3D Structural,Facies and Petrophysical Modeling of C Member of Six Hills Formation,Komombo Basin,Upper Egypt

Natural Resources Research - Two main reservoirs are producing in Komombo Basin: the first one belongs to the C Member of the Six Hills Formation, and the second belongs to the Albian/Cenomanian...     

3D Static Modeling and Petrographic Aspects of the Albian/Cenomanian Reservoir,Komombo Basin,Upper Egypt

Natural Resources Research - The Albian/Cenomanian reservoir is one of the two main reservoirs composing the petroleum system in the Komombo Basin. However, these reservoirs have not previously...     

Spatial Distribution of Fractures in the Asmari Formation of Iran in Subsurface Environment: Effect of Lithology and Petrophysical Properties

The distribution of fractures and its dependence on lithology and petrophysical properties of rock in the Asmari Formation were examined using three wells data of one of the largest oil fields of southwestern Iran. Fractures were measured on cut cores. Mineral content and petrophysical data were obtained through thin section study and core plug measurement respectively. Influence of mineral composition and petrophysical property of rocks on fracture density was explored statistically. Increasing quartz (sand) and anhydrite content of rocks decrease and dolomite increases the threshold of fracture densities, however no significant relation was observed between calcite content of rock and fracture density. Increasing porosity and permeability of rock decrease the threshold of fracture density in some of the defined lithology groups. There are significant differences between the lithology groups in terms of fracture density, although the results in the three wells are not the same. In whole data, the highest fracture density can be observed in dolostone. Limestone and impure carbonates hold broader spaced fractures and sandstones display the least fracture density. The average fracture densities in the wells are strictly different. These differences are the result of the structural position of the wells and also the trend of the well and fractures. The distribution of fractures in most lithology groups can be explained by the function: , where F is relative frequency, D is fracture density and a, b, and c are constants.     

Hydrocarbon Generation,In-Source Conversion of Oil to Gas and Expulsion: Petroleum System Modeling of the Duwi Formation,Gulf of Suez,Egypt

Natural Resources Research - A multiple forward 1D modeling approach on four wells in the Abu Rudeis-Sidri oil field has been performed in accordance with the plate tectonics and crustal...     

A Coal Burst Risk Assessment Model of Seismic Events Based on Multiple Seismic Source Parameters: A Case Study of the Huating Coal Mine,Gansu Province,China

Mining-induced tremors are indispensable events that gestate and trigger coal bursts. The radiated energy is usually considered a key index to assess coal burst risk of seismic events. This paper presents a model to assess coal burst risk of seismic events based on multiple seismic source parameters. By considering the distribution and relation laws of the seismic source parameters of coal bursts, the model aims to identify dangerous seismic events that more closely match the characteristics of multiple seismic source parameters of coal bursts. The new coal burst risk index T is proposed. It consists of the similarity index SI (representing the similarity degree of relations between seismic events and coal burst events based on seismic source parameters) and the strength index ST (representing the burst strength of seismic events). We studied 79 coal burst events that occurred during extraction in LW250105 of the Huating coal mine in Gansu Province, China. We obtained the distribution and relation laws of multiple seismic source parameters of coal burst events to establish SI and ST. Two groups of seismic events with different energy distributions were examined to compare the assessment results based on the new model and energy criteria. The results show that 80% and 89% of seismic events with strong coal burst risk in Groups A and B, respectively, were coincident, and the seismic events with medium coal burst risk were slightly less compared to those based on radiated energy. The results indicate that the assessment based on the T value is a modification and optimization of that based on radiated energy. This model is conducive to improving the efficiency of monitoring and early warning of coal burst risk.

     

Nagmati River Sub-watershed Prioritization Using PCA,Integrated PCWS,and AHP: A Case Study

Prioritization of potential regions that are severely threatened by soil erosion is a prerequisite for formulating and implementing conservation measures and management practices, particularly in fragile semiarid regions. The present study prioritized eight delineated Nagmati sub-watersheds located in the Kutch District of Gujarat State, India, based on three approaches, namely principal component analysis (PCA), integrated PCA with weighted sum (I-PCWS), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and on 10 morphometric erosion risk parameters (ERPs). Sub-watersheds were categorized into three priority classes, namely high, medium, and low. PCA retrieved the three most significant ERPs (i.e., length of overland flow, Lo; drainage texture, Dt; and compactness coefficient, Cc) explaining 86.876% of the variance and exhibiting the highest correlation, i.e., r?=?0.961, 0.986, and 0.934 for the first three principal components. Sub-watersheds SW2 and SW7 were rated high priority, SW1 was rated low priority, and the rest were rated medium priority. The I-PCWS approach revealed that sub-watersheds SW2, SW6, and SW7 were in high-priority zone, followed by SW3, SW4, and SW8 in medium-priority zone and SW1 and SW5 in the low-priority zone. The AHP assigned the highest and lowest ranks to “Lo” and “Cc,” respectively, with consistency ratio of 8.1% and principal eigenvalue of 11.075. Results from AHP revealed sub-watershed SW2 to be the highest priority and sub-watersheds SW1 and SW5 to be the lowest priority. Out of eight prioritized sub-watersheds from three approaches, five were found to be the common priority classes, with SW2, SW6, and SW7 demanding urgent implementation of efficient soil conservation measures to prevent further degradation of the identified regions. Results from I-PCWS approach closely complied with the existing landforms within the study area, and this approach was considered more reliable and robust than the other two approaches. The methodology adopted in this study can be applied to different vulnerable, data-scarce regions to sustainably manage and conserve soil erosion through efficiently framed strategies.

     

Stream Sediments Geochemical Exploration in the Northwestern Part of Wadi Allaqi Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

Geochemical stream sediments survey was conducted in the northwestern part of Wadi Allaqi area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. The area comprises Precambrian metasediments, intermediate metavolcanics, gabbro, and serpentinites, with intrusive masses of granites and quartz-porphyry and invaded by several quartz veins. The −1.0-mm size fraction is analyzed for As, Cu, S, Mo, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni, Rb, Ba, Sr, Nb, V, U, Th, Cr, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, and Y. The geochemical survey is supported by heavy minerals study in the −0.125 + 0.0625-mm fraction. The geochemical data were statistically investigated using Q-mode cluster and R-mode factor analyses as well as the enrichment factor. Factors 1 (Zr, Nb, Nd, La, and Y), 2 (V, Sr, and Zn), and 4 (Ba and Rb) are mainly controlled by the lithological characters of the rocks hosting Au-sulfide mineralizations and their accompanied hydrothermal alteration zones. In the mineralization Factor 3 (Cu, S, As, Ce, and Mo), arsenic, Cu, S, and Mo are direct indicators, while Ce is indirect one for the Au-sulfide mineralizations. The Cu–S–As–Mo association with Pb and Zn anomalies in the stream sediments draining the quartz-porphyry point to its porphyry copper mineralization. Cobalt and Ni (Factor 5) are pathfinders for the Fe- and Cu-sulfides, whereas Zn and Pb of Factor 8 are additional pathfinders for the Au-sulfide mineralizations. The southern stream sediments having high U/Th ratios with U–Mo association and draining granites traversed by pegmatites, as well as the stream sediments draining Um Garayat area and the quartz-porphyry stock with high abundance of monazite, zircon, epidote, sphene, and ilmenite, could signify sources of U and Th (Factor 7). Two watershed areas have distinct enrichment factors for arsenic suggesting unexplored extensions of Au-sulfide mineralization linked to the Allaqi shear-zone. The enrichment of the mineralization Factor 3 in the drainage system is mainly controlled by the prevailed mechanical dispersion for the hosting heavy minerals in such arid region with minor role of hydromorphic dispersion. The chemistry and mineralogy of the stream sediments are evidently allied to the drained bedrocks and their hosted mineralizations that signify a promising area for detailed exploration.     

Relevance of Pentane- and Hexane-Utilizing Bacterial Indicators for Finding Hydrocarbon Microseepage: A Study from Jamnagar Sub-basin, Saurashtra, Gujarat, India

Mesozoic sediments are source rocks for nearly half the world’s hydrocarbon reserves. Hence, there is great interest in the oil industry to know the trap and sub-trappean sediment thickness and their extent in the trap covered regions of Jamnagar study area. The microbial prospecting method is applied in the Jamnagar sub-basin, Gujarat for evaluating the prospects for hydrocarbon exploration by investigating the anomalous abundance of n-pentane- and n-hexane-oxidizing bacteria of this area. A total of 150 near-surface soil samples were collected in Jamnagar sub-basin, Gujarat for the evaluation of hydrocarbon resource potential of the basin. In this study, bacterial counts for n-pentane-utilizing bacteria range between 1.09 × 10² and 9.89 × 10⁵ cfu/g and n-hexane-utilizing bacteria range between 1.09 × 10² and 9.29 × 10⁵ cfu/g. The adsorbed hydrocarbon gases consisting of ethane plus hydrocarbons (ΣC₂₊) of 1–977 ppb and n-pentane (nC₅) of 1–23 ppb. The integrated geomicrobial and adsorbed soil gas studies showed the anomalous hydrocarbon zones nearby Khandera, Haripur, and Laloi areas which could probably aid to assess the true potential of the basin. Integrated geophysical studies have shown that Jamnagar sub-basin of Saurashtra has significant sediment thickness below the Deccan Traps and can be considered for future hydrocarbon exploration.     

Geophysical Exploration of Shallow Groundwater Aquifers in Arid Regions: A Case Study of Siwa Oasis,Egypt

Geophysical and geological studies play a fundamental role in the strategic and sustainable utilization of natural resources, especially that of fossil groundwater, in arid regions. The geophysical exploration of shallow groundwater aquifers is common in arid regions. In this work, a feasibility study of future development plans in the Siwa Oasis, Egypt, was carried out. A land electric resistivity survey was conducted, and approximately 14 vertical electric soundings were measured covering the Siwa Oasis, northwestern desert, Egypt. A detailed surface geology study was also conducted to study the underground water aquifer. Digital filters were applied to the reduced to pole-available magnetic data covering the area. The normalized source strength transformation and tilt depth were calculated and applied to delineate the possible structures that may control the shallow and deep aquifers in the area. The integrated interpretation showed the presence of four main geoelectric layers forming the shallow section of the Siwa Oasis down to 220 m. These layers varied in their resistivity and rock constituents from very low (0.2 Ω m) to very high (6200 Ω m) values. The calculated hydraulic parameters showed that the uppermost central area and the eastern area were the most promising areas for the required water development. Finally, based on the integrated interpretation and the estimated shallow aquifer potentiality, a land use map for the Siwa Oasis was produced to assist future strategic development of the region.

     

A New Model for Heat Flow in Extensional Basins: Radiogenic Heat,Asthenospheric Heat,and the McKenzie Model

The McKenzie model proposed in 1978, which is widely used in calculating the thermal history of rift basins and other extensional basins, incorrectly assumes that all heat passing through the lithosphere originates below the lithosphere. In reality, heat from radiogenic sources within the lithosphere, especially in the upper crust, may represent more than half the heat flow at the top of basement. Thinning of the lithosphere during extension does indeed result in an increase of heat flowing from the asthenosphere, but this thinning also reduces the radiogenic heat from within the lithosphere. Because these two effects cancel to a large degree, the direct effects of lithospheric extension on heat flow at the top of basement are smaller than those predicted by the McKenzie model. Because of permanent loss of radiogenic material by lithospheric thinning, the heat flow at the top of basement long after rifting will be lower than the pre-rift heat flow.The McKenzie model predicts an instantaneous increase in heat flow during rifting. The Morgan model proposed in 1983, however, predicts a substantial time delay in the arrival of the higher heat flow from the asthenosphere at the top of basement or within sediments. Using the Morgan model, heat flow during the early stages of rifting will actually be lower than prior to rifting, because the time delay in the loss of radiogenic heat is less than the time delay in arrival of new heat from the asthenosphere.     

Deep-Lacustrine Shale Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Hydrocarbon Generation,Expulsion, and Retention: A Case Study from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China

The Chang-7 shale of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation was deposited in a deep-lacustrine environment in the southwest part of the Ordos Basin. It is characterized by a strong lithological heterogeneity, consisting primarily of pure shale and sandy laminated shale. This study explored the impact of sandy laminae in the thick pure shale on hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion, which were rarely considered in previous studies. Based on core observation, thin section, and geochemical analysis, the hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion characteristics were obtained for both pure shale and sandy laminated shale. In general, the Chang-7 shale stays at low mature to mature thermal evolution stage and has good hydrocarbon generation potential. It contains mainly Type II kerogen with an average total organic carbon (TOC) of 2.9% and average (S₁?+?S₂) of 8.2 mg/g. Compared with sandy laminated shale, pure shale contains more retained liquid hydrocarbon and has a higher amount of asphaltene and nitrogen–sulfur–oxygen (NSO) polarized components, indicating a relatively weak hydrocarbon expulsion process. The middle part of a thick pure shale retains more liquid hydrocarbon and has higher percentages of asphaltene and NSO polarized components than that of the top and basal part of the shale where sandy laminae occur. The difference in hydrocarbon retention capacity is interpreted to have been primarily caused by the comparatively higher reservoir quality of the sandy laminated shale, having higher amount of brittle minerals and larger pores than the pure shale. Polymer dissolution and nanopore adsorption are also key factors in hydrocarbon retention and component partition. Based on this study, we suggest that sandy laminated shale, which receives most of the hydrocarbon from adjacent pure shale, should be the current favorable shale oil exploration targets. Even though pure shale contains high hydrocarbon potential, its development is still pending improved technologies, which could solve the challenges caused by complicated geological conditions.

     

Conventional and Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resource Potential Evaluation of Source Rocks and Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation,Western Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

The Paleogene upper Xiaganchaigou Formation (E₃²) is the most important source rock and reservoir in the Qaidam Basin. However, there are few studies on the processes of hydrocarbon accumulation in this formation; therefore, its hydrocarbon resource potential has not been estimated reasonably. This paper evaluates the hydrocarbon generation properties in light of an improved hydrocarbon generation and expulsion potential model. According to the geochemical characteristics of source rocks and the petrological features of reservoirs, the potentials of different resource types, including conventional oil, tight oil and shale oil, are quantified by combining the buoyancy-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth (BHAD) and the lower limit for movable resource abundance. The results show that the source rocks are characterized by a large thickness (more than 1000 m), moderate organic matter content, high marginal maturity and a high conversion rate (50% hydrocarbons have been discharged before R_o?=?1%), which provide sufficient oil sources for reservoir formation. Moreover, the reservoirs in the Qaidam Basin consist mainly of low-porosity and low-permeability tight carbonates (porosity of 4.7% and permeability less than 1 mD). The maximum hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, retention and movable retention intensities at present are 350?×?10⁴ t/km², 250?×?10⁴ t/km², 130?×?10⁴ t/km² and 125?×?10⁴ t/km², respectively. The thresholds of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and BHAD were 0.46% R_o, 0.67% R_o and 0.7% R_o, respectively. Moreover, the dynamic evolution process of hydrocarbon accumulation was divided into three evolution stages, namely, (a) initial hydrocarbon accumulation, (b) conventional hydrocarbon reservoir and shale oil accumulation and (c) unconventional tight oil accumulation. The conventional oil, tight oil and movable shale oil resource potentials were 10.44?×?10⁸ t, 51.9?×?10⁸ t and 390?×?10⁸ t, respectively. This study demonstrates the good resource prospects of E₃² in the Qaidam Basin. A comprehensive workflow for unconventional petroleum resource potential evaluation is provided, and it has certain reference significance for other petroliferous basins, especially those in the early unconventional hydrocarbon exploration stage.

     

农村居民点整理潜力综合修正与测算——以北京市平谷区为例

准确测算农村居民点整理增加耕地潜力是科学编制农村土地整治规划的重要前提.本研究针对当前普遍使用的人均建设用地标准法存在计算简单、测算结果偏离实际等问题,以北京市平谷区为例,统筹考虑农村居民点整理的自然适宜性、生态安全性、经济可行性、社会可接受性和规划导向性5 个方面的因素,建立了潜力逐级修正的测算模型.测算模型的相关修正系数利用农用地分等方法、生态用地一票否决制、经济社会指标评价以及概念赋值等方法设定.研究表明,平谷区各乡镇自然适宜性修正系数为0.4757~0.8628,生态安全性修正系数为0.3004~0.8852,经济可行性修正系数为0.3943~0.8939,社会可接受性修正系数为0.4643~0.8165,规划导向性修正系数为0.2877~0.8858,生态安全性和规划导向性因素对农村居民点整理潜力影响的区域差异较其他3 个方面更加显著;潜力经过综合修正后,平谷区农村居民点整理可净增加耕地面积为614.13 hm2,增加耕地系数为10.77%.     

Hydrocarbon Reservoir Characterization Using Multi-point Stochastic Inversion Technique: A Case Study of Pennay Field

Natural Resources Research - Various limitations mitigate our understanding of the intrinsic properties of subsurface formations during reservoir characterization. These challenges go beyond data...     

Livelihoods in a Conflict Setting: A Case Study of the Ethnically Bordered Agricultural Villages in Ampara District,Sri Lanka

En følge av Verdenskrigen var bl. a. at Finnland den 6. december 1917 proklamerte sin selvstendighet, og i juli 1919 antok Finnland den republikanske regjeringsform. Med Russland stod den nye republikk på krigsfot til freden i Dorpat undertegnedes den 14. oktober 1920. Denne fred godkjentes av den finske riksdag den 1. desember samme år. Ved denne fred avstod Russland til Finnland Petsamo-området. Dette område, som på norsk har vært benevnt Petchenga eller Pasvik-Peisen området, er nu Finnlands nordligste landsdel, og gjennem denne erhvervelse har Finnland fått kyst til Nord-Ishavet.     

整合性乡村更新实践及其对中国新型城镇化的启示——以德国韦亚恩为例

新型城镇化是中国今后发展的大战略,深度改革的总抓手,与之密切相关的乡村更新成为热点并向高级阶段发展。从德国整合性乡村更新的策略与代表性案例韦亚恩实践出发,就整合性乡村更新的由来、内涵界定、策略实施以及城乡的双向驱动发展进行了理论及实践总结。研究表明,韦亚恩整合性乡村更新发展策略有：凝聚共同的发展愿景,高度的公众参与,专业帮助和网络的合作,土地管理的有效运作,乡村阻滞城市向郊区的蔓延,地方政府发挥了主导作用。对于中国都市乡村的新型城镇化建设,得出以下启示：“乡愁”是整合性乡村更新的根基,丰富了新型城镇化建设的内涵;公众实质性参与是整合性乡村更新的基础,提升了新型城镇化实施的凝聚力;人才是整合性乡村更新的关键要素,保障了新型城镇化的健康持续;宜居是整合性乡村更新的理想目标,引领了新型城镇化的价值取向;高效服务是整合性乡村更新的有力保障,倒逼了新型城镇化的政策突破。整合性乡村更新提升了社区建设品质,夯实了新型城镇化建设的战略基点。     

地域文化景观的起源、传播与演变研究——以赣南八景为例

以赣南八景文化景观为例,结合文化地理学景观理论,运用文献资料、历史还原、时空结合等研究方法,在对八景文化景观的起源与演变等文化地理过程进行分析的基础上,探讨其空间分布概貌和流行原因,阐述其传播的途径和特点,揭示了赣南八景文化的圈层式扩散、随城市空间扩展等时空演变规律,指出其在城市非物质文化遗产保护和开发方面的重要地位.     

Integration of Electrofacies and Hydraulic Flow Units to Delineate Reservoir Quality in Uncored Reservoirs: A Case Study,Nubia Sandstone Reservoir,Gulf of Suez,Egypt

Natural Resources Research - Recognition of reservoir quality is an important objective in reservoir characterization process. By definition, the quality of a reservoir is described by its...     

A Travel Cost Study of Duck Hunting in the Upper South East of South Australia

Wetlands in the Upper South East (USE) of South Australia yield a range of values to their owners and to the wider community. One such value is that generated by duck hunting in the region. Wetland owners receive private benefits from hunting fees, while hunters gain a non-monetary consumers' surplus. These non-monetary benefits received by duck hunters through their enjoyment of hunting in wetlands are the primary focus of this paper. In order to estimate these values, a 'travel cost' survey of duck hunters participating in an organised shoot held by Wetlands and Wildlife in February 2000 was undertaken. The extent of the private recreation benefits so estimated is assessed in terms of their potential to stimulate the provision of wetlands for both private and social benefits.     

苏南地区农村发展进程及其动力机制——以苏州市为例

苏南模式是以乡镇企业兴起为主要特征的我国农村区域发展的成功典型,代表了改革开放以来农村发展的巨大成就。深入分析苏南模式演进中农村发展历程和特征,对于认识农村区域发展规律,探讨新农村建设的途径具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文以苏南模式的典型代表苏州市为例,深入分析了苏州农村发展进程及其动力机制。结果表明:1978-2006年,苏州市GDP呈指数增长,年均递增14.4%,第一产业比重由28.1%降为1.9%,第三产业比重由16.2%升为32.7%,农村农业劳动力比重由75.5%降为16.8%,城乡收入比由1.27扩大到2.0(但远小于全国平均值);农村非农产业发展和非农就业人口增加,极大地推动了苏州农村城镇化进程。1989-2006年的17年间,苏州市城镇用地增加了4.7倍;工业化、城镇化、产业结构升级和制度创新,构成苏州市农村发展的四大主导驱动力。