Modeling the effect of convex upward sediment deformation and horizontal core sectioning on paleolimnological data

We analyzed photos of convex upward deformation in split sediment cores to obtain reasonable parameters with which to model the effect of convex upward deformation on paleolimnological data. Using a 3-dimensional raster model, we modeled the effect of this deformation on a hypothetical dataset. Model results indicated that convex upward sediment deformation integrates samples from an increasingly broader range of stratigraphic layers with an increasing degree of deformation. After applying deformation, extruded concentration profiles were nearly identical, despite varying the extrusion interval between 0.1 and 1 cm, suggesting there is a limit to the resolution that can be attained by horizontal sectioning if deformation occurred during sampling. Our data suggest that it is essential to determine the degree of sediment deformation caused by coring prior to conducting high-resolution analyses on horizontally sectioned samples.     

基于相位空间相关性分析的PSInSAR技术在地面沉降监测中的研究与实践

PSInSAR技术克服了图像失相干和大气影响等限制因素,扩展了DInSAR在提取大面积微小形变上的应用,但基于亮度离散度和先验形变模型的PSInSAR有一定的局限性。基于相位空间相关性分析的PSInSAR技术通过分析相位各个组分的空间相关性,完成PS的选择和形变信息提取,可以在没有亮散射体的情况下选取PS点和提取各种地表形变信息,且不受先验的形变时间模型限制,可应用于各种形变研究。该文以天津地区地面沉降监测实践为例,描述了该方法的关键技术和工作流程,利用14幅ENVISAT SAR数据,得到了较好的监测结果。     

Deformation properties of chloride saline soil under action of a low-temperature environment and different loads

To find the deformation properties of chloride saline soil under the influence of a low temperature environment and different loads,two types of chloride saline soil were selected and their deformation process was tested in the laboratory and analyzed during the cooling process in the sensitive cryogenic temperature range.The research results show that high-chloride-salt saline soil underwent little volume change under the no-load condition during the cooling process.Under staticload and dynamic-load conditions,different degrees of settlement deformation occurred;throughout the entire cooling process,another chloride saline soil with a high proportion of sulfate salt underwent volume expansion under no-load and static-load conditions.Under the no-load condition,a certain degree of settlement deformation occurred.Deformation properties were evaluated at different time points during the cooling process for two kinds of chloride saline soil.Finally, deformation characteristics of chloride saline soil were analyzed from the perspective of salt type and crystallization variation under the action of a low-temperature environment and different loads.     

Sequence of faulting and deformation during the 2000 eruptions of the Usu Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan—interpretation and image analyses of aerial photographs

Significant faulting and deformation of the ground surface has been rarely known during volcanic eruptions. Usu Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan, is a unique example of deformation due to felsic magma intrusion. Usu Volcano has a history of such types of eruptions as phreatic, pumice eruption (Plinian type), pyroclastic flowing and lava doming since 1663. On March 31, 2000, phreatomagmatic to phreatic eruptions took place after 23 years of dormancy in the western piedmont, followed by explosions on the western flank of Usu Volcano. They were associated with significant deformation including faulting and uplift. The eruptions and deformation were continuing up to the end of May 2000.We identified the faulting using total nine sets of aerial photographs taken from before the eruption (March 31, 2000) to more than 1 year (April 27, 2001) after the end of the activity, and traced deformation processes through image processing using aerial photographs. We found that some of the new faults and the associated phreatic eruptions were related to old faults formed during the 1977–1981 eruptive episode.The image processing has revealed that the surface deformation is coincident with the area of faulting forming small grabens and the phreatic explosion vents. However, the faulting and main explosive eruptions did not take place in the highest uplift area, but along the margin. This suggests that the faulting and explosive activities were affected by small feeder channels diverging from the main magma body which caused the highest uplift.     

Data processing and analysis of crustal deformation monitoring in the Fildes region,West Antarctica

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Local and regional components of western Aegean deformation extracted from 100 years of geodetic displacement measurements

Our objectives are as follows. First, we wish to develop a methodology to recover the long-term component of deformation from any set of distributed, time-averaged geodetic strain measurements that were subject to seismic disturbance, given a catalogue of local seismicity that occurred during the measurement period. Second, using seismic and geodetic data sets that span approximately 100 years, we apply this technique in the western Aegean to assess the role of local seismicity in regional deformation. The methodology is developed using a model for crustal deformation constructed from a long-term, smooth regional strain field combined with instantaneous, local perturbations from upper-crustal earthquakes approximated by static elastic dislocations. By inverting geodetic displacements for the smooth field while simultaneously floating influential but uncertain earthquake source parameters, an estimate of the regional component of deformation that is approximately independent of the seismicity can be made. In the western Aegean we find that the horizontal component of regional deformation can be described with minor inaccuracy by a quadratic relative displacement field. The principal horizontal extensional axes calculated from the regionally smooth displacement field agree in orientation with the T-axes of earthquakes in the region. These observations indicate that the instantaneous elastic strain of the 10 km thick seismogenic layer is driven by a stress field that is smooth on the scale of the geodetic network as a whole, 200-300 km.     

Modelling of ground deformation and gravity fields using finite element method: an application to Etna volcano

Elastic finite element models are applied to investigate the effects of topography and medium heterogeneities on the surface deformation and the gravity field produced by volcanic pressure sources. Changes in the gravity field cannot be interpreted only in terms of gain of mass disregarding the ground deformation of the rocks surrounding the source. Contributions to gravity changes depend also on surface and subsurface mass redistribution driven by dilation of the volcanic source. Both ground deformation and gravity changes were firstly evaluated by solving a coupled axisymmetric problem to estimate the effects of topography and medium heterogeneities. Numerical results show significant discrepancies in the ground deformation and gravity field compared to those predicted by analytical solutions, which disregard topography, elastic heterogeneities and density subsurface structures. With this in mind, we reviewed the expected gravity changes accompanying the 1993–1997 inflation phase on Mt Etna by setting up a fully 3-D finite element model in which we used the real topography, to include the geometry, and seismic tomography, to infer the crustal heterogeneities. The inflation phase was clearly detected by different geodetic techniques (EDM, GPS, SAR and levelling data) that showed a uniform expansion of the overall volcano edifice. When the gravity data are integrated with ground deformation data and a coupled FEM modelling was solved, a mass intrusion could have occurred at depth to justify both ground deformation and gravity observations.     

Dangerous deformations of subgrade and methods of their calculation

The main reasons for a breach of trouble-free operation of the subgrade are the different kinds of deformation, such as train load impact on subgrade surface, loss of stability to subgrade slope, weight of embankment on the base, and partial or complete failure of the railway track due to frost heaving. This paper gives a summary of deformation analysis methods being developed in Russia to estimate the operating conditions of the railway subgrade.     

The effect of confining boundary on soil deformation in one dimensional frost heave tests and the theoretical volume correction

Frost heave is one of the major complications in highway construction in cold regions. Laboratory experiments are im-portant in the study frost heave behavior of soils, and one-dimensional frost heave ...     

土质边坡中部与顶部抗滑桩动力响应和边坡变形比较

地震作用及其诱发的变形或滑坡常会使抗滑桩受力发生显著变化,为此,研究了地震作用下不同加固位置的抗滑桩的动力响应和边坡变形情况.试验分析表明:中桩位边坡坡顶变形比高桩位边坡坡顶变形大,但中桩位边坡坡脚堆积变形比高桩位边坡坡脚变形较小;在同样条件下中桩位抗滑桩的静力、动力弯矩小于高桩位抗滑桩相应位置的弯矩;地震结束后由于坡体震动残余变形较大,抗滑桩最终承担着震后残余弯矩,但高桩位抗滑桩的承载能力在震后仍然发挥较大.研究结果表明:高桩位加固位置可以有效发挥抗滑桩的抗弯承载能力,但中桩位可以有效抑制坡底坡脚变形.     

The magnetic and pore fabrics of extruded and pressed ceramic models

Ceramics were used as a model to investigate the pore fabric originated during ductile deformation. The magnetic anisotropy was used to measure the pore fabric after pore saturation by a ferromagnetic fluid. The ductile deformation of the ceramics was investigated by measuring the magnetic anisotropy of dry specimens. The character and symmetry of the pore fabric are compatible with those of the deformations forming the fabric of the ceramics: in the linearly extruded ceramics, the pore fabric is dominantly prolate, while in the pressed ceramics it is dominantly oblate.     

A finite element analysis of tidal deformation of the entire earth with a discontinuous outer layer

Tidal deformation of the Earth is normally calculated using the analytical solution with some simplified assumptions, such as the Earth is a perfect sphere of continuous media. This paper proposes an alternative way, in which the Earth crust is discontinuous along its boundaries, to calculate the tidal deformation using a finite element method. An in-house finite element code is firstly introduced in brief and then extended here to calculate the tidal deformation. The tidal deformation of the Earth due to the Moon was calculated for an geophysical earth model with the discontinuous outer layer and compared with the continuous case. The preliminary results indicate that the discontinuity could have different effects on the tidal deformation in the local zone around the fault, but almost no effects on both the locations far from the fault and the global deformation amplitude of the Earth. The localized deformation amplitude seems to depend much on the relative orientation between the fault strike direction and the loading direction (i.e. the location of the Moon) and the physical property of the fault.     

上海城市地貌形变与防汛墙地理工程透析

从城市地貌学角度分析了上海城市地貌形变的阶段性、致灾性,探讨了防汛墙与地貌形变的相互关系、工程特点及存在问题,提出了阶段性地貌形变对市区河流沉积控制的概念模式。同时认为,上海高强度人类活动对自然地理系统的最大影响莫过于自然地貌面相对于周边地区的阶段性沉降变形(即地貌形变),并由此造成其他自然地理要素的相应变化;地貌形变发生后很难修复并具有明显的致灾性,使地势本来低平的上海受到来自洪水的更大威胁;作为地貌形变后的防汛墙治理工程其设计标高在近期是有效的,但从长期看存在局限性。上海城市地貌环境问题只有从宏观和长远的城市规划层面上去认识才能从根本上得以缓解。     

金龙山斜坡中多变形带的稳定性模糊综合评判

斜坡中发育的多种裂面在滑坡形成过程中将组合成多条变形带，随着变形的发展，变形逐渐向最大剪应力处集中，最终形成滑面。斜坡中多变形带稳定性模糊综合评判是采用数理统计的方法，将滑坡发育过程中影响变形带的因素作为不同的评判因子，对其进行模糊综合评判分析，然后确定最不稳定的变形带。文中最后以金龙山滑坡变形带的稳定性分析为例，证明该方法的正确性。     

北斗与GPS 集成的高精度定位及桥梁监测分析

GNSS 可提供全天候的实时高精度定位结果,是形变监测的主要方法之一,但卫星信号极易受到周围环境如建筑物、人群等遮挡的影响,而相当数量的基础设施修建于山谷、城市建筑群、车流密集等区域。文章研究在遮挡环境下卫星定位应用于形变监测领域的可行性问题。因中国北斗系统在星座布设上与GPS 不同,采用GEO、IGSO 及MEO 三种不同轨道类型形成高轨卫星与中轨卫星的结合,不同的轨道类型有不同的特点,对定位精度的影响也不尽相同。以广州大桥为例,通过对北斗/GPS 集成高精度定位的研究,并针对北斗卫星的不同轨道类型,利用GEO、IGSO 及MEO 之间的不同组合进行定位,分析其在形变监测的可行性。研究表明：北斗/GPS 集成高精度定位精度可达毫米级,能够满足形变监测的需求;同时,北斗/GPS 集成定位可增加可视卫星数,改善卫星的几何分布,而北斗系统的高轨卫星高度角较高,特别是GEO 和IGSO 两种高轨卫星的组合仍能达到1 cm 的定位精度,大大提高了山谷、高边坡、城市峡谷等遮挡较为严重区域中卫星高精度定位的可行性,有利于形成全天候自动化实时高精度的形变监测与灾害监测安全预警系统。     

滑坡变形监测系统深部与地表变形关系初探

滑坡的孕育、演变、发生是一个累进性变形破坏过程,开展滑坡变形的长期监测工作对滑坡稳定性评价、滑坡的预测预报及治理具有重要的工程意义。目前,滑坡变形监测多集中于坡体表部,很难系统获得反映滑坡稳定性的深部变形资料。本文以某溃屈型滑坡为例,初步分析了滑坡深表部变形的关系,为滑坡稳定性分析及变形破坏趋势预测提供了依据。     

Tectonic loading, sedimentation, and sea-level changes in the foreland basin of north-west Alberta and north-east British Columbia, Canada

By calculating mass accumulation rates for foreland basin sediments, the changing capacity of the basin can be monitored through time. It has often been assumed that there was a direct link between foreland basin sedimentation and tectonic deformation and lithospheric loading in the adjacent orogenic belt. The results of this study suggest that tectonic deformation is most likely associated with the changing capacity of the basin and the rate at which sediments accumulate within it, However, there appears to be no relation between tectonic deformation and the lithology of sediment which accumulates in the foreland basin. Instead, eustatic sea-level fluctuations appear to have significant control, through their impact on water depth, on the lithology of sediments accumulating in the foreland basin. These relations are evidenced by mass accumulation rates calculated for foreland basin strata in north-west Alberta and north-east British Columbia, Canada.     

Superposed deformation in turbidites and syn-sedimentary slides of the tectonically active Miocene Waitemata Basin, northern New Zealand

The Miocene Waitemata Basin was deposited on a moving base provided by the Northland Allochthon, which was emplaced in the Late Oligocene, as a new convergent plate boundary was established in northern New Zealand. The basin experienced complex interaction between tectonic and gravity‐driven shallow deformation. Spectacular examples of the resulting structures exposed on eastern Whangaparaoa Peninsula 50 km north of Auckland provide a world‐class example of weak rock deformation, the neglected domain between soft‐sediment and hard rock deformation. Quartz‐poor turbidite sequences display a protracted sequence of deformations: D1, synsedimentary slumping; D2, large scale deeper‐seated sliding and extensional low‐angle shearing, associated with generation of boudinage and broken formation; D3, thrusting and folding, indicating transport mostly to the SE; D4, thrusting and folding in the opposite direction; D5, further folding, including sinistral shear; D6, steep faults. The deformation sequence suggests continuous or intermittent southeastward transport of units with increasing sedimentary and structural burial. By phase D3, the rocks had passed from the soft‐sediment state to low levels of consolidation. However, with a compressive strength of ～5 MPa they are weak rocks even today. Such weak‐rock deformation must be important in other sedimentary basins, especially those associated with active convergent plate boundaries and with immature source areas for their sediments.     

Active foreland deformation evidenced by shallow folds and faults affecting late Quaternary shelf–slope deposits (Adriatic Sea, Italy)

A succession of depositional sequences, recording middle-late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial–interglacial cycles, documents the impact of short-term tectonic deformation on the western Adriatic margin. The western Adriatic margin is part of the Apennine foreland which was intensely, though variably, deformed during the Meso-Cenozoic evolution of the Adriatic region from a passive margin to a foreland basin. The study area extends offshore Gargano Promontory, an uplifted sector of the Adriatic foreland, and includes three major deformation belts located along or cross-strike to the margin: (1) the NW-SE Gallignani-Pelagosa ridge, (2) the WSW-ENE Tremiti-Pianosa high (both located north of Gargano) and (3) the W-E to NW-SE Gondola fault deformation belt (in the south Adriatic). Long-term deformation along these tectonic lineaments is documented on conventional low-frequency seismic profiles by regional folds and faults affecting Eocene–Miocene units overlain by dominantly draping Plio-Quaternary deposits. At this scale of observation, only north of Gargano Promontory there is some evidence of Plio-Quaternary units thinning against structural highs, thus suggesting that tectonic deformation was protracted through this interval. Based on new high-resolution seismic data, we show that deformation along these pre-existing tectonic structures continued during the Quaternary, affecting middle-late Pleistocene and even Holocene units on the shelf and upper slope north and south of Gargano Promontory. These recent deformations consist of gentle folds and high-angle faults, locally producing topographic relief that affects the stratigraphy and thickness of syn-tectonic deposits. We interpret the small-scale, shallow faults and gentle folds affecting middle-late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, north and south Gargano Promontory, as the evidence of ongoing foreland deformation along inherited regional fold and fault systems.     

耕地的弹性变形理论及实证研究

以耕地占补平衡制度实施为背景,引入弹性力学理论,探究了耕地的系统特征及其弹性变化理论,并以中国为例开展了实证。研究表明:(1)耕地系统的自组织特性决定了其弹性特征,并在不同应力条件下弹性变化具阶段性;(2)应用耕地弹性变形判别系数和判断规则对各省份分析后认为,浙江、福建、云南、贵州、陕西、北京、广东、广西等地维持长期耕地系统稳定性难度大,而新疆、内蒙古、黑龙江等后备资源丰富省区则可保持较高的系统稳定性;(3)2010年、2056年为我国耕地弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和非稳定态变形阶段划分的时间节点。研究有助于警示我国应强化耕地资源量质保护和空间管制,促进社会经济和生态持续发展。