海脉冲营养素(HMC)研究——HMC对小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究海脉冲营养素“ＨＭＣ”对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明：小鼠口服ＨＭＣ３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ，连续７～１０ｄ，可增加小鼠免疫器官的重量（Ｐ＜０．０５）；提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数（Ｐ＜０．０１）；促进ＰＨＡ刺激的淋巴细胞转化反应（Ｐ＜０．０１）和提高ＡＮＡＥ＋淋巴细胞百分率（Ｐ＜０．０５）；对小鼠血清溶血素和ＰＦＣ数目的生成无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），对ＨＰＡ和ＣＴＸ引起的免疫抑制有拮抗作用。提示：ＨＭＣ是一种有效的免疫调节剂。     

芳烃／海水界面张力的研究──1．苯及甲苯与海水界面张力的研究

首次用滴体积法比较系统地测定苯、甲苯与海水在不同温度（２０～３５℃）、不同盐度（０～４０．５）范围内的界面张力。测定值相对误差小于０．５％。用统计方法得出这两个芳烃与海水界面张力分别与温度和盐度的经验公式。指出：公式计算值与实验测定值之间平均标准偏差＜０．１ｍＮ／ｍ。     

水质对虾池附着性纤毛虫数量变动的影响

研究了中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ育苗池和养成池１１项水质参数（温度、盐度、ｐＨ、溶解氧和化学需氧量、硫化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、磷酸盐及硅酸盐浓度）对虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率和对虾体表附着性纤毛虫附着量变动的影响。相关分析结果表明，虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率（Ｒ）与虾池化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）之间存在着直线正相关关系：在育苗池内，Ｒ１＝０．００２＋０．２６０ＣＯＤ（ｒ＝０．７１１，ｐ＜０．０５），在养成池，Ｒ２＝０．５５３＋０．０９８ＣＯＤ（ｒ＝０．６６８，ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｒ与水质其他因子之间未发现有明显的相关关系。对虾体表纤毛虫的附着量（Ｍ）与虾池纤毛虫的附着速率（Ｒ）之间存在着指数正相关关系：在育苗池，Ｍ＝０．５１２ｅ４．０１Ｒ（ｒ＝０．６９２，ｐ＜０．０５）；在养成池，Ｍ＝０．４０９ｅ８．２１Ｒ（ｒ＝０．６７１，ｐ＜０．０５）。说明虾池附着性纤毛虫的附着速率和对虾体表纤毛虫附着量的变动主要取决于虾池ＣＯＤ含量的变化。     

排铅奶粉对在岗交警体内粪铅排除作用

研究了青岛市南、市北、四方三区交警在服用排铅奶粉（ＬｅａｄＥｘｃｒｅｔｉｎｇＭｉｌｋＰｏｗ－ｄｅｒ，ＬＥＭＰ）前后，体内粪铅含量变化情况。实验结果表明，服用ＬＥＭＰ后，粪铅含量先呈上升趋势，达到最高值后，又呈下降趋势。在整个实验过程中，粪铅含量四方区最高，而市南区最低。服用ＬＥＭＰ前，三区交警粪铅平均含量为０．６８７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，服用７ｄ后达到峰值（１．９６ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１），第１５ｄ降到１．６１（ｍｇ／ｋｇ）（Ｐ＜０．０５），表明ＬＥＭＰ能排除体内铅起到预防铅中毒的作用     

顶空气相色谱法测定海水二甲基硫和浮游植物细胞二甲基硫丙酸的研究

建立了顶空ＧＣ／ＦＰＤ测定海水中二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ）和浮游植物细胞中二甲基硫丙酸（ＤＭＳＰ）的方法，并研究盐度、温度、气液相比ＤＭＳ诸因素对ＤＭＳ顶空灵敏度的影响。该法对ＤＭＳ测定的相对标准偏差均小于６％，平均回收率为１０６％，最低检出限为２０ｎｇ／Ｌ。细胞ＤＭＳＰ先经碱作用转化为ＤＭＳ，在５０℃下作用时间不少于６ｈ，峰高与浓度的双对数线性相关系数大于０．９９。对１９９４年冬、１９９５年夏采自胶州湾     

烷烃与海水界面张力的研究

于１９９１年３月－１９９２年６月间用滴体积法较系统地测定正已烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、异辛烷、正十二烷、正十六烷和煤油与海水在不同的温度（１６－４０℃）和盐度（１０－４０）范围内的界面张力，测定值的相对误差≤０．５％。对数据进行统计处理后，归纳出所研究烷烃－海水界面张力与温度和盐度的经验关系式，计算与实验值相对误差≤０．５％。     

长江河口硼的测定及分布规律研究

采用ＨＰＴＡ方法对长江口水中硼进行分析，并与姜黄素法进行比较，方法的标准偏差为０．００５，变动系数小于５％，对长江口水样分析结果与姜黄素法相比较，其相对误差为－０．４％。     

海底声学原位测试声速提取技术研究

海底沉积物的声学声速特性是沉积物声学中的一个重要的研究方向。正确提取声学原位测量的声速对海底沉积物声学反演至关重要。分析了海底声学原位测试系统的输出子波特性,提出了基于子波提取的互相关双向极值声速提取法。在声速提取过程中,发现某些通道实测声波到达时会出现超出正常范围的异常。分析后认为异常通道的到达波相位出现180°反至现象。通过互相关数值的负极小值提取的声波到达时对互相关正极大值所获得的到达时曲线进行校正后提取声速,得到了正确的结果,说明了本方法的正确性。     

海水中总汞的测定——水样的消化与贮存

为要准确测得海水中总汞含量,从分析方法上看必须解决以下几个问题:提高汞的测定方法的灵敏度和降低方法的检出限,使其能简单、快速的进行测定;寻找可靠的海水样品消化和水样贮存方法。 我们曾对汞的测定方法进行了研究,建立了可测出海水本底值的方法。 曾采用于作大量调查和报导过的海水中总汞测定的消化方法有酸消化法、硫酸—高锰酸钾消化法、过硫酸钾消化法、高锰酸钾—过硫酸钾混合消化剂消化法、溴氧化法、重铬酸钾氧化、酸高压釜消化以及光氧化法等。文献中大都只引用这些消化方法,而对它们应用于海水中总汞的测定在消化效果、对有关有机汞化合物的     

声波对海洋生物影响实验中的若干声学问题

本文由声学的角度，阐明声波在不同介质中的传播特性和声场特征。提出在研究声波对海洋生物生长影响实验中应注意的若干声学问题，以求得声波对海洋生物生长影响有更好的声效应。     

Separation of incident and reflected waves over sloping bathymetry

An existing 2D method for separating incident and reflected waves over a horizontal bed [Frigaard, P., Brorsen, M., 1995. A time domain method for separating incident and reflected irregular waves. Coastal Eng., 24, 205–215.] is modified to account for normally incident linear waves propagating over a bed with arbitrary 2D bathymetry. Linear shoaling is used to determine the amplitude and phase change between two measurement positions; thereafter the existing technique can be applied. Comparisons between the existing and modified methods are made using numerically simulated data. Errors in the reflection coefficient are found to be small for large reflection coefficients, but may become large if reflection is low. However, if an accurate assessment of the amplitude of the incident and reflected wave trains is required, the bathymetry must be accounted for in order to avoid significant errors (up to 90% for cases considered).     

Radio interferential measurements of sea level oscillations with large tidal amplitude

A tide height measurement technique usingS-band radio waves in an oblique incidence interferometer is reviewed. Generalization of the technique is described which reduces the required bandwidth of the radio frequency adjustment and increases its efficiency. This generalization, however, introduces an ambiguity in the height determination and also requires specification of the phase shift of the radio waves specularly reflected from the sea surface. The ambiguity is shown to be easily removable given coarse information about the expected time derivative of tidal height. The influence of the phase shift which contains sea-wave information is studied analytically and requirement in its specification is evaluated to have an accuracy ofpm1deg. This corresponds to a tide height determination accuracy ofpm1cm. The method is designed for coastal regions where a bistatic experiment geometry is feasible.     

Separation of incident and reflected waves in wave–current flumes

A technique is developed to separate the incident and reflected waves propagating on a known current in a laboratory wave–current flume by analyzing wave records measured at two or more locations using a least squares method. It can be applied to both regular and irregular waves. To examine its performance, numerical tests are made for waves propagating on quiescent or flowing water. In some cases, to represent the signal noise and measurement error, white noise is superimposed on the numerically generated wave signal. For all the cases, good agreement is observed between target and estimation.     

A two-point method for estimating wave reflection over a sloping beach

This work presents a frequency-domain method for estimating incident and reflected waves when normally incident waves’ propagating over a sloping beach in a wave flume is considered. Linear wave shoaling is applied to determine changes of the wave amplitude and phase due to variations of the bathymetry. The wave reflection coefficient is estimated using wave heights measured at two fixed wave gauges with a distance. The present model demonstrates a high capacity of estimating reflection and shoaling coefficients from synthetic wave-amplitude data. Sensitivity tests for the present model due to measurement errors of wave amplitudes and distance of two probes can more accurately predict the reflection coefficients. The measurement error of wave amplitude affects more significantly than measurement error of distance of two probes on calculating reflection coefficient of waves over a sloping bed.     

A Calculation Method for Incidence and Reflection of Irregular Waves Along Seawalls

Some researches have been made in this aspect.In the method by Walton Jr.(1992),incidentwaves are supposed to be the overlapping result of M component waves with different frequencies whichmay take different directions,the direction of incident waves should be available in advance,but in fact thedirection of incident waves is not available.In our study,incident waves are supposed to be composed ofM overlapping component waves with different frequencies,and different frequencies have different direc-tions.Based on the irregular wave reflection theory,the calculation formulas of wave direction,complexamplitude of incident waves,and complex amplitude of reflected waves in surface which are composed ofcomponent waves are derived by means of discrete Fourier transform.Then,the frequency spectra of inci-dent waves and reflected waves and the reflection coefficient of waves with corresponding frequencies areobtained.Verification of the method and the calculation results from in-situ measured data indicate thatt     

Tests and Applications of An Approach to Absorbing Reflected Waves Towards Incident Boundary

If the upstream boundary conditions are prescribed based on the incident wave only, the time-dependent numerical models cannot effectively simulate the wave field when the physical or spurious reflected waves become significant. This paper describes carefully an approach to specifying the incident wave boundary conditions combined with a set sponge layer to absorb the reflected waves towards the incident boundary. Incorporated into a time-dependent numerical model, whose governing equations are the Boussinesq-type ones, the effectiveness of the approach is studied in detail. The general boundary conditions, describing the down-wave boundary conditions are also generalized to the case of random waves. The numerical model is in detail examined. The test cases include both the normal one-dimensional incident regular or random waves and the two-dimensional oblique incident regular waves. The calculated results show that the present approach is effective on damping the reflected waves towards the incident wave boundary.     

Estimation of incident and reflected waves in regular wave experiments

This paper presents a laboratory technique for measurement of reflected waves by a submerged horizontal plate. A simple method is proposed to decompose the composite wave record obtained from the wave reflection experiments in the wave flume. The data collected were used to compute the reflected wave height by means of two and three probe methods proposed by other investigators and compared with the directly computed reflected wave using the measured incident wave. The experiment was carried out for a horizontal plate of 1 m length spanning the full width of the flume with wave periods ranging from 0.8 to 1.8 sec with 0.1 sec increments and wave heights of 5, 10 and 15 cm. The methods using two and three probes with phase measurement yield better results than the three probe method without phase measurement, and in general they have a wider range of application. The method using three probes without the phase measurement generally fails due to numerical instability of the scheme. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with the two and three probe methods and a comparative analysis of the four methods is presented and discussed.     

Reflection and diffraction of internal solitary waves by a circular island

We have investigated the reflection and diffraction of first-mode and second-mode solitary waves by an island, using a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model. The model domain consists of a circular island 15 km in diameter in an ocean 300 m deep. We use prescribed density anomalies in an initially motionless ocean to produce highly energetic internal solitary waves; their subsequent propagation is subject to island perturbations with and without the effect of earth’s rotation. In addition to reflected waves, two wave branches pass around the island and reconnect behind it. Island perturbations to the first-mode and second-mode waves are qualitatively similar, but the latter is more profound because of the longer contact time and, in the presence of earth’s rotation, the scale compatibility between Rossby radius of the second baroclinic mode and the island diameter. Without earth’s rotation, reflected and diffracted waves are symmetrical relative to the longitudinal axis passing through the island center. With earth’s rotation, the current following the wave front veers to the right due to Coriolis deflection. For a westward propagating incoming wave, the deflection favors northward wave propagation in the region between the crossover point and the island, shifting the wave reconnection point behind the island northward. It also displaces the most visible part of the reflected waves to the southeast. In the presence of earth’s rotation, a second-mode incoming wave produces island-trapped internal Kelvin waves, which are visible after the passage of the wave front.     

Separation of Waves by Interpolation Method

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Reflection of irregular waves from perforated-wall caisson breakwaters

An analytical model has been developed that predicts the reflection of irregular waves normally incident upon a perforated-wall caisson breakwater. To examine the predictability of the developed model, laboratory experiments have been conducted for the reflection of irregular waves of various significant wave heights and periods impinging upon breakwaters having various wave chamber widths. For frequency-averaged reflection coefficients, though the overall agreement is fairly good between measurement and calculation, the model somewhat over-predicts the reflection coefficients at larger values, and under-predicts at smaller values. The model also underestimates the energy loss coefficients as wave reflection becomes larger. These differences occur because the model neglects the evanescent waves near the breakwater, which increase the energy loss at the perforated wall. The frequency-averaged reflection coefficient shows a minimum when the wave chamber width is approximately 0.2 times the significant wavelength, and it decreases with increasing wave steepness. Finally, it is shown that the reflection of irregular waves from a perforated-wall caisson breakwater depends on the wave frequency, so that the reflected wave spectrum shows a frequency dependent oscillatory behavior.