阿拉善高原沙漠地区植物钙质根管的矿物组成特征

在阿拉善高原地区,植物钙质根管的成因及其是否具有一定的环境指示意义,目前尚存在较大争论。分析该区域植物钙质根管的矿物组成,可以为植物钙质根管的成因提供新的证据解释。本文通过近5年的野外考察,先后采集了巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠及乌兰布和沙漠腹地33组植物钙质根管和33个地表风积砂样品,通过X衍射的方法,分析了上述样品的矿物组成。结果显示:上述沙漠地区植物钙质根管和地表风积砂中矿物组成以硅酸盐矿物、氧化物和氢氧化物矿物、碳酸盐类矿物为主,没有明显的区域差异。其中碳酸盐类矿物均以方解石为主,较少含有其他盐类矿物,并且植物钙质根管中碳酸盐类矿物百分含量明显高于地表风积砂中碳酸盐类矿物的百分含量。因此,单纯的地下水重结晶作用无法解释本研究区内植物钙质根管中盐类矿物的组成以及碳酸盐类矿物的来源,并且在研究区内现代气候条件不利于植物根系的钙化和钙质根管的形成。植物钙质根管应是地质历史时期的产物,指示了相对湿润的气候条件。     

矿产资源开发的战略环境评价研究

分析中国矿产资源开发战略环境评价(SEA)的必要性及不同类型矿产资源开发SEA的作用,提出矿产资源开发SEA的工作原则,在公共参与的基础上,建立包括社会、经济、资源、环境和人口5 部分内容的评价指标体系,确定适用于矿产资源开发SEA的评价方法与程序。中国矿产资源开发SEA,目前只能适用于规划范畴,并以矿产资源开发预测性SEA为主。     

秦岭-大别地区矿产开发与利用对策

文章对秦岭－大别地区矿产资源开发的区域经济环境进行了分析，在矿产资源开发利用现状分析的基础上，对矿产资源的潜在价值、提取价值 以及经济效益进行了测算，提出了该区矿产资源开发利用的5条措施：即强化矿产勘查工作，保证矿业可持续发展；建设综合性矿物原料基础和加工产业基础；综合开发、综合回收利用；矿产资源开发实行统筹管理、保护性开采利用；重视生态环境的影响和保护，走可持续发展之路。     

中国矿产资源生态补偿研究

中国是一个人口众多、社会经济快速发展的国家,如何实现矿产资源开发与生态环境保护的协调发展直接关系到整个国家社会经济的又好又快发展,而对矿产资源实施生态补偿是能有效协调资源开发和环境保护的重要途径。因此,矿产资源的生态补偿问题研究逐渐成为人们日益关心的热点和许多学者研究的焦点。采用文献资料法、综合分析归纳法,分析国内外矿产资源生态补偿的研究状况,从资源开采、生态环境保护和矿区周围农户生计三者协调发展的角度,对中国矿产资源生态补偿中存在问题及原因进行分析,并提出一些改进建议与对策。     

毛乌素沙地样品扫描电镜的矿物定量分析

矿物定量分析实验用捷克 FEI 公司生产的 MLA650F 型矿物解离分析仪,采用 MLA 原样法 和 MLA 重矿法分别对毛乌素沙地西南和东南地区典型沙样的矿物组成以及含量进行分析,结果表 明：MLA650F 仪器测量结果的重复性好,精确度高,测得的矿物种类比光学显微镜更丰富,但不能 如同光学显微镜一样直接提供矿物最原始的颜色、形状、透明度、光泽、表面断口等特征。虽然扫 描电镜与光学显微镜测得的单个矿物含量和矿物分析指标存在一定差异,但矿物含量变化趋势基 本一致,均得到毛乌素沙地主要轻矿物以石英-长石为主,重矿物以角闪石-石榴子石为主的结 论。此外,扫描电镜与光学显微镜对同一样品的矿物分析指标变化趋势基本一致,其中 MLA 原样 法与光学显微镜的 Q/TF 和 ATi 指标同化学风化指标 CIA 结果一致,均表明毛乌素沙地西南地区风 化作用较东南地区强。虽然扫描电镜与光学显微镜均能反应沉积物的沉积环境,但在实际工作 中,要注意所使用的数据应建立在同一测量系统内,不同实验室或实验方法测得的实验数据在引 用时要慎重。     

A Bat Algorithm-Based Data-Driven Model for Mineral Prospectivity Mapping

In data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping, a statistical model is established to represent the spatial relationship between layers of metallogenic evidence and locations of known mineral deposits, and then, the former are integrated into a mineral prospectivity model using the established model. Establishment of a data-driven mineral prospectivity model can be regarded as a process of searching for the optimal integration of layers of metallogenic evidence in order to maximize the spatial relationship between mineral prospectivity and the locations of known mineral deposits. Mineral prospectivity can be simply defined as the weighted sum of layers of metallogenic evidence. Then, the optimal integration of the layers of evidence can be determined by optimizing weight coefficients of the layers of evidence to maximize the area under the curve (AUC) of the defined model. To this end, a bat algorithm-based model is proposed for data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping. In this model, the AUC of the model is used as the objective function of the bat algorithm, and the ranges of the weight coefficients of layers of evidence are used to define the search space of the bat population, and the optimal weight coefficients are then automatically determined through the iterative search process of the bat algorithm. The bat algorithm-based model was used to map mineral prospectivity in the Helong district, Jilin Province, China. Because of the high performance of the traditional logistic regression model for data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping, it was used as a benchmark model for comparison with the bat algorithm-based model. The result shows that the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the bat algorithm-based model is coincident with that of the logistic regression model in the ROC space. The AUC of the bat algorithm-based model (0.88) is slightly larger than that of the logistic regression model (0.87). The optimal threshold for extracting mineral targets was determined by using the Youden index. The mineral targets optimally delineated by using the bat algorithm-based model and logistic regression model account for 8.10% and 11.24% of the study area, respectively, both of which contain 79% of the known mineral deposits. These results indicate that the performance of the bat algorithm-based model is comparable with that of the logistic regression model in data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping. Therefore, the bat algorithm-based model is a potentially useful high-performance data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping model.

     

准噶尔盆地沙漠沙矿物组成的多源性

对准噶尔盆地87件沙漠沙矿物分析结果进行了研究。通过对比各样区沙丘沙和丘间地下伏沙重矿物组合特征、矿物成分离散度和轻矿物组合中石英/长石比值,查明沙漠沙物源多样性主要表现是:各小区沙物质矿物组合特征因地而异;沙丘沙虽主要由下伏沙经风力改造而成,但二者的上述各参数存在着一定差异,风力"搀杂"的结果使前者比后者具有更广泛的物源。     

Classifying mineral potential in support of land-use policy decisions in British Columbia,Canada

British Columbia covers a vast segment of the Cordillera Mountain system that is richly endowed with a diversity of resources. British Columbia's historic patterns of resource development increasingly have been in conflict with demands for greater environmental protection. To avoid such conflicts, a recently legislated process that provides for detailed mineral resource assessments in candidate park areas has stimulated the creation of a mineral potential classification system for use in land-use planning and policy decisions.A mineral potential study of the Chilko Lake Planning Area provided three unique categories of field data on which to build the classification system. These categories are geological setting, geochemistry, and mineral occurrences. Data in each category were compiled independently to provide indicators of mineral potential. The field data were used to develop a widely understood classification of mineral potential. The classification is based on two factors: favorability and degree of confidence.     

Fundamental issues in quantitative estimation of mineral resources

Several issues considered to be fundamental in quantitative estimation of mineral resources and selection of mineral targets are addressed. Integration of multiple data sets, either by experts or by statistical methods, has become a common practice in estimation of mineral potential. Several major problems in data integration must be solved to significantly improve mineral resource estimation. Issues related to randomness of mineral endowment, basic statistical tools, exceptionalness of ore, and economic truncation and translation are discussed in the first part of the article. A number of important technical problems in data integration are also identified; they include data compilation, information enhancement, information synthesis, and target selection.     

A Comparative Analysis of Weights of Evidence,Evidential Belief Functions,and Fuzzy Logic for Mineral Potential Mapping Using Incomplete Data at the Scale of Investigation

Large amounts of digital data must be analyzed and integrated to generate mineral potential maps, which can be used for exploration targeting. The quality of the mineral potential maps is dependent on the quality of the data used as inputs, with higher quality inputs producing higher quality outputs. In mineral exploration, particularly in regions with little to no exploration history, datasets are often incomplete at the scale of investigation with data missing due to incomplete mapping or the unavailability of data over certain areas. It is not always clear that datasets are incomplete, and this study examines how mineral potential mapping results may differ in this context. Different methods of mineral potential mapping provide different ways of dealing with analyzing and integrating incomplete data. This study examines the weights of evidence (WofE), evidential belief function and fuzzy logic methods of mineral potential mapping using incomplete data from the Carajás mineral province, Brazil to target for orogenic gold mineralization. Results demonstrate that WofE is the best one able to predict the location of known mineralization within the study area when either complete or unacknowledged incomplete data are used. It is suggested that this is due to the use of Bayes’ rule, which can account for “missing data.” The results indicate the effectiveness of WofE for mineral potential mapping with incomplete data.     

巴丹吉林沙漠盐湖面积变化对湖泊边缘表层沉积物盐类矿物组合影响

选择巴丹吉林沙漠17个代表性盐湖,采集了2013年春季和秋季湖泊边缘表层沉积物样品,通过X衍射分析其盐类矿物组成和百分含量;应用Landsat 8遥感数据提取了上述两时段湖泊面积。结果发现,自春季到秋季13个面积减小的湖泊中,碳酸盐类矿物百分含量均较低,变化不明显;氯化物矿物和总盐类矿物百分含量均有增加,其增加幅度与湖泊面积变化有关。面积减少超过10%的湖泊,氯化物矿物或硫酸盐矿物百分含量总体明显增加;其余面积减少的湖泊,氯化物矿物百分含量均较春季有一定的增加,盐类矿物总百分含量也有一定程度的增加,但与湖泊面积减小程度相比没有更为明显的规律。4个面积增大的湖泊中沉积物的总盐类矿物百分含量和各盐类矿物的百分含量并未呈现显著相关性,表明在该区域湖泊面积的变化过程中,湖泊边缘表层沉积物中的盐类矿物百分含量对盐湖萎缩的指示意义相对高于湖泊扩张时期,氯化物矿物百分含量变化对湖泊面积萎缩变化响应更为敏感。     

WINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL FACTORS OF SURFACE SEDIMENTS IN THE SEA AREA NORtHWEST OF THE ANTARCTIC RENINSULA

Analysis and study of clastic and clay minerals of surface sediments and their chemical composition in the sea area northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula enable the authors to divide this area basically into four mineralogical provinces: (1) the mineral ogical province of coast and island shelf of the Southern Shetland Islands, (2) the mineral ogical province of the eastern Bransfield Strait, (3) the mineral ogical province of the western Bransfield Strait, and (4)the mineral ogical province of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Finally, the relationships between the mineral distribution and geologic, structure, material sources, glaciers, currents, and environments are briefly described.     

西藏盐湖矿产资源遥感定量预测方法研究

西藏自治区地域广大,湖泊众多,盐湖矿产资源十分丰富,但调查研究程度较低,资源潜力不明,家底不清。以遥感信息为基础,采用多因素综合评判模型法进行盐湖矿产定量预测,初步摸清现阶段西藏盐湖矿产资源家底,为地方政府和有关部门进行盐湖矿产资源勘查开发提供了重要参考依据。该预测方法具有较强探索性,和已知查明资源量进行比较,预测结果基本可靠,是西部高海拔地区盐湖矿产资源快速评价的有效方法。     

秦岭—大别地区矿产资源区划与开发

分析秦岭—大别地区矿产资源与开发利用现状 ,划分该区矿产资源经济区和测算矿产资源开发利用价值 ,提出该区矿产资源开发利用的对策与建议。     

Multiple Regression-Based Calculation of Iron Ore Resource Royalty Rate and Analytical Study of Its Influencing Factors: Example from Anhui Province of China

Mineral resource royalty is the economic manifestation of mineral resource ownership benefits. In the context of globalized mineral resource allocation, it is inevitable to research the royalty evaluation in order to improve the marketized allocation efficiency of mineral resources. Current studies mostly include theoretical discussions on connotations of royalty and discussions on royalty levy criteria from the macroeconomic perspective. Studies of royalty calculation and application from the microeconomic perspective are not very common. Based on defining the connotations of equity value, a theoretical royalty calculation formula is suggested first in this paper and then a royalty evaluation model is constructed from the perspective of mineral resource endowment conditions with the methods of multiple regression-based analysis and dummy variables. The feasibility and scientific justification of the evaluation model were verified through empirical analysis of iron mines in Anhui Province of China. Compared to previous studies, this paper better interprets the linear relationship between mineral resource endowment conditions and royalty through simulation analysis of their corresponding relation, making up for the inadequacy of macroeconomic royalty studies. Empirical results indicate the following. (1) Endowment conditions of mineral resources are the key influencing factors of royalty rate, and five of these factors (average geological grade, average mining depth, average ore body thickness, hydrogeological condition and beneficial and harmful elements) are important indices in royalty evaluation. (2) Royalty increases with the price rise in the market of mineral products, but the royalty rate will infinitely approach a constant (60.1%). Based on endowment conditions of mineral resources, the royalty evaluation model constructed in this paper can accurately and objectively evaluate mineral resource royalty in different endowment conditions and provide a convenient and practical evaluation method for establishing royalty levy criteria.     

青藏高原矿产资源的分布、形成及开发

通过分析青藏高原矿产资源的分布及储量,探讨青藏高原的成矿作用,指出青藏高原矿产资源极为丰富,能够作为我国"东部经济带"的战略资源接替基地,这对于保证我国矿产资源的可持续供应具有举足轻重的地位.但青藏高原生态环境脆弱、开发成本高、难度大,应坚持科学发展观,加速青藏高原优势矿产资源的勘查和开发,处理好资源开发与环境保护的关系.     

Application of Mineral Exploration Models and GIS to Generate Mineral Potential Maps as Input for Optimum Land-Use Planning in the Philippines

The inherent problems of classifying or inventorying potential mineral resources (as opposed to known mineral resources) pose specific challenges. In this paper, the application of a conceptual mineral exploration model and GIS to generate mineral potential maps as input to land-use policy decision-making is illustrated. We implement the criteria provided by a conceptual exploration model for nickeliferous-laterites by using a GIS to classify the nickeliferous-laterite potential of an area in the northeastern part of the Philippines. The spatial data inputs to the GIS are geological map data, topographic map data, and stream sediment point data. Processing of these data yields derivative maps, which are used as indicators of nickeliferous-laterite potential. The indicator maps then are integrated to furnish a nickeliferous-laterite potential map. This map is compared with present land-use classification and policy in the area. The results indicate high potential for nickeliferous-laterite occurrence in the area, but the zones of potential are in places where mineral resources development is prohibited. The prohibition was imposed before the nickeliferous-laterite potential was assessed by this study. Mineral potential classification therefore is a critical input to land-use policy-making so that prospective land is not alienated from future mineral resource development.     

Data-Driven Predictive Modeling of Mineral Prospectivity Using Random Forests: A Case Study in Catanduanes Island (Philippines)

The Random Forests (RF) algorithm is a machine learning method that has recently been demonstrated as a viable technique for data-driven predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity, and thus, it is instructive to further examine its usefulness in this particular field. A case study was carried out using data from Catanduanes Island (Philippines) to investigate further (a) if RF modeling can be used for data-driven modeling of mineral prospectivity in areas with few (i.e., <20) mineral occurrences and (b) if RF modeling can handle predictor variables with missing values. We found that RF modeling outperforms evidential belief (EB) modeling of prospectivity for hydrothermal Au–Cu deposits in Catanduanes Island, where 17 hydrothermal Au–Cu prospects are known to exist. Moreover, just like EB modeling, RF modeling allows analysis of the spatial relationships between known prospects and individual layers of predictor data. Furthermore, RF modeling can handle missing values in predictor data through an RF-based imputation technique whereas in EB modeling, missing values are simply represented by maximum uncertainty. Therefore, the RF algorithm is a potentially useful method for data-driven predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity in regions with few (i.e., <20) occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought. However, further testing of the method in other regions with few mineral occurrences is warranted to fully determine its usefulness in data-driven predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity.     

中国矿产资源产业集聚水平测算

选取2000～2009年中国矿产资源产业五大分行业数据,采用产业地理集中度指数和五省市行业集中度指数对中国矿产资源产业集聚水平(不包括港澳台地区)进行了测算与分析,结果表明,2000～2009年,中国矿产资源产业整体集聚水平较高,但发展速度较慢;从行业层面来看,产业地理集中指数的测算结果显示矿产资源产业各行业之间集聚程度差别较大,发展不平衡,且五大行业集聚水平均呈现先升后降的变化趋势,而五省市行业集中度的测算结果却表明五大行业之间的集聚水平差异较小,这可能是由于非金属采选企业在五省市中分布比较集中所致。