中国蓼科花粉类型的地理分布格局及其与生态因子的关系

从蓼科植物的孢粉类型角度,研究了中国蓼科花粉类型的地理分布格局及其与生态因子的关系。根据中国蓼科植物赖以生存的生态因子,得出中国蓼科花粉类型分布区的主要生态因子,包括地理位置(分布中心)、海拔高度、年降水量、年积温及生境数量。在此基础上,根据同一区域内相同或相似的生态环境条件下分布的现代蓼科各种花粉类型,确定一定花粉类型组合所指示的现代气候和环境,为利用地层中蓼科化石花粉重建古气候、古环境及气候变迁提供了现代孢粉学证据。     

New Zealand geography: Sharpening the focus,raising the profile

Geography seems to be in good hands in New Zealand's schools and universities, but we cannot afford to be complacent. What are the key priorities for further strengthening geography in New Zealand in the years ahead? The New Zealand Geographical Society has to play a crucial role by helping to bring together geographers in the different sectors, as well as in promoting New Zealand geography internationally, and raising its profile in the media. Most of all, we need to demonstrate the vibrancy, significance and relevance of geography to the wider community.     

GENDER AND TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION IN RURAL YUNNAN

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Is climate change causing the increasing narwhal (Monodon monoceros) catches in Smith Sound, Greenland?

This paper evaluates recent changes in narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) catches in Siorapaluk, the northernmost community in Greenland, in consideration of the effects of changing climate and uncertainty of stock delineation. The catch statistics show a significant increase in narwhal catches by hunters in Siorapaluk after 2002, which does not appear to be a result of increased effort. Hunters attribute the increase to changed sea-ice conditions providing access by boat to Smith Sound as early as June and July. This indicates that climate change is likely to have a considerable impact on narwhal hunting in northern Greenland. Traditional ecological knowledge and scientific surveys suggest that narwhal in Smith Sound constitute an independent stock. The absence of scientific recommendations for this stock has been seen as an opportunity to increase quotas in West Greenland. Scientific management recommendations are urgently needed to allow the authorities to assign sustainable quotas for this stock. The development of collaborative management agreements and locally based monitoring are recommended to ensure local acceptance of regulations, and to allow rapid responses to climate change.     

Variations in Ageing in Home and Ageing in Neighbourhood

This paper takes a new approach to investigating people who age in place. It provides an explanation for why people age in a place that can be useful in government and corporate planning. Our research investigates the principal factors that drive the decision of a rising number of older Australians to age in place. Many older people wish to age in place rather than move in with their children or be institutionalised. They wish to continue to be active in their local communities and maintain their existing social ties. The concept of ageing in place covers two distinct groups: those who are able to stay in their current dwellings and age in home and those who move house but remain in their local community and age in neighbourhood. Age-friendly home modification is a response to ageing in home, whereas the provision of institutional healthcare and the provision of age-suitable housing to facilitate downsizing are associated with ageing in neighbourhood. Using Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey data, this research examines the mobility decisions of older Australians and identifies the major determinants of a decision to age in place. This research argues for a better understanding of ageing in place, differentiating between those ageing in home and those ageing in neighbourhood.     

中国东部植被NDVI对气温和降水的时空响应(英文)

Temporal and spatial response characteristics of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature and precipitation in the whole year,spring,summer and autumn was analyzed from April 1998 to March 2008 based on the SPOT VGT-NDVI data and daily temperature and precipitation data from 205 meteorological stations in eastern China.The results indicate that as a whole,the response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature is more pronounced than that of precipitation in eastern China.Vegetation NDVI maxi...     

大渡河上游不同地带居民对环境退化的响应

青藏高原的环境退化引起了极大的关注,但农牧民如何认识和响应环境退化,还缺乏实证研究.采用参与性农村评估法,对大渡河上游不同地带典型村（位于河谷区的丹扎木村、中山区的克尔马村和山原区的日科村）的农牧民进行调查和对比分析.研究表明：①大渡河上游不同地带的居民对环境退化具有不同的响应过程.河谷区通过劳动力向二、三产业转移,缓解了人口压力,采取积极的措施来应对自然灾害和森林退化;中山区以劳动力向二、三产业转移和发展畜牧业来缓解人口压力,没有采取积极的措施应对环境退化：山原区的劳动力不能转移到二、三产业,只能通过增加牲畜数量来解决生计,牧民仅采取一些积极的措施来应对草料不足的问题和雪灾等自然灾害.在大渡河上游,最脆弱的区域是中山区和山原区,而不是人口压力大的河谷区.②生计方式是影响居民响应人口压力和环境退化的关键因素.基于居民的生计方式来解释和解决生态脆弱区的人口压力和环境退化问题,将是一个新的方向.③劳动力向二、三产业转移有利于居民改善生计.降低教育收费和进行基础设施建设,将加快劳动力向二、三产业转移.     

基于农户土地利用行为的北京大兴区耕地质量评价

基于农户土地利用行为变化的相关理论, 创建了基于农户土地利用行为的“压力-状态-效应-响应”的耕地质量变化框架模型, 构建了基于农户土地利用行为的“耕地质量评 价指标体系”。以北京市大兴区为研究样区, 通过农户调查和土壤化验分析, 获得大兴区1982 年、2000 和2006 年的农户土地利用和土壤肥力变化数据。依据构建的耕地质量评价指 标体系, 对三个时期的压力、状态、效应和响应指标进行了研究。结果表明: 1982 年到2006 年, 耕地压力指数由63.19 增加到73.57, 又减少到67.85, 而方差从13.92 增加到41.12, 到 2006 年高达58.59, 同时耕地压力指数空间变异性增加; 耕地状态指数从56.52 增加到76.46, 最后达到81.20, 状态指数方差从58.39 增加到111.42, 2006 年达到209.45, 空间变异性增 加; 耕地效应指数从42.39 增大到64.34, 2006 年与2000 年基本持平, 而耕地效应指数方差 和空间变异性增加。1982 年家庭联产责任制刚刚开始, 农户耕地投入差异不明显; 1982-2000 年家庭联产承包责任制的深入, 农户耕地利用差异性增加, 国家的农业基础设施投入也显著提高, 是耕地效应指数整体增加和空间变异性增大的原因; 2000-2006 年农户的土地利用目标转型, 土地投入差异进一步扩大, 导致耕地质量提高幅度降低, 耕地质量的空间差异性进一步增强。为了促进耕地质量整体提高, 需要进行土地产权机制创新, 以促进土地投入水平的整体均衡增加。     

鄂尔多斯市2005-2014年地下水位变化

鄂尔多斯市地处半干旱区,水资源缺乏,监测地下水位的变化对于地区生态和经济发展具有重要意义。本研究利用鄂尔多斯市6个地下水位监测井2005-2014年的监测资料,分析了该地区地下水位变化特征。结果显示:(1)本地区地下水位2005-2006年有所下降,2007-2010年逐年抬升,2011年受严重干旱影响,地下水位为近10年来最低值,从2012年开始至2014年,以每年0.14 m的幅度抬升,2014年为近10年最高值,地下水位的年际变化主要与煤炭开采和经济发展有关。(2)地下水位的年内季节变化明显,与降雨量、蒸发量和农业灌溉用水的相关性较高。3-7月,水位持续下降,7月地下水位为年内最低点;8-10月,水位逐步回升;11月至次年2月水位总体呈略微抬升状态,次年2月为年内最高值。     

基于广州实证的后改革时代中国城市住房权问题

社会公正是当前地理学的一个热点也是传统研究课题。住房问题往往是社会公正研究和实践的重点案例。中国住房制度改革之后,中国住房拥有率及人均住房面积均大幅度提高。然而在住房分配的过程中,不平等和不公正现象时有发生。如何区别平均和公正,如何看待中国住房改革中的社会公平与不公共存的现象,是了解中国新城市现象的一个重要途径。本文从近期西方政治学和地理学关于住房权（housing rights）、社会公正以及城市权利等文献的讨论出发,通过在广州的实证研究,运用结构方程模型和Pratt指数对涉及住房权主要方面的住房分异的发生途径及其公正性进行综合分析。实证研究说明在住房分配领域,存在着制度因素延续下来所导致的分异。一些制度因素已经转化为市场因素,直接或间接影响个人居住条件和住房所有权的获得,并通过后者进一步影响住房分异。与此同时,纯粹市场因素的影响则相对薄弱。上述结论有助于了解当前中国城市住房权的核心问题,认识社会公正的发展前景,以及探寻减少社会不公正的制度利器。     

Point- and curve-based geometric conflation

Geometric conflation is the process undertaken to modify the coordinates of features in dataset A in order to match corresponding ones in dataset B. The overwhelming majority of the literature considers the use of points as features to define the transformation. In this article we present a procedure to consider one-dimensional curves also, which are commonly available as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tracks, routes, coastlines, and so on, in order to define the estimate of the displacements to be applied to each object in A. The procedure involves three steps, including the partial matching of corresponding curves, the computation of some analytical expression, and the addition of a correction term in order to satisfy basic cartographic rules. A numerical example is presented.     

中部地区农民城镇化意愿及其影响因素研究

城镇化本质是“人”的城镇化,“人”的城镇化关键是实现由农民向市民的转化。首先,本文从理论上构建出农民城镇化意愿的二元logistic模型;其次,选取我国中部地区安徽皖南芜湖县、皖北临泉县作为典型案例地进行实证对比研究。结果表明：①总体上,典型县域农民城镇化意愿相对较强烈（75.01%）;②个体特征因素、家庭因素及社会因素均对安徽典型县域农民城镇化具有十分显著影响,其中受教育程度、家庭年总收入、学龄儿童、政府就业政策及教育政策等对农民城镇化意愿产生显著正向效应;务工年限、城里社会关系等也对农民城镇化意愿产生正向影响,但显著性程度相对不高;而农民年龄、户籍社保制度对农民城镇化意愿产生显著负向影响。③最后,从增加城镇就业岗位、开展职业教育培训、深化改革社保制度及加强社区治理体系建设等方面提出促进农民城镇化发展的政策建议。     

Modeling the effects of historical vegetation change on near-surface atmosphere in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Our goal was to evaluate effects of broad-scale changes in vegetation from grasslands to shrublands over the past 150 years on near-surface atmosphere over the Jornada Experimental Range in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, using a regional climate model. Simulations were conducted using 1858 and 1998 vegetation maps, and data collected in the field. Overall, the vegetation shift led to small changes in sensible heat (SH) and an increase in latent heat (LH). The impacts of shrub encroachment depended on shrubland type: conversion from grass to mesquite cools the near-surface atmosphere and from grass to creosotebush warms it. Higher albedo of mesquite relative to grasses reduced available energy, which was dissipated mainly as LH due to the deeper root system in mesquite. In creosotebush-dominated areas, a decrease in albedo, an increase in roughness length and displacement height contributed to the SH increase and warmer temperatures. Sensitivity simulations showed that an increase in soil moisture content enhanced shrub LH and a reduction in mesquite cover enhanced the temperature differences. The observed shift in vegetation led to complex interactions between land and surface fluxes, demonstrating that vegetation itself is a weather and climate variable as it significantly influences temperature and humidity.     

Changes in the ionic composition of a saline lake,Mar Chiquita,Province of Córdoba,Argentina

Mar Chiquita is the largest water-body in Argentina according to area. This ranges from 2,000 km² in dry periods to 5,000 km² in humid ones. Its very high salinity ranged this century from 200 to 300 g/L, but an increase in the average rainfall in the basin since 1973 has led to a rise in lake level and the dilution of its waters to 78 g/L in 1978 and about 30 g/L in the late 1980s. Ionic strength decreased from 6.61 in 1970 to 0.541 in 1986. The composition of the water also changed, with increases in the proportions of sulphate, calcium and magnesium concentrations. The most important processes taking place in solution are calcite and gypsum equilibrium, formation of clay minerals, and sulphate reduction in the interstitial waters of the bottom sediments. The thermodynamic state of the solutions for different years has been obtained. Results show that the solution shifted from gypsum oversaturation in 1970 to gypsum equilibrium in 1978, and to gypsum undersaturation since 1982. A geochemical simulation of the composition of the solution from its origin from mean tributary composition, following a modified Hardie-Eugster model, has been developed using PHRQPITZ. The results agree with empirical observations.     

中国西北地区旱涝年南亚高压异常特征

利用1961年1月1日至2010年12月31日NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和站点观测资料,统计分析表明：中国西北区域重旱年典型特征为3、4月南亚高压中心均出现偏西约40°;偏旱年典型特征为3月至4月出现中心位置西移之后东撤,4月至5月出现西移,或4月偏东40°;偏涝年典型特征为7月至8月东西振荡幅度大;西北区域多雨年典型特征为5月中心位置位于孟加拉湾海域,9月明显出现南亚高压东部型,12月位置偏西40°。面积距平最明显的特征是重旱年、偏旱年南亚高压面积偏小,偏涝年、多雨年南亚高压面积偏大,同样也可以看到重旱年4月南亚高亚异常特征十分明显。强度和面积与西北区域降水很好的相关性主要存在于2—4月。     

Diachronous isotopic and sedimentary responses to topographic change as indicators of mid‐Eocene hydrologic reorganization in the western United States

Early Cenozoic terrestrial deposits in the western United States represent well‐preserved archives of climatic and tectonic processes that together shaped the Earth's surface during the demise of a large continental plateau. This study examines a Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary sequence in the central part of the Cordilleran orogen (Montana) using sedimentologic and geochemical techniques. At ～49 Ma, we observe rapid major shifts in oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope records that are too large to directly reflect changes in meteoric water composition due to simple orographic rainout. The transition to low‐δ¹⁸O values in pedogenic carbonate in concert with changes in the composition of clastic material at ～49 Ma points to the input of evolved meteoric water to the hydrological cycle due to a change in the source of waters reaching Cordilleran intermontane regions in southwestern Montana. This drainage reorganization coincides with the initiation of magmatism and extension to the west in what is now Montana and Idaho. The sedimentological record shows evidence that depositional gradients increased in the study area ～46 Ma, ～3 Myr after the drainage reorganization occurred. This interval is most likely the time it took for extensional deformation to propagate to the study area itself. Evidence of freshening events in Laramide Basins to the southeast suggests that this drainage reorganization diverted waters to progressively fill these basins and highlights the impact of post‐plateau extension‐related landscape reorganization on river networks and lake dynamics. This study also emphasizes the importance of using multiple tools in deciphering topographic history through the study of terrestrial basin deposits, in that interpretation based on any single method employed would have compromised our ability to successfully identify the regional evolution of topography and drainage networks.     

Research on the Optimization of Capital for the Governance of Bulk Coal in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei each contributed to the comprehensive governance of bulk coal to treat bulk coal pollution in a mutually beneficial way in 2017. The cooperative game theory is used in this paper to study the environmental benefits and cost effectiveness brought about by this comprehensive governance strategy, primarily focusing on the issue of how to maximize the environmental benefits by choosing an appropriate strategy since the benefits to Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei are closely related. Therefore, the linear optimization, game theory and Shapley value method in the cooperative game model are used to find the ways to minimize the total governance cost of bulk coal in the three areas. In addition, the issues of how to carry out rational distribution and transfer of governance capital among the three places are explored according to the actual amounts of consumption of bulk coal, the influence of the coal burning on the PM_2.5 and the actual cost of coal governance in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in 2017. The results show that the governance task in Hebei Province is the most onerous, and requires more investment than the other two cities. Thus, it requires the support from other two cities, with the amount of increased capital required of about 600 million Yuan. At the same time, the cost saved after optimization in Tianjin is calculated to be the largest, which thus can be adjusted appropriately and allocated to Hebei for the governance of bulk coal. The model constructed in this paper can not only be used to solve the issues related to bulk coal consumption in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, but also to carry out the effective distribution of capital, by which a win-win scenario among the three places can be achieved.     

旅游者生态责任价值与培育途径探讨——以云南普者黑景区为例

环境恶化给旅游业带来了巨大的挑战,云南普者黑旅游景区也未幸免,通过数理统计与定性分析,发现景区水质恶化、大气受到不同程度的污染、动植物生境遭到不同程度的破坏,保护景区生态迫在眉睫。旅游者是景区生态环境保护不可忽视的群体,其承担生态责任有利于景区生态安全;可以有效提高社区其他公众的生态意识;有利于政府部门更好地贯彻落实可持续发展观。因此,通过加强生态伦理教育,完善景区旅游解说系统,加快生态社区建设可以有效培育旅游者的生态责任,从而实现普者黑景区旅游业的可持续发展。     

中国干旱、半干旱区近千年来沙漠化对气候变化的响应

过去近千年来中国北方干旱、半干旱区沙漠化对气候变化有明显的响应,但响应的时间和幅度均存在区域差异。在中世纪温暖期,西部沙区温暖干旱,沙漠化表现为正过程;青藏高原地区沙漠化对气候变化的响应则不统一;中东部沙区为暖湿气候,发生逆过程。在小冰期,西部沙区寒冷且相对湿润,沙漠化发生逆转;青藏高原区沙漠化的响应并不明显;中东部沙区气候寒冷干燥,沙漠化加速。在20世纪暖期,西部沙区和青藏高原区总体上气候呈现暖干化特征,沙漠化发展;而中东部沙区沙漠化则在逆转,但在末期沙漠化有发展的趋势。总体上,西部沙区在暖期沙漠化发生明显的正过程,冷期逆过程明显;东部沙区在暖期沙漠化发生逆转,冷期正过程加速;青藏高原区沙漠化正逆过程主要表现为振荡形式。     

Application of a spatially explicit backcasting model: A case study of sustainable development in Salzburg,Austria

The high cost of land for housing within urban centres and the common desire to live within extensive residential areas in the green countryside have, in some cases, led to increasing residential development in the urban hinterland, often resulting in dispersed and sprawling development. In order to counteract such development this article seeks to provide a methodology for implementing strategies which aim is to achieve sustainable development in spatial planning. The proposed methodology, which is known as “backcasting”, aims to improve our ability to avoid undesirable future developments and to encourage those developments that are desirable. Backcasting has previously mostly been used within theoretical processes or frameworks. The backcasting exercise presented in this paper used a Python-based model to create often visionary future scenarios based on interviews with relevant experts, and then used these scenarios as input for a backwards running model. This model simulates a development that runs backwards in time, converging towards the present situation. The backcasting model presented herein has been applied to a case study in Salzburg, Austria.