基坑开挖时邻近桩基性状的数值分析

基坑开挖时尤为关注的问题是土体侧向移动对邻近桩基的不利影响,土体的侧向移动使邻近桩基产生侧向位移和附加应力及弯矩,甚至可能使上部建筑物功能失效。采用土工有限元软件Plaxis 8.2对内支撑排桩支护基坑开挖过程进行数值模拟,分析了基坑开挖时对邻近桩基的各种影响因素,包括单排桩、双排桩在不同开挖深度、支护桩的刚度、桩基刚度、桩基距基坑开挖面距离、桩身的约束和桩长条件下桩身水平位移和弯矩的变化特性。     

水平荷载作用下PCC桩复合地基工作性状

利用河海大学岩土所自行研制开发的大型试验模型槽进行PCC桩水平承载足尺试验,实测得到了水平荷载作用下桩身弯矩分布。利用三维弹塑性有限元方法,研究了PCC单桩与等截面实心圆桩、PCC桩复合地基与等截面实心圆桩复合地基在水平荷载作用下的工作性状,对其桩身弯矩和水平位移的分布规律进行了比较,分析了竖向荷载、褥垫层厚度、基础埋深和置换率对PCC桩复合地基桩身性状的影响。研究表明,PCC桩复合地基在水平荷载作用下,随着竖向荷载、褥垫层厚度、基础埋深和置换率的增加,其桩身弯矩和水平位移随之减小。因此,在PCC桩复合地基设计时可以通过适度调整这些影响参数来减小水平荷载作用下的桩身弯矩和水平位移,确保桩身的安全。     

环形超深基坑围护结构受力变形特性分析

结合上海世博500 kV变电站超深基坑实际工程,采用平面应变及轴对称弹性地基有限元分析模型对基坑围护结构的空间效应进行简化,分析了环形基坑空间效应、内衬墙以及水土压力模式对围护结构受力变形特性的影响,并与实测结果进行比较。结果表明,环形基坑围护结构的空间效应对其受力变形特性影响很大,在计算过程中必须考虑围护结构环向刚度对径向刚度的贡献;内衬墙作用类似于环形支撑,对地下连续墙受力及变形是有利的;地下连续墙水平位移实测值最接近于侧压力系数1.0的轴对称有限元分析结果;地下连续墙环向应力和弯矩实测值位于按规范水土分算与侧压力系数1.0的轴对称有限元计算结果之间。     

水平荷载下导管架平台桩基础的非线性有限元分析

导管架平台桩基础的控制荷载主要为风荷载、波浪荷载、地震荷载等水平荷载,为研究水平荷载下导管架平台桩基础的承载特性,采用非线性有限元分析方法对水平荷载下桩-土之间的相互作用进行研究,提出了有效模拟桩基水平承载特性的有限元模型,分析了模型桩的刚度、直径、土质参数中水平土压力系数、剪胀角对桩基承载特性的影响及水平荷载下群桩承载特性,并将有限元计算结果与API规范及模型试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,非线性有限元分析方法分析水平荷载下桩-土相互作用是可行的,计算结果可为导管架平台的桩基设计提供参考。     

抗滑桩极限阻力的有限元分析

应用平面应变有限元法分析了不同强度、应力状态下土体的单桩极限抗滑阻力,并与现有的极限阻力经验公式的计算结果进行了比较,论证了结果的合理性.对不同桩径及不同土体力学参数情况下的桩极限阻力进行了分析,研究了桩径及土体参数等因素对桩极限阻力的影响.为进一步利用该方法研究单桩极限抗滑阻力的计算公式提供了基础.     

Numerical analyses of uplift behavior of pile foundation for transmission line structure in frozen soil regions北大核心CSCD

Pile foundation is one of the most commonly used and suitable foundations to support transmission line structure, especially in seasonally frozen soil regions and permafrost regions. Axial compression is the controlling condition in the design of foundations for such structures as bridges and buildings, while uplift and overturning will control the design of transmission line structure foundations. This paper presents an extensive overview of previous studies including experimental (e. g., laboratory model test and full-scale field load test), analytical/theoretical (e. g., limit equilibrium and limit analysis based on plasticity)and numerical(e. g., finite difference and finite element methods). The review indicates that study on the uplift behavior of pile foundation in frozen soil is relatively limited, particularly in the case of combined effect of axial uplift and lateral loading. Interaction between pile and frozen soil and mechanism of load transfer along the pile shaft and around the pile tip still remain unclear. Therefore, this paper implements finite difference analysis within FLAC3D to investigate the behavior of pile foundation in frozen silty clay and gravelly sand under axial uplift behavior and the effect of ground condition and lateral loading on the uplift behavior. Because of the axisymmetric condition of the problem studied, only half of the model is simulated. The chosen domain of the medium is discretized into a set of quadrilateral elements and the pile is discretized by the cylinder element. The interaction between the soil and pile is considered according to interface elements. Mohr-Coulomb criterion is adopted to model the soil behavior (perfectly elastic-plastic), while the pile is simply considered as a rigid body. The soil parameters such as Young’s modulus, cohesion and internal friction angle used for numerical analyses are determined by laboratory tests and estimated according to the empirical correlations with in-situ tests. The present numerical modeling is verified with the results from field loading tests on pile foundations in Qinghai-Tibet ±550 kV transmission line project. On this basis, parametric studies are carried out to uncover the behavior of pile in frozen soil. It is observed that pullout is the dominant failure mechanism of pile and the uplift load-displacement curve clearly exhibits an asymptote, consisting of initially linear elastic, nonlinear transition, and finally linear regions. These results are consistent with the observations in a few previous studies. In addition, larger uplift capacity of pile foundation in freezing period and gravelly sand is gained (about 20%). Lateral loading increases the deflection and therefore, decreases the uplift capacity of pile foundation. For the convenience of using the results obtained in practice, the values of uplift factor for pile foundation in silty clay and gravelly sand are provided. Finally, it should be noted that the method used, and the results obtained in the current work could be useful for engineers and designers, at least providing them some qualitative evidence for pile design in seasonally frozen soil regions and permafrost regions. This is important and necessary to ensure the safety of construction in such regions. Meanwhile, numerical analyses in the current work can be a benchmark example for subsequent research studies. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

单桩承载力的一种直接动测法

应用高应变动测法确定基桩的承载力非常依赖测试人员的经验且存在多解性问题。为克服这种现象,介绍了一种新的直接动测法,并以一灌注桩的现场静载试验为对象,建立了详细的基桩有限元静力、动力分析模型。静力模拟比较分析表明,该有限元模型能准确地模拟文献的结果。在此基础上,通过有限元动力分析,得到锤击下桩的应力场、位移场、速度场和加速度场。根据有限元计算结果,分析了直接动测法的有效性。直接动测法确定的承载力和静载法一致。该直接动测法消除了现有高应变法存在的多解性问题,故可以得到单桩承载力的客观性结果。     

海上风电桩基水平承载力循环衰减二维简化分析

海上风电的桩基在长期循环荷载作用下会引起承载力的衰减。针对软黏土中水平受荷单桩,通过引入累积塑性应变以考虑土体不排水强度的循环弱化,建立二维有限元数值模拟和简化p-y曲线简化方法,以分析水平循环荷载作用后单桩桩侧侧向抗力的衰减弱化。在小数目循环荷载下简化方法与有限元计算结果比较吻合,在此基础上,采用二维简化分析方法得到长期大数目循环荷载下桩侧水平抗力的衰减规律,发现如荷载幅值与初始极限抗力的比值小于土体灵敏度的倒数,单桩在长期水平循环荷载作用下承载力虽有所衰减,但桩基趋于稳定,不会发生破坏。     

灌注桩桩土相互作用试验及有限元模拟研究

以灌注桩桩土相互作用的原位试验为基础, 结合西安土层结构、性质; 采用有限单元法对黄土地区的砼灌注桩桩土相互作用进行仿真模拟, 研究了桩土相互作用、荷载的传递规律、桩土相对位移与桩侧摩阻力的关系。通过桩载试验资料对比, 得出三维有限单元法的模拟结果与实测值相近, 该研究进一步揭示了桩土相互作用的实质, 为最优桩长的选取和单桩承载力的确定奠定了基础。     

ANALYSIS OF PILES USED FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION

Piles used for the stabilization of slopes have to be adequately designed to resist the induced lateral loads due to the movement of the unstable slope. In this paper, a numerical method is presented for the analysis of this problem. In this approach, the piles are modelled using beam finite elements. The soil response at the individual piles is modelled using the modulus of subgrade reaction and pile–soil–pile interaction considered using the theory of elasticity. Two case histories, one for single pile and the other for pile group, are analysed which show that the numerical model can predict the general characteristics of the piles reasonably well. The study suggests that the design of the piles based on the computed response from single pile analysis, ignoring group effects, may be unduly conservative.     

Three‐dimensional finite element analyses of passive pile behaviour

Piles may be subjected to lateral soil pressures as a result of lateral soil movements from nearby construction‐related activities such as embankment construction or excavation operations. Three‐dimensional finite element analyses have been carried out to investigate the response of a single pile when subjected to lateral soil movements. The pile and the soil were modelled using 20‐node quadrilateral brick elements with reduced integration. For compatibility between the soil–pile interface elements, 27‐node quadrilateral brick elements with reduced integration were used to model the soil around the pile adjacent to the soil–pile interface. A Mohr–Coulomb elastic–plastic constitutive model with large‐strain mode was assumed for the soil. The analyses indicate that the behaviour of the pile was significantly influenced by the pile flexibility, the magnitude of soil movement, the pile head boundary conditions, the shape of the soil movement profile and the thickness of the moving soil mass. Reasonable agreement is found between some existing published solutions and those developed herein. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical studies of anchored sheet pile wall behavior constructed in cut and fill conditions

The construction of sheet pile walls may involve either excavation of soils in front or backfilling of soils behind the wall. These construction procedures generate different loading conditions in the soil and therefore different wall behavior should also be expected. The conventional methods, which are based on limit equilibrium approach, commonly used in the design of anchored sheet pile walls do not consider the method of construction. However, continuum mechanics numerical methods, such as finite element method, make it possible to incorporate the construction method during the analyses and design of sheet pile walls. The effect of wall construction type for varying soil conditions and wall heights were investigated using finite element modeling and analysis. The influence of construction method on soil behavior, wall deformations, wall bending moments, and anchor forces were investigated. The study results indicate that walls constructed by backfill method yield significantly higher bending moments and wall deformations. This paper presents the results of the numerical parametric study performed and comparative analyses of the anchored sheet pile walls constructed by different construction methods.     

A non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element model for the prediction of vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving

This paper presents a non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element approach for the prediction of free field vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving. Both the non‐linear constitutive behavior of the soil in the vicinity of the pile and the dynamic interaction between the pile and the soil are accounted for. A subdomain approach is used, defining a generalized structure consisting of the pile and a bounded region of soil around the pile, and an unbounded exterior linear soil domain. The soil around the pile may exhibit non‐linear constitutive behavior and is modelled with a time‐domain finite element method. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the exterior unbounded soil domain is calculated using a boundary element formulation in the frequency domain based on a limited number of modes defined on the interface between the generalized structure and the unbounded soil. The soil–structure interaction forces are evaluated as a convolution of the displacement history and the soil flexibility matrices, which are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation from the frequency to the time domain. This results in a hybrid frequency–time domain formulation of the non‐linear dynamic soil–structure interaction problem, which is solved in the time domain using Newmark's time integration method; the interaction force time history is evaluated using the θ‐scheme in order to obtain stable solutions. The proposed hybrid formulation is validated for linear problems of vibratory and impact pile driving, showing very good agreement with the results obtained with a frequency‐domain solution. Linear predictions, however, overestimate the free field peak particle velocities as observed in reported field experiments during vibratory and impact pile driving at comparable levels of the transferred energy. This is mainly due to energy dissipation related to plastic deformations in the soil around the pile. Ground vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving are, therefore, also computed with a non‐linear model where the soil is modelled as an isotropic elastic, perfectly plastic solid, which yields according to the Drucker–Prager failure criterion. This results in lower predicted free field vibrations with respect to linear predictions, which are also in much better agreement with experimental results recorded during vibratory and impact pile driving. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日有限元方法研究

依据模拟钻井船在黏土层中插桩对邻近桩影响的离心模型试验结果,研究了通过耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）有限元计算并结合非线性地基梁有限元计算,分析钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响问题的可行性。CEL有限元方法将产生大变形的土体设为欧拉体,采用欧拉有限元方法计算该区域的变形响应,计算过程中,欧拉体的空间网格形状、大小位置保持不变,物质可在网格之间运动;其他土体设为拉格朗日体,采用拉格朗日有限元方法计算变形响应,计算过程中,物质的运动和网格的变形保持一致。运用罚函数方法实现欧拉体与拉格朗日体的耦合。通过CEL有限元计算,可以确定钻井船插桩导致的邻近桩桩身水平位移。进一步通过非线性地基梁有限元模型计算确定桩身弯矩。计算结果表明,利用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法计算出的桩身位移和弯矩沿桩长的变化与离心模型试验结果基本一致。说明采用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法分析黏土层中插桩对邻近桩的影响问题是可行的。CEL有限元模型中欧拉土体范围的设置对计算结果有明显影响。研究表明,若插桩深度小于0.75倍桩靴直径,可将欧拉土体范围设置成1.00～1.25倍桩靴直径;若插桩深度大于0.75倍桩靴直径,将欧拉土体范围取为插桩深度以下0.5倍桩靴直径是恰当的。     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于有限杆单元法的陡坡基桩非线性分析

根据陡坡段桥梁基桩承载特性,提出了一种可考虑桩土非线性作用的基桩内力与位移分析有限杆单元方法。首先,基于单元划分结果,结合桩侧摩阻力和坡体侧向推力的分布规律,得到了相应的等效结点荷载向量表示方法;其次,在线弹性地基反力法的基础上,引入p-y曲线开展了桩周土抗力非线性分析,并结合桩身P-?效应（P为桩顶轴向荷载,?为桩顶水平位移）计算方法给出了单元刚度矩阵修正方法,进而提出了适用于基桩内力位移非线性分析的有限杆单元法并编制了MATLAB计算程序;最后,结合某工程实例,将计算结果与工程实测值及已有理论值进行对比。结果表明：考虑桩土非线性作用的计算方法是合理的;当桩身具有自由段时,P-?效应对基桩内力位移的影响较大,在实际工程设计中不可忽视。     

基于地应力边界条件的复杂边坡抗滑桩支护设计研究

复杂边坡稳定性问题一直是岩土工程界重点研究的问题之一,提高复杂边坡安全系数的方法有很多,其中采用抗滑桩支护是常用手段之一。以安徽省某高速公路复杂边坡为研究对象,采用套孔应力解除法对该边坡岩土体进行了地应力测试,以测试结果作为有限元分析的边界条件,分别对该边坡加固前和采用抗滑桩加固后两种工况进行数值分析,得到有代表性的有限元分析结果;并对有限元的计算出位移结果和实测位移进行了对比。分析表明,未采用抗滑桩支护的边坡,会产生局部应力过分集中、整体变形和水平向位移较大、塑性区贯通等不利于边坡稳定的危险状况。采用了抗滑桩支护后,贯通的塑性区消失,边坡变形和位移减少,应力分布趋于均匀,安全系数大幅度提高。有限元计算出的位移结果和实测位移十分接近,匹合度较好,从而说明了有限元分析手段的可靠性。     

软土地层高承台桥梁群桩基础横向承载特性研究

高承台群桩基础是高速铁路桥梁基础的一种常用形式,受到风、地震等荷载作用影响,常常需要承受较大的横向荷载。采用室内物理模型试验和三维有限元程序ABAQUS对软土地层中单桩、群桩的横向承载特性进行了研究,软土采用修正剑桥黏土本构模型,试验结果与有限元计算结果吻合较好。群桩研究方案包括了桩数的变化以及桩间距的变化。结果表明,群桩基础的基桩平均横向承载力（总承载力/桩数）较单桩基础显著增加,且水平荷载方向桩间距越大,其横向承载力越大;群桩基础基桩受力存在三维空间效应,不同位置基桩受力大小排序为角桩最大,其次为边桩,最小为中间桩,弯矩极值差异可达20%,群桩基础桩周土影响范围距外围基桩边缘净距离约为16D (D为桩径)。桩与桩相互影响效应对群桩水平承载不利,承台约束效应对水平承载有利。探讨了考虑上述两种效应的群桩效应系数计算方法,通过计算验证了该方法在软土地区高承台群桩基础横向承载力计算中的适用性。     

FE analysis of grid reinforced embankment system on soft Bangkok clay

The behavior of a reinforced embankment on soft Bangkok clay has been analyzed by plane strain finite element method. The finite element analysis considers the selection of proper soil/reinforcement properties according to the relative displacement pattern of upper and lower interface elements. The large deformation phenomenon is simulated by updating the node coordinates, including those of the embankment elements above the current construction level, which ensures that the applied fill thickness simulates the actual field value. A full scale test reinforced embankment with a vertical face (wall) on Bangkok clay has been analyzed by the proposed finite element method, and the numerical results are compared with the field data. The response of a reinforced embankment on soft ground is principally controlled by the interaction between the reinforced soil mass and soft ground and the interaction between the grid reinforcement and the backfill soil. The tension in reinforcement and lateral displacement of the wall face varied during consolidation of foundation soil. The maximum tension force occurred in the reinforcement layer placed at the base of reinforced mass, due to bending of the reinforced mass resulting from differential settlements. It is considered necessary to account for the permeability variation of the soft ground foundation in the finite element analysis.     

单桩不同加载条件下有限元模拟及侧摩阻力分析

采用弹塑性有限元法,结合岩土体结构特征,应用接触单元模拟桩土之间的不连续面,分别对单桩传统静载加载方式和自平衡加载方式进行数值模拟。自平衡加载方式的数值模拟结果与实际自平衡测试结果吻合较好,说明选取的模型和参数比较合理。进而采用此模型和参数,对传统静载加载方式进行数值模拟,得出桩上部荷载传递过程中桩及桩周岩土体应力及位移,求出各单元的应力应变,确定出桩侧法向应力,结合桩土之间摩擦试验的参数,根据莫尔-库仑理论求出桩侧摩阻力。最后将有限元数值模拟和自平衡实测侧摩阻力值进行对比,验证了在选用合理的模型和物理力学参数的基础上,有限元计算的侧摩阻力值和实测值较吻合,通过有限元方法计算获得的单桩侧摩阻力值具有一定的可借鉴性和实用性。