Intelligent Prediction of Blasting-Induced Ground Vibration Using ANFIS Optimized by GA and PSO

Ground vibration induced by rock blasting is one of the most crucial problems in surface mines and tunneling projects. Hence, accurate prediction of ground vibration is an important prerequisite in the minimization of its environmental impacts. This study proposes hybrid intelligent models to predict ground vibration using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GAs). To build prediction models using ANFIS, ANFIS–GA, and ANFIS–PSO, a database was established, consisting of 86 data samples gathered from two quarries in Iran. The input parameters of the proposed models were the burden, spacing, stemming, powder factor, maximum charge per delay (MCD), and distance from the blast points, while peak particle velocity (PPV) was considered as the output parameter. Based on the sensitivity analysis results, MCD was found as the most effective parameter of PPV. To check the applicability and efficiency of the proposed models, several traditional performance indices such as determination coefficient (R²) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were computed. The obtained results showed that the proposed ANFIS–GA and ANFIS–PSO models were capable of statistically predicting ground vibration with excellent levels of accuracy. Compared to the ANFIS, the ANFIS–GA model showed an approximately 61% decrease in RMSE and 10% increase in R². Also, the ANFIS–PSO model showed an approximately 53% decrease in RMSE and 9% increase in R² compared to ANFIS. In other words, the ANFIS performance was optimized with the use of GA and PSO.

     

岩盐物理力学性质及其工程稳定性应用现状及其展望

在分析国内外有关学者关于岩盐的物理力学性质及其工程稳定性应用研究现状基础上,分别从岩盐物理力学性质、岩盐孔隙度、渗透率、塑性变形能力和损伤恢复等物理特性方面,论述了近年来有关岩盐的短期强度特性、岩盐的蠕变性能、围压作用下的力学特性,以及温度效应对岩盐力学特性影响等有关岩盐工程应用中所表现出的物理力学特性;最后从岩盐在工程应用方面,提出了岩盐及其工程应用的发展方向。     

Correlation of Phase Composition,Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Natural Basalt Continuous Fibers

Natural Resources Research - This paper presents a study of the influence of basalt rocks’ phase composition, acidity modulus, and structural parameter NBO/T on the tensile strength and...     

氢化钠的合成、性质及应用

氢化钠是一种十分重要的无机及有机合成试剂,在精细化工领域应用广泛。由于其反应活性与纯度和分散度密切相关,近年来人们对合成高活性氢化钠的研究日趋重视。氢化钠的制备已有多种方法的报道,其中以油液分散金属钠法是可以实现工业化的重要工艺。论述了氢化钠的几种合成方法,叙述了氢化钠的性质,并简介了其应用情况。     

Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Coal at Temperature Impact

Natural Resources Research - Coal and rock mass constitute a type of porous medium. This study investigated the influence of temperature impact on the mechanical properties and acoustic emission...     

Gas Flow Characteristics and Optimization of Gas Drainage Borehole Layout in Protective Coal Seam Mining: A Case Study from the Shaqu Coal Mine,Shanxi Province,China

With increasing demands for coal resources, coal has been gradually mined in deep coal seams. Due to high gas content, pressure and in situ stress, deep coal seams show great risks of coal and gas outburst. Protective coal seam mining, as a safe and effective method for gas control, has been widely used in major coal-producing countries in the world. However, at present, the relevant problems, such as gas seepage characteristics and optimization of gas drainage borehole layout in protective coal seam mining have been rarely studied. Firstly, by combining with formulas for measuring and testing permeability of coal and rock mass in different stress regimes and failure modes in the laboratory, this study investigated stress–seepage coupling laws by using built-in language Fish of numerical simulation software FLAC^3D. In addition, this research analyzed distribution characteristics of permeability in a protected coal seam in the process of protective coal seam mining. Secondly, the protected coal seam was divided into a zone with initial permeability, a zone with decreasing permeability, and permeability increasing zones 1 and 2 according to the changes of permeability. In these zones, permeability rises the most in the permeability increasing zone 2. Moreover, by taking Shaqu Coal Mine, Shanxi Province, China as an example, layout of gas drainage boreholes in the protected coal seam was optimized based on the above permeability-based zoning. Finally, numerical simulation and field application showed that gas drainage volume and concentration rise significantly after optimizing borehole layout. Therefore, when gas is drained through boreholes crossing coal seams during the protective coal seam mining in other coal mines, optimization of borehole layout in Shaqu Coal Mine has certain reference values.

     

Prediction of Spatial Distribution of Coal Seam Permeability Based on Key Interpolation Points: A Case Study from the Southern Shizhuang Area of the Qinshui Basin

Natural Resources Research - Accurate prediction of the spatial distribution of permeability of coal reservoirs using scare data from wells for coalbed methane exploration and development can lay a...     

Application of the USLE in a Savannah Environment: Comparative Experiences from East and West Africa

The use of empirical models for predicting erosion hazard in Africa is widespread. One of the most commonly used models is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). This paper explores the applicability of the USLE in the East and West African Savannah environments, using both primary and secondary data. The results show that the USLE can be applied to Savannah conditions if some level of instrumentation is provided to enable model calibration and validation. The rainfall erosivity factor (R) is one variable which is calculated differently in both the East and the West African Savannah, reflecting differences in the storm characteristics between the two regions. The soil erodibility factor (K) is applied to cultivated soils with relatively high organic matter but does not adequately predict soil loss if the soils have large quantities of stone cover or if they exhibit surface sealing properties. The topographic factors (LS) are transferable, but in some parts of the Savannah, very steep slopes are cultivated, limiting the accuracy of the LS factor. The crop and management factor (C) is applicable for single stand crops, but more studies are required to develop C factors for multiple cropping and rangelands as these are more prevalent in the Savannah. The conservation practices factors (P) as described in the USLE routines do not adequately cater for soil conservation structures found in Africa, such as trash lines and stone lines. Thus, local indices need to be developed. In general, the USLE tends to underestimate soil erosion in East Africa while overestimating it in the West African Savannah. User‐friendly Geographical Information Systems (GIS) applications that depict the uncertainty of model estimates should be explored in the future.     

桉树人工林与杉木林、毛竹林土壤理化性质对比研究

在对永安市尾巨桉人工林、杉木林、毛竹林野外调查取样和室内实验分析基础上,对11年生尾巨桉林、3年生尾巨桉林与杉木林和毛竹林的土壤理化性质进行全面比较．结果表明,3年生尾巨桉林各层土壤中的土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮、全磷和速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量大多低于其他3种林地,反映了处于速生期的桉树对养分的旺盛需求和消耗;并且,速生期桉树还会造成一定程度的土壤表层粘粒下移和酸化;但随着桉树种植年限的增加,这种状况有所改善．在此基础上,提出变炼山全垦为块状整地,速生期人工施肥,延长轮伐期,实行间种、轮栽并适当休闲养地,提高桉树人工林生物多样性等措施,以实现桉树人工林土壤养分平衡与生态系统的良性循环．     

桉树人工林与杉木林、毛竹林土壤理化性质对比研究

在对永安市尾巨桉人工林、杉木林、毛竹林野外调查取样和室内实验分析基础上,对11年生尾巨桉林、3年生尾巨桉林与杉木林和毛竹林的土壤理化性质进行全面比较．结果表明,3年生尾巨桉林各层土壤中的土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮、全磷和速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量大多低于其他3种林地,反映了处于速生期的桉树对养分的旺盛需求和消耗;并且,速生期桉树还会造成一定程度的土壤表层粘粒下移和酸化;但随着桉树种植年限的增加,这种状况有所改善．在此基础上,提出变炼山全垦为块状整地,速生期人工施肥,延长轮伐期,实行间种、轮栽并适当休闲养地,提高桉树人工林生物多样性等措施,以实现桉树人工林土壤养分平衡与生态系统的良性循环．     

原料配比对硫氧镁水泥力学性能、物相和微观形貌的影响

以盐湖提锂副产镁渣为原料,经洗涤煅烧制备活性MgO,并与七水硫酸镁混合制备硫氧镁水泥。研究了原料配比(活性MgO:MgSO₄:H₂O,摩尔比)对硫氧镁水泥试件凝结时间、安定性和抗压强度的影响,并利用XRD和SEM分析试件的物相组成和微观形貌。结果表明：固定H值,随着M值的增大,MOS浆体的凝结时间缩短,28 d的抗压强度先增加后降低,主要水化产物517相先增多后减少,晶体的微观形貌经历了由针丝状晶体—针丝状、短棒状晶体并存—凝胶状、针棒状晶体并存的转变过程;当M=9时,MOS浆体的安定性较差,主要水化产物逐渐变为Mg(OH)₂相;固定M值,随着H值的增大,MOS浆体的凝结时间延长,28 d的抗压强度先增加后降低,主要水化产物的种类没有发生明显的变化,当H≥26时,MOS浆体的安定性较差;得出较佳的M值范围为5～7,H值范围为20～24。     

Gas Emission and Soil Chemical Properties Associated with Underground Coal Fires,Wuda Coalfield,Inner Mongolia,China

Natural Resources Research - The coal fire area in the Wuda coalfield is divided into four parts based on the degree of burning and on surface characteristics: sub-area B is characterized by...     

末次冰期旋回风成沉积物图解法与矩值法粒度参数的对比

运用GRADISTAT粒度处理软件,分别计算了末次冰期黄土高原西部等地的黄土古土壤和风成砂的粒度参数,并对图解法与矩值法粒度参数进行了对比。结果表明,对黄土古土壤来说两种方法所获得的平均粒径基本相同,分选系数、偏度和偏态的相关性逐渐降低。对风成砂和砂黄土来说,除了平均粒径呈较好的线性相关外,其它参数则差别很大。造成这种差异的主要原因是它们的粒度组分的分布不同。黄土古土壤的粒度分布尽管呈双峰分布,但次峰通常较小,故尾部部分对粒度参数影响不大;而风成砂和砂黄土的次峰的频数较大,对粒度参数的影响很大。图解法主要反映了主要粒度组分的粒度特征,而矩值法则反映了样品的总体特征。在沉积环境的分析和比较时,应充分考虑这两种方法的差异,建立不同的等级标准。     

GIS与ANN整合技术在森林资源蓄积量预测中的应用

基于MO和MATLAB平台,采用地理信息二次开发技术,建立了帽儿山林场老山实验站森林资源蓄积量评估和预测的地理信息系统,该系统整合在GIS平台上整合BP人工神经网络模型,模拟计算老山实验站森林蓄积量。系统具有前后台数据传输功能,并实现了基于GIS的智能分析计算,为森林资源蓄积量的模拟和预测提供了数字化、可视化、智能化方法。     

A Coal Burst Risk Assessment Model of Seismic Events Based on Multiple Seismic Source Parameters: A Case Study of the Huating Coal Mine,Gansu Province,China

Mining-induced tremors are indispensable events that gestate and trigger coal bursts. The radiated energy is usually considered a key index to assess coal burst risk of seismic events. This paper presents a model to assess coal burst risk of seismic events based on multiple seismic source parameters. By considering the distribution and relation laws of the seismic source parameters of coal bursts, the model aims to identify dangerous seismic events that more closely match the characteristics of multiple seismic source parameters of coal bursts. The new coal burst risk index T is proposed. It consists of the similarity index SI (representing the similarity degree of relations between seismic events and coal burst events based on seismic source parameters) and the strength index ST (representing the burst strength of seismic events). We studied 79 coal burst events that occurred during extraction in LW250105 of the Huating coal mine in Gansu Province, China. We obtained the distribution and relation laws of multiple seismic source parameters of coal burst events to establish SI and ST. Two groups of seismic events with different energy distributions were examined to compare the assessment results based on the new model and energy criteria. The results show that 80% and 89% of seismic events with strong coal burst risk in Groups A and B, respectively, were coincident, and the seismic events with medium coal burst risk were slightly less compared to those based on radiated energy. The results indicate that the assessment based on the T value is a modification and optimization of that based on radiated energy. This model is conducive to improving the efficiency of monitoring and early warning of coal burst risk.

     

Landslide susceptibility mapping using geological data, a DEM from ASTER images and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

An efficient and accurate method of generating landslide susceptibility maps is very important to mitigate the loss of properties and lives caused by this type of geological hazard. This study focuses on the development of an accurate and efficient method of data integration, processing and generation of a landslide susceptibility map using an ANN and data from ASTER images. The method contains two major phases. The first phase is the data integration and analysis, and the second is the Artificial Neural Network training and mapping. The data integration and analysis phase involve GIS based statistical analysis relating landslide occurrence to geological and DEM (digital elevation model) derived geomorphological parameters. The parameters include slope, aspect, elevation, geology, density of geological boundaries and distance to the boundaries. This phase determines the geological and geomorphological factors that are significantly correlated with landslide occurrence. The second phase further relates the landslide susceptibility index to the important geological and geomorphological parameters identified in the first phase through ANN training. The trained ANN is then used to generate a landslide susceptibility map. Landslide data from the 2004 Niigata earthquake and a DEM derived from ASTER images were used. The area provided enough landslide data to check the efficiency and accuracy of the developed method. Based on the initial results of the experiment, the developed method is more than 90% accurate in determining the probability of landslide occurrence in a particular area.     

1956～2000年中国地表水资源状况：变化特征、成因及影响

系统搜集了中国590个雨量站和383个水文站1956～2000年长序列月降水量与月径流量资料,及1978～2000年全国各省、自治区的旱涝受灾与成灾面积、灌区面积、已建水库库容等数据资料,全面分析了地表径流时空演变特征以及农业旱涝灾害的时空分布特征,并分析了其原因及可能影响,研究结果表明,中国北方降水减少,其中山东和黄...     

Coal Waste,Socioeconomic Change,and Environmental Inequality in Appalachia: Implications for a Just Transition in Coal Country

Resource-dependent communities are subject to both unstable economic patterns and environmental degradation associated with extractive industries. However, few studies have empirically analyzed these dynamics in tandem and over time. This paper explores whether Appalachian neighborhoods closer to coal waste impoundments experienced steeper poverty changes from 1990 to 2000. Impoundment failures have resulted in some of the largest environmental disasters in U.S. history and scientists have expressed concerns over their growing heights and risks. Spatial regression models show that neighborhoods closer to impoundments have higher poverty increases on average, even after controlling for mining employment and other variables. These findings highlight the need for a deeper consideration of the environmental inequalities associated with the continued downturn of coal production and employment in the United States. Further, discussions about just transitions must recognize the legacy hazards and externalities associated with extractive industries – and their impacts on communities.