破碎地层孔壁稳定技术的探讨与实践

在破碎地层钻探施工中,提高破碎带地层破碎岩块之间的胶结力、快速封堵地层裂缝形成完整孔壁及适当的冲洗液密度是破碎地层孔壁稳定的关键。防塌型随钻堵漏剂、改性沥青的加入能有效封堵地层裂缝,提高孔壁承压能力。LBM冲洗液体系和接枝淀粉冲洗液体系具有良好的造壁性能和流变性能,在破碎地层施工中取得良好的使用效果。     

西藏罗布莎科学钻孔冲洗液技术

通过西藏罗布莎科学钻孔施工过程冲洗液应用实践,结合现场试验室试验情况及实际生产过程中使用的泥浆类型、配方、性能特点、使用情况,总结出适合罗布莎铬铁矿区易坍塌、破碎、漏失、缩径等复杂地层钻探施工的冲洗液配方,并对不同类型冲洗液使用情况及存在的不足进行了阐述,对同一配方冲洗液在不同钻探工艺条件下使用所取得的不同效果做出了说明,为今后坍塌、破碎、漏失、缩径等复杂地层深部钻探的冲洗液配方选择提供了一些参考。     

荡坪钨矿宝山矿区复杂地层钻进工艺

江西荡坪钨矿宝山矿区地层复杂,岩石硬度高,破碎松散,钻进难度大,易出现坍塌、缩径、卡钻、埋钻等事故。针对该矿区复杂地层特点及施工难点,从设备选择、钻孔结构、钻头选用、冲洗液及护壁堵漏等方面,总结了一套有针对性的钻探技术措施,并在现场取得了较好的效果。     

塔里木盆地柯坪地区新苏地1井冲洗液护壁堵漏工艺

塔里木盆地柯坪地区地质调查井钻探工程项目新苏地1井,位于塔里木盆地阿瓦提凹陷沙井子构造带上,该构造带地层倾角大、胶结性差、破碎严重,井壁稳定性差。钻遇地层岩性主要为泥岩、砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、灰岩、白云岩、含泥云岩、石英片岩等,存在多处垮塌和漏失井段。现场采用聚合物防塌冲洗液体系,较好地解决了地层破碎、坍塌掉块等复杂问题,该体系具有抑制性强、胶结性好,在整井的施工中取得了较好的护壁堵漏应用效果,保证了项目的顺利实施。     

成膜抑制冲洗液体系在地应力钻探中的应用

地应力钻孔是地应力测量的基础场所,对钻孔孔壁质量要求较高,当钻遇地层存在破碎、膨胀缩径等问题时,严重影响了钻孔正常钻进,需要配制专门的冲洗液解决以上问题,以保证钻孔顺利施工。本文详细介绍了处理此类问题的成膜抑制冲洗液体系的配方组成、配制与维护方法和使用效果,该冲洗液体系由成膜抑制剂、接枝淀粉及铵盐等配制而成,对泥页岩地层膨胀缩径、分散造浆起到较强的抑制作用,同时对松散、破碎地层也具有良好的胶结,护壁效果好,有效解决了上述复杂地层钻进所面临的技术难题,为类似复杂地质条件下的钻孔施工提供了有益的参考。     

河南省洛宁上宫金矿复杂地层钻探施工技术

河南省洛宁上宫金矿区地质条件复杂,地层破碎,特别是中下部蚀变绿泥石化严重,遇水分散剥落坍塌,易造成下钻困难、埋钻等事故,施工难度大。针对矿区地层特点,从设备材料选型、钻孔结构、钻头选用等方面采取措施,重点应用成膜冲洗液解决蚀变破碎绿泥石化地层孔壁失稳取心钻进困难问题,取得了显著效果,为今后复杂地层施工积累了一定的经验。     

宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔冲洗液护壁技术

宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔设计深度800 m,钻探过程中钻遇200余米第四系未胶结松散地层,主要有砾石（漂砾）—粗砂—中砂—细砂互层,钻孔护壁难度大,容易发生掉块、塌孔事故,取心困难;进入第三系钻遇清水营组紫红色泥岩,地层造浆且易打滑;进入白垩系宜君组,钻遇365.91 m的破碎砾岩,地层松散破碎,钻进过程易卡钻,回转阻力大,回次进尺少,进尺慢。根据类似钻孔施工资料及地层情况最终采用成膜护壁冲洗液,钻进过程中穿过多层复杂地层,成膜护壁冲洗液在破碎砾岩孔段起到了很好的护壁效果,没有出现掉块、塌孔事故;岩心采取率满足地质设计要求,全孔平均采取率达到95.89%;节约了套管下入深度,终孔深度800 m,终孔口径124.00 mm。     

川藏铁路复杂地层水平孔钻探护壁堵漏研究与应用

川藏铁路地处青藏高原东南部,由于构造活动发育,岩体松散破碎,裂隙及承压水发育,勘察这些地层过程中时常发生塌孔、掉块卡钻、冲洗液漏失等复杂情况。本文针对隧道出口段地层设计的定向水平孔,在钻进过程中出现孔壁失稳和冲洗液漏失等问题,通过分析孔内地层特征、漏失情况,提出了适宜的冲洗液体系。随后,进行正交实验快速得到护壁堵漏材料掺量的最优组合,并通过后续的工程实践结果验证并改进,使得冲洗液工艺效果明显。优化配方后的冲洗液,能够大幅度减少孔内事故,有效地促进勘探进度,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

对水文钻探冲洗液的认识

水文地质钻探常常在第四纪地层或基岩中的断裂破碎地带等复杂地层中进行。因此，水文钻探工艺比之固体矿床勘察钻探更为复杂，特别是保持孔壁的稳定和地下水通道的疏导，更成了水文钻探工作者的艰巨任务。在地热钻探中，由于高温及有害成分对冲洗液引起的不良影响，还有不少问题需要解决，现阶段往往是把在凉水钻探中运用得较成功的冲洗液勉强照搬过来。本文试图从分析总结我队现用的冲洗液入手，谈谈对水文钻探冲洗液的一些浮浅认识。     

强成膜性护壁冲洗液体系的研究与应用

强成膜性护壁冲洗液体系是地质调查项目"重点成矿带钻探冲洗液关键技术研究与示范"项目的研究成果之一,是以强成膜性护壁剂GCMJ-2为主要处理剂而配制的一种护壁冲洗液体系。该冲洗液体系主要针对松散破碎地层及强水敏性地层的钻探施工中遇到的难题,具有强成膜性、抑制性和胶结性。通过在宁夏银川盆地第四系环境科学钻探、新疆黄土钻探以及四川若尔盖湖泊科学钻探中应用,该体系显示出较强的护壁和护心效果:孔壁稳定、取心质量好,有效地保证了项目的顺利实施。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861