steepness of 0.070 was attained and then decreased. The steepness value was considered to be coincident with kolk generation [Dyer, K.R., 1986. Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics. Wiley, NY, 342 pp.], suggesting that macroturbulent flow structures play an important role in defining the roughness of dunes on a channel bed.     

Drainage, sediment transport, and denudation rates on the Nanga Parbat Himalaya, Pakistan

The Nanga Parbat Himalaya presents some of the greatest relief on Earth, yet sediment production and denudation rates have only been sporadically addressed. We utilized field measurements and computer models to estimate bank full discharge, sediment transport, and denudation rates for the Raikot and Buldar drainage basins (north slope of Nanga Parbat) and the upper reach of the Rupal drainage basin (south slope).The overall tasks of determining stream flow conditions in such a dynamic geomorphic setting is challenging. No gage data exist for these drainage basins, and the overall character of the drainage basins (high relief, steep flow gradients, and turbulent flow conditions) does not lend itself to either ready access or complete profiling.Cross-sectional profiles were surveyed through selected reaches of these drainage basins. These data were then incorporated into software (WinXSPRO) that aids in the characterization (stage, discharge, velocity, and shear stress) of high altitude, steep mountain stream conditions.Complete field measurements of channel depths were rarely possible (except at several bridges where the middle of the channel could actually be straddled and probed) and, when coupled with velocity measurements, provided discrete points of field-measured discharge calculations. These points were then used to calibrate WinXSPRO results for the same reach and provided a confidence level for computer-generated results.Flow calculations suggest that under near bank full conditions, the upper Raikot drainage basin produces discharges of 61 cm and moves about 11,000 tons day⁻¹ (9980 tons day⁻¹) of sediment through its channel. Bank full conditions on the upper portion of the Rupal drainage basin generate discharges of 84 cm and moves only about 3800 tons day⁻¹ (3450 tons day⁻¹) of sediment. Although the upper Rupal drainage basin moves more water, the lower slope of the drainage basin (0.03) generates a much smaller shear stress (461 Pa) than does the higher slope (0.12) of the upper Raikot drainage basin (1925 Pa).Dissolved and suspended sediment loads were measured from water/sediment samples collected throughout the day and night over a period of 10 days at the height of the summer melt season but proved to be a minor variable in transport flux. Channel bed loads were measured using a pebble count method of bank material and then used to generate ratings curves of bed loads relative to discharge volumes. When coupled with discharge data and basin area, mean annual sediment yield and denudation rates for Nanga Parbat are produced. Denudation rates calculated in this fashion range from 0.2 mm year⁻¹ in the slower, more sluggish Rupal drainage basin to almost 6 mm year⁻¹ in the steeper, faster flowing Raikot and Buldar drainage basins.     

Diatoms from an ice-wedge furrow, Ungava Peninsula, Quebec, Canada

The first recorded information about living fresh water diatoms on an ice-wedge furrow is presented. One sample has been analysed and two species, Cymbella aequatis and Tabellaria flocculosa , formed almost half of the diatom population. Some rather rare species for the Canadian Eastern Arctic were identified: Fragilaria constricta, Eunotia lunaris, Eunotia microcephala, Pinnularia gibba, Anomoeoneis zellensis , and Cymbella aspea . Of the 37 species identified, most are common elsewhere in the Arctic.     

Sediment indicators of meromixis: comparison of laminations, diatoms, and sediment chemistry in Brownie Lake, Minneapolis, USA

Meromixis has several powerful effects on lakes, yet there is no single definitive sediment indicator of meromixis. In this study three sediment indicators of meromixis were compared in Brownie Lake, Minneapolis, Minnesota, a small eutrophic lake that became meromictic around 1925. The results show that in Brownie the onset of laminations and changes in the iron to manganese ratio most likely occurred before the development of permanently anoxic bottom water and that changes in the diatom assemblage occurred later, most likely only when meromixis was well developed.This is the 11th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

Sources, distribution and composition of the suspended sediments, Kuwait Bay, Northern Arabian Gulf

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of suspended sediment levels and transport pathways in Kuwait's northern territorial waters are described, with special reference to Kuwait Bay. Near-surface water samples were collected from 12 stations, covering the whole of the embayment. Suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) were derived. Heavy metal concentrations, mineralogical composition and grain size constituents were derived for the suspended sediments retained on the filter papers.The distribution pattern of the suspended sediments indicates the possibility of tidal current activity, dust fallout contribution and to a lesser extent, the effect of the Shatt Al-Arab (especially in northeastern Kuwait Bay). The distribution of various types of sediments and the variations of their textural, compositional and concentrations are controlled largely by the hydrodynamic conditions, nature of sediments.The results demonstrate clearly the potential impact of the Gulf War as manifested by the increase of SSC in 1992, compared to 1989/1990. Such an input may be attributed also to drainage processes from the Iraqi marshes. More studies are required to understand the environmental impacts of the suspended matter and the associated pollutants.     

新疆古尔班通古特地区的土壤结皮及其保护

生物土壤结皮对于荒漠地区生态环境、土壤形成、防沙固沙等起到积极作用,因此对其进行保护和研究在中国北方荒漠化地区具有重要意义。在阐述生物土壤结皮的生态功能、性质及主要干扰因子的基础上,考虑到其特殊性质及主要的聚集分布区域和受到的潜在干扰,建议在中国新疆古尔班通古特沙漠地区建立生物土壤结皮国家级自然保护区,并提出了拟设立自然保护区的具体区域及相应的建议和措施,以促进生物土壤结皮和荒漠生态系统的研究和荒漠化地区生态环境的恢复与重建。     

Turbidity at Newcastle,NSW, 1978

Schüepp turbidities (B) calculated from broad bandwidth direct beam solar radiation measurements at Newcastle in 1978 indicate mean urban B values under the emissions plume are equivalent to those in smaller overseas cities (0.153 in the morning, 0.117 in the afternoon) but considerably less than larger cities. With the exception of some individual days, diurnal trends in B were not apparent. Comparison of urban versus rural B in the same air mass indicates that the urban plume can increase B by up to 2.5 times.     

Safety Measures after the 2011 Joplin,Missouri, Tornado

Immediately following the May 2011 tornado, the city of Joplin, Missouri, initiated recovery efforts to rebuild the part of the community devastated by this event. In doing so, city officials introduced two new safety measures and recommended several others. The main objective of this paper is to explore the tornado survivors' compliance with the safety features recommended by the Joplin city authorities. Face‐to‐face interviews, as well as other methods, were used to survey respondents who were living within the tornado path (damage zones) at the time of the tornado. Results showed that 43 percent of all respondents implemented at least one recommended tornado measure in rebuild or repair their destroyed/damaged homes. Further, it was found that three variables considered here— rebuild or repair, damage zone category, and perceived tornado risk—were all significant contributors to a homeowner's decision to implement recommended tornado safety measures. The paper concludes with a recommendation for expanding tornado safety education among the respondents.