欧亚板块均衡大地水准面异常及其动力学特征

采用弹性挠曲模型,利用球谐函数方法计算了欧亚板块均衡大地水准面异常.均衡大地水准面异常消除了地形起伏、地壳物质补偿的影响,主要反映了地幔物质密度异常以及核幔边界起伏和热状态的不均匀分布特征,而这种物质密度和热状态的不均匀分布导致了地幔物质的流动.针对滤波后的均衡大地水准面异常分别计算了欧亚板块大尺度和中尺度的地幔对流,并进行了构造和地球动力学分析.结果表明,现今欧亚板块的地壳运动与地幔对流有着密切的联系.     

中国及邻区大地水准面异常的场源深度探讨

利用中国及邻区地形、地震层析成像、沉积层底面、Moho面及岩石层底面资料,正演计算出中国及邻区岩石圈大地水准面异常;再从全阶大地水准面异常中扣除正演模拟得到的岩石圈大地水准面异常与不同阶次波段的大地水准面进行比较,寻求表示中国及邻区地幔物质不均匀的大地水准面异常的最佳阶次为2-60阶. 结果表明,对应于岩石圈的大地水准面异常的重力位球谐函数阶数为61-20阶;下地幔重力位球谐函数阶数为2-6阶;而-60阶重力位球谐函数则表示中国及邻近区域上地幔大地水准面异常.     

大地水准面异常在湖南地区的地球物理解释

以湖南地区为例,利用超高阶地球重力位模型EGM2008计算了研究区的重力大地水准面,并采用棱柱体公式和球体公式相结合的方法分别进行了完全地形改正和Airy-Heiskanen局部均衡改正,得到布格大地水准面和均衡大地水准面.对三种大地水准面进行不同波长分量的分离处理,得到包含不同深度异常信息的剩余大地水准面,并结合其他地球物理资料对研究区进行了详细的地球物理解释.结果表明,剩余重力大地水准面可以有效地反映出研究区内的深部构造特征,如深大断裂带分布、构造块体位置、上地幔密度横向分布等,但对地壳内异常结构反映不明显;研究区岩石圈密度变化相对平缓,厚度由东向西增加;根据剩余均衡大地水准面及研究区Airy局部均衡莫霍面,可以大致推测出研究区的莫霍面起伏形态以及均衡状态,可作为一种有用的参考信息.     

适于惯性重力测定和重力梯度测定的新协方差模式

文章提出了平面近似范围内地球异常重力场的自相容协方差模式.无沦在参考面内或参考面上方该模型都使大地水准面波动、重力异常、垂直向的偏差,以及二阶梯度自协方差和互协方差呈单一的闭合公.式.而且该模式的重力功率谱密度的主谱衰减与Kaula法则非常一致,以致相当好地拟合了实际重力场谱特征、所匀画的模式可看作时于球面Tscller-n扭g一Rapp模式的乎面等值模式.该解析模式用三个参数表征:重力异常方差、"浅"深度参数、和补偿深度.这些参数分别以比例尺因子、高频衰减、和低频衰减起作用.其中浅深度参数与球谐分析中二倍Bj叮hatnoer球深度相对应,当把补偿深度作为一任意的数学上方便引入时,必须取得重力和大地水准面方差的有限值.     

地球重力模型中球谐函数阶数的异常源深度估计

利用大地水准面高度异常与重力异常的比值方法，通过选择合理的接近真实地球重力异常的异常源，为地球重力位球谐系数阶数与异常源埋深的关系进行了探讨，给出了异常源最大的深度范围。指出在核幔边界起伏的研究中，利用２－８阶重力位球谐系数的比较合理，这与Ｄｚｉｅｗｏｎｓｋｉ等人利用地球资料，在考虑地幔对流时推测的阶数具有较好的一致性。     

天山及邻区Vening Meinesz均衡重力异常特征及其动力学意义

本文基于Vening Meinesz区域均衡模型,通过试验不同参数计算Vening Meinesz均衡补偿深度,将其与CRUST1.0模型给出的莫霍面深度进行拟合,得到适应于天山及邻区的平均补偿深度、"地区性指标"以及区域补偿半径.结合地球重力场模型EIGEN-6C4与地形数据,利用球冠体积分方法进行地形效应、沉积层效应计算和均衡校正,得到了研究区的Vening Meinesz均衡重力异常.结果显示天山及邻区的均衡重力异常幅值在-110~120 mGal之间,表明了天山及周边盆地岩石圈所处于的均衡状态,同时揭示了研究区的壳幔密度分布特征.天山、塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地等块体的地壳垂向形变可能部分地由均衡调整引起,且均衡调整趋势与地面形变测量结果相契合.通过对均衡重力异常成因的解释,从地壳均衡角度分析了该地区复杂的构造背景及其新生代以来的演化历程.     

天山及邻区Vening Meinesz均衡重力异常特征及其动力学意义

本文基于Vening Meinesz区域均衡模型,通过试验不同参数计算Vening Meinesz均衡补偿深度,将其与CRUST1.0模型给出的莫霍面深度进行拟合,得到适应于天山及邻区的平均补偿深度、"地区性指标"以及区域补偿半径.结合地球重力场模型EIGEN-6C4与地形数据,利用球冠体积分方法进行地形效应、沉积层效应计算和均衡校正,得到了研究区的Vening Meinesz均衡重力异常.结果显示天山及邻区的均衡重力异常幅值在-110～120 mGal之间,表明了天山及周边盆地岩石圈所处于的均衡状态,同时揭示了研究区的壳幔密度分布特征.天山、塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地等块体的地壳垂向形变可能部分地由均衡调整引起,且均衡调整趋势与地面形变测量结果相契合.通过对均衡重力异常成因的解释,从地壳均衡角度分析了该地区复杂的构造背景及其新生代以来的演化历程.     

2021年青海玛多Ms7.4地震的重力挠曲均衡背景与震前重力变化

本文综合利用EIGEN6C4布格重力异常、SIO V15.1地形和流动重力观测数据,研究2021年玛多Ms7.4地震的重力挠曲均衡背景和震前重力变化特征.首先,基于岩石圈挠曲均衡模型,结合布格重力异常和地形数据,采用有限差分方法计算了震中及周边地区(青藏高原东北部)岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)和挠曲均衡重力异常.结果表明,青藏高原东北部Te为0～100 km,横向差异明显,且与块体构造关系密切.巴颜喀拉块体以北的柴达木块体Te值高达50～80 km,以南的羌塘块体大部分区域的Te大于20 km,五道梁以南出现局部大于30 km的高值区,玉树—德格地区出现局部大于40 km的高值区.巴颜喀拉块体Te为0～20 km,较其南北块体明显偏小,更易于发生形变,从而在南北"夹持"下发生物质东向运动,是青藏高原中部物质东流的主要区域.地震易发生在岩石圈强弱变化的过渡地带(Te变化梯度带),以及Te较小区域的断裂带上.本次地震即发生在巴颜喀拉块体内部Te低值区,震中附近有效弹性厚度约为15 km.震前流动重力变化分析表明,2015年以来3～5年的累积重力变化自西向东呈负-正-负的区域性变化特征,大致以震中为界形成了垂直于断裂带的重力变化高梯度带,主要反映了震前青藏高原物质东流过程中出现的深部构造运动态势.2018年以来的重力变化主要呈围绕震中形成西正-东负的弱区域性变化特征,显示震中地区已处于高应力应变的"固化"状态,地震即发生在重力变化零值线拐弯部位.     

中国及邻区岩石层大地水准面正演模拟

依据地震层析成像、地震测深和大地电磁测深结果的地球内部结构和物性分布,模拟了中国及邻区岩石圈中短波长大地水准面起伏,正演模拟结果显示：地形起伏引起的大地水准成异常巨大,幅值变化可达２１０ｍ,最大值在青藏高原,达１５０余ｍ,沉积层底面起伏产生的大地水准面异常非常小,幅值只有６．５ｍ,表现出短波长特征,岩石层底面志伏生产的大地水准面异常极为平缓,约为２０ｍ。莫霍面产生的大地水准面异常形态与地形起伏引起的大地水准面异常形态相异,异常幅值只有后者的２／３,在青藏高原只有后者一半,岩石层内密度不均匀引起的大地水准面异常的幅值约为７５ｍ。     

基于重力水准复测的局部大地水准面变化与强震关系研究

大地水准面是静止海洋面(平均海水面)以及假设这个海洋面在大陆内部延伸形成的一个封闭曲面,它既是地球形状的反映,又是地球内部物质分布和运动的体现.大地水准面被认为是地球重力场的几何表象和重力等位面,也是地球上部圈层的一个物理介面.     

The gravity signatures of isostatic,thermally-expanded ridge crests

The gravity anomaly has been computed above isostatic, thermally-balanced speading centers that cool by conduction through their top surfaces. Isothermal, and therefore isodense, surfaces were treated as topographic boundaries between layers of different density, and Fourier transforms of power series of the topographic height were used to find the gravity. Convergence requires that the anomaly tend to zero with increasing distance from the ridge crest, and when this is obtained, a crestal positive anomaly is flanked by compensating negatives. Both the magnitude and the spatial width of the anomalies decrease with increasing spreading rate.The ～5 mgal gravity anomalies observed over fast-spreading ridges are matched well by the calculations, but slow-spreading ridges usually have a central rift valley in place of the smooth crest of the idealized isostatic thermal model. The mass deficiency of the valley cancels out the ～40 mgal positive peak that would otherwise occur. The short-wavelength anomaly amplitudes of such ridges are less than 25 mgal and follow the observed local rift valley and flanking ridge topography closely. Excess positive gravity and topography of the flanking ridges suggests compensation of the mass deficiency in the rift valley. However, long-wavelength gravity anomalies such as those observed in the northern Mid-Atlantic cannot be due to topography that is isostatically compensated at a shallow depth. These must be caused either by dynamic forces or by large-scale density differences compensated at much greater depths.     

Geoid anomalies over Gorringe Ridge,North Atlantic Ocean

Gorringe Ridge is a strong uplifted block of oceanic crust and upper mantle lying at the eastern end of the Azores-Gibraltar plate boundary. The geoid over this structure derived from Seasat altimeter data exhibits a 9-m height anomaly with a north-south lateral extension smaller than 200 km. An attempt is made to interpret this geoid together with the gravity anomalies and with the seismicity, which has been compiled as a function of depth.It is first shown that the flexure of the oceanic lithosphere due to the ridge loading does not provide a good fit of the geoid anomalies and probably should be discarded, as it assumes a continuous unfractured elastic plate.Models involving local heterogeneities are then tested. The comparison of the observed geoid anomalies with the anomalies due to the uncompensated relief indicates that the topographic high has no shallow compensation.Uncompensated models, previously proposed to explain the gravity anomalies, are tested using the geoid. One model (Purdy and Bonnin, in Bonnin [11]), which involves an uplift of upper mantle material at depth, generates too strong geoid anomalies and must be discarded. Another model, which represents a nascent subduction zone (Le Pichon et al. [25]), fits both the gravity and geoid anomalies, but leads to difficulties in explaining the deep seismicity north of Gorringe Ridge.A model in isostatic equilibrium is also able to fit both gravity and geoid anomalies. This model involves a deep root of density 3.0 g cm^?3, as has been previously proposed for many oceanic ridges and plateaus. This model is compatible with the deep seismicity, but the origin of this low-density material at great depth is up to now an unresolved question.More likely, dynamical models taking into account the forces induced by the convection related to the slow plate convergence in this area will have to be considered.     

The geoid-to-quasigeoid difference using an arbitrary gravity reduction model

Recently it was proved that the classical formula for computing the geoid to quasigeoid separation (GQS) by the Bouguer gravity anomaly needs a topographic correction. Here we generalize the modelling of the GQS not only to Bouguer types of anomalies, but also to arbitrary reductions of topographic gravity. Of particular interest for practical applications should be isostatic and Helmert types of reductions, which provide smaller and smoother components, more suitable for interpolation and calculation, than the Bouguer reduction.     

欧亚地区均衡残差大地水准面和上地幔强度

首先计算了欧亚地区均衡残差大地水准面．基于地幔热对流的内负荷理论和最新全球层析成像结果，探讨了欧亚地区中波长均衡残差大地水准面的地球动力学意义．研究结果表明，中波长均衡残差大地水准面主要受上地幔粘滞度和岩石层强度的影响，进而得出欧亚地区一些古老地盾和构造稳定地区的上地幔与年轻山脉及构造活动地区的上地幔结构存在着差异．这个差异主要是占老地盾和构造稳定地区，如波罗的海地盾、中西伯利亚地台、东欧等区域，冷却的上地幔已穿透地幔较深，上地幔与岩石层之间耦合较好;而年轻山脉和构造活动区，如帕米尔、天山、贝加尔活动带、青藏高原、日本海周围地区，在上地幔可能存在着热物质即粘滞度很低的软流层，上地幔与岩石层耦合程度较差，甚至有可能解耦．从欧亚地区上地幔属性的差异，可以解释该地区的一些地球动力学问题．     

Isostatic status in North China (1) Method and local compensation

Following Airy and Pratt principles, five kinds of local-compensation models are analysed and a rapid 3-D gravity formula is utilized to calculate isostatic anomalies for 66 models with different parameters. It is noted that isostatic gravity maps appear nearly identical in their main patterns and features. The optimum compensation model in North China is one of modified Airy models in which the different density distribution in the surface, upper crust and lower crust is taken into account and the standard crustal thickness is about 50km. The position of the complete compensation interface is located in the upper mantle. The North China platform as a whole is under sub-isostatic equilibrium status with an isostatic anomaly of about 18·10⁻⁵ m/s² on an average. The distribution of isostatic gravity anomaly shows an obvious blockwise pattern. Most positive anomaly areas occur over the eastern part, the Jiao-Liao Block, Mt. Yan block and northern margin of the Hebei-Shandong block, whereas a negative area occurs in the Shanxi graben. The comparison of models indicates that the Moho discontinuity is not suitable to be taken as a compensation interface, and the compensation effects in Airy model are better than that in Pratt model, which is consistent with the feature of dominant layered structure and less lateral inhomogeneity in crust. Some results about composite compensation, the basic characteristics of isostatic anomaly and deep stucture will be published later in the second part of this paper. Wang Bowen took part in some work in this paper.     

High-harmonic geoid signatures related to glacial isostatic adjustment and their detectability by GOCE

The Earth’s asthenosphere and lower continental crust can regionally have viscosities that are one to several orders of magnitude smaller than typical mantle viscosities. As a consequence, such shallow low-viscosity layers could induce high-harmonic (spherical harmonics 50–200) gravity and geoid anomalies due to remaining isostasy deviations following Late-Pleistocene glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Such high-harmonic geoid and gravity signatures would depend also on the detailed ice and meltwater loading distribution and history.ESA’s Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite mission, planned for launch in Summer 2008, is designed to map the quasi-static geoid with centimeter accuracy and gravity anomalies with milligal accuracy at a resolution of 100 km or better. This might offer the possibility of detecting gravity and geoid effects of low-viscosity shallow earth layers and differences of the effects of various Pleistocene ice decay scenarios. For example, our predictions show that for a typical low-viscosity crustal zone GOCE should be able to discern differences between ice-load histories down to length scales of about 150 km.One of the major challenges in interpreting such high-harmonic, regional-scale, geoid signatures in GOCE solutions will be to discriminate GIA-signatures from various other solid-earth contributions. It might be of help here that the high-harmonic geoid and gravity signatures form quite characteristic 2D patterns, depending on both ice load and low-viscosity zone model parameters.     

High-harmonic geoid signatures related to glacial isostatic adjustment and their detectability by GOCE

The Earth’s asthenosphere and lower continental crust can regionally have viscosities that are one to several orders of magnitude smaller than typical mantle viscosities. As a consequence, such shallow low-viscosity layers could induce high-harmonic (spherical harmonics 50–200) gravity and geoid anomalies due to remaining isostasy deviations following Late-Pleistocene glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Such high-harmonic geoid and gravity signatures would depend also on the detailed ice and meltwater loading distribution and history.ESA’s Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite mission, planned for launch in Summer 2008, is designed to map the quasi-static geoid with centimeter accuracy and gravity anomalies with milligal accuracy at a resolution of 100 km or better. This might offer the possibility of detecting gravity and geoid effects of low-viscosity shallow earth layers and differences of the effects of various Pleistocene ice decay scenarios. For example, our predictions show that for a typical low-viscosity crustal zone GOCE should be able to discern differences between ice-load histories down to length scales of about 150 km.One of the major challenges in interpreting such high-harmonic, regional-scale, geoid signatures in GOCE solutions will be to discriminate GIA-signatures from various other solid-earth contributions. It might be of help here that the high-harmonic geoid and gravity signatures form quite characteristic 2D patterns, depending on both ice load and low-viscosity zone model parameters.