基于矢量有限元法的三维CSAMT模拟对近场效应影响因素的研究

可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT)的人工可控场源会带来近场效应的问题,如果在实际数据反演时利用了近场数据,将会导致对地质构造的错误推断,从而给实际工作带来麻烦和经济损失。本文采用六面体网格剖分的矢量有限元方法进行三维CSAMT正演数值模拟,通过建立不同的地质模型,研究近场效应的影响因素及规律。层状模型的正演结果与理论解对比验证了算法以及程序的正确性。设计了不同电阻率的均匀半空间、场源下存在异常体、场源与接收点之间存在地形和地表异常薄层等地质模型,分析了视电阻率和阻抗相位的响应特征。得到如下结论:(1)均匀大地电阻率大小、场源与接收点之间存在低阻异常体,场源与接收点之间存在山峰地形以及地表异常薄层均会影响近场效应;(2)场源和接收点之间存在高阻异常体,场源与接收点之间存在山谷地形,场源下方存在异常体虽然影响近区的数据,但是对近区频点基本无影响。研究结果可为实际工作中收发距的选取提供参考,具有一定的理论价值。     

CSAMT场源效应试验研究

在可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）野外勘查中,往往会存在场源效应的影响,而且场源效应也是长期以来困扰CSAMT野外施工和数据处理解释的难题。因此,识别场源效应,分析场源效应的影响特征,对CSAMT的实际应用效果非常重要。这里采用野外试验的方法。对场源效应进行了试验对比,初步总结了CSAMT场源效应对其视电阻率和阻抗相位的影响特征。     

被动式超低频电磁探测数据采集与处理方法研究

由于被动式超低频电磁探测仪具有便携易用、野外布线简单、受地形影响小并且对低阻体、高阻体均有反映的特点,因此在能源勘探、资源勘察和地质构造探测中展现出良好的性能与开发潜力,接收来自地下深部的天然源超低频电磁信号的勘探技术,已成为国内外近些年来的研究热点。文中首先介绍了被动式超低频电磁探测技术最近几年的野外试验情况及超低频磁场传感器的主要技术指标水平,认为目前BD-6型被动式超低频电磁探测仪无论在频谱分辨率、信噪比,还是在探测效率方面都得到了极大提高;其次,分析了场源效应、频深转换公式、分辨率因素对数据采集、处理过程的影响;提出场源效应导致的随机噪声可以通过多次采集数据叠加平均方法加以降低,利用已知地质和钻井资料修正后的频深转换公式更适用于某种勘探目标(煤层气、地下水等)和某个地区探测数据的解释;采用适当的线性(谱分析法)和非线性(分数维法)分析方法,可以为探测数据的处理与解释提供新的方法和技术途径。     

地面核磁共振三维响应影响因素

传统的核磁共振激发场的计算中,很少考虑三维地下介质的电性变化以及发射线圈姿态对激发场的影响,笔者借助地面核磁共振三维有限元正演模拟,开展了核磁共振三维响应影响因素分析。首先,基于三维有限元方法实现了非均匀介质条件下地面核磁共振激发场的计算,以便于分析介质电性变化对核磁共振响应的影响;其次,在源的加载过程采用近似函数来等效场源的作用,使之能够适用于不同发射回线激发的情况,进而利用旋转矩阵实现垂直地磁场分量的计算;最后通过不同条件下核磁共振响应的计算,分析了盖层电阻率、含水体背景电阻率、局部不均匀体以及发射线圈姿态等参数对核磁共振信号的影响。计算结果表明:核磁共振响应对高阻盖层电阻率变化不敏感;低阻含水体背景对核磁共振响应的影响较大;异常体规模越大,对核磁响应的影响越大,对于一定规模的异常体,低阻条件下的核磁共振响应差异明显;与电性参数变化相比,不同的发射线圈姿态对核磁信号影响更大,野外应考虑线圈姿态影响。     

覆盖层影响下典型地-井模型瞬变电磁法正演

地-井瞬变电磁法是用于地质找矿的有效方法之一,开展该方法的三维正演研究能对资料处理与解释提供帮助。在时间域有限差分算法的基础上,建立了三维地质模型和覆盖层模型,模拟了该模型下的地-井瞬变电磁响应;引入了参数EA,分析了方形低阻体和覆盖层的响应特征以及覆盖层影响因素。结果显示：低阻体位于发射场源下方时,其响应曲线呈现“双高一低”的极值特征,高峰值分别对应低阻体上下边界,低峰值对应低阻体中心;低阻体位于发射场源旁边时,其响应曲线呈现单极值特征,该特征与覆盖层响应特征相同。当覆盖层电阻率较低时,“趋肤效应”作用使覆盖层的响应强度强于低阻体;但当发射场源离钻孔足够远时,覆盖层影响可以忽略,低阻体响应强度更与覆盖层-低阻体电阻率的比值有关。孔中发射能有效降低覆盖层影响。     

三维CSAMT中的阴影和场源附加效应

阴影和场源附加效应将导致对地质构造的错误推断,在实际工作中将导致一定的经济损失。这里通过利用有限单元法数值模拟了阴影和场源附加效应,对比分析均匀半空间中异常体在场源与测线之间不同位置的数值模拟结果,得出了阴影效应影响规律。同时,通过扩大测区范围得出阴影效应的影响区域比异常体本身大得多,并且阴影区域穿过异常体的中心,从中心向两边阴影效应逐渐减弱。通过改变收发距的大小,异常体的埋深以及其形态大小,分析了阴影和场源附加效应的影响程度。     

CSAMT 2.5维有限元数值模拟

对三维场源二维地电模型的正演计算称为2.5维数值模拟。这里从麦克斯韦方程组出发,1分别求解电磁场的一次场和二次场,将三维场源降为二维;2利用傅氏变换将空间域方程转化为波数域,应用有限元求解波数域电磁场方程,引入无限元解决无穷远边界的收敛问题;3根据电磁场值实虚部的曲线特征,按对数等间隔选取21个波数。编写代码计算均匀半空间与解析解结果对比,电阻率的均方相对误差均小于0.5%,证明其有效性。计算了三种地电模型的电磁场响应,对单一高、低阻体和高低阻组合体的模拟效果真实,异常中心位置基本吻合。结果证明,这里的CSAMT2.5-D正演算法可以模拟较为复杂的地电模型,并取得良好的效果。     

基于cole-cole复电阻率模型的线源可控源有限元数值模拟

受激发极化效应的影响,大地中岩(矿)石电阻率是一个与频率、电化学性质等因素有关的复电阻率。接收到的电磁场信号中,包含了电磁感应效应以及激发极化效应双重因素的影响。将cole-cole复电阻率模型引入二维线源可控源正演理论,加载伪delta函数,实现了含激发极化效应的线源可控源有限元数值模拟。计算了不同极化参数的二维地质体线源可控源的影响特征。结果表明:线源可控源响应对IP效应反映明显,视电阻率出现增高的特征;低阻高极化相对于高阻高极化模型受IP效应影响更大,从低阻中提取IP效应更加乐观。该研究为实现从复杂地质条件下CSAMT信号提取IP效应奠定了基础。     

圆锥型场源瞬变电磁法试验研究

圆锥型场源是一种新型瞬变电磁发射装置,前期理论研究结果显示该装置具有诸多优点。为了进一步验证该装置的实际探测能力,制作了2种装置在地面和煤矿巷道两种环境下开展了试验研究。地面试验结合高密度电阻率法的探测成果,将圆锥型场源和多匝小回线的探测结果进行比较,结果显示,圆锥型场源对不同地层的电性特征刻画更为准确,识别出的1条断层与高密度电阻率成果更为吻合。矿井超前探测试验结果显示,圆锥型场源的低阻区划分更为精细,尤其在工作面方向显示出更强的低阻分辨能力,多匝小回线探测成果中存在1个低阻连通区,经圆锥型场源探测证实为2个不连通的低阻异常。此外,圆锥型场源的发射和接收线框形状和面积更为稳定,对提升瞬变电磁法工作效率和数据质量有较大的帮助。      

均匀大地CSAMT静态效应模拟及其特征研究

静态效应是深部探测噪声之一。为深入认识静态效应,以均匀大地为背景,卡尼亚视电阻率为解释参数,分别模拟旁侧和轴侧两种观测方式中含有静态效应的地表响应,得到以下结论:(1)两种观测方式中的静态效应特征表现一致。(2)异常体正上方的测点受干扰程度最大,测点离异常体越远,受干扰程度越小。(3)低阻异常体引起干扰区域的等值线下凹,电阻率越低下凹越明显,高阻异常体引起干扰区域的等值线上凸,但增大异常体的电阻率,等值线上凸的变化并不明显;无论是低阻异常还是高阻异常都会引起干扰区域的中高频段等值线近乎直立。(4)低阻体的静态效应使低频段的标准曲线平行下移,但在中高频段标准曲线平行下移程度与低阻体的电阻率有关,电阻率越低,标准曲线平行下移程度越差,这是由于电阻率较低的异常体在中高频段有较强的电磁感应异常,这种异常被叠加到了静态效应中;而高阻体的静态效应使标准曲线在整个频段上平行上移。研究结果可为静态效应的识别及校正算法的改进提供参考,具有一定的理论和应用价值。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861