闪锌矿中的Cd主要类质同象置换Fe而不是Zn

闪锌矿是自然界广泛分布的金属矿物,经常含微量的Fe、Cd等杂质元素,并认为Cd和Fe以类质同象方式取代了Zn。但是作者注意到,闪锌矿中的Cd与Zn基本都呈正相关关系,而与Fe呈很好的负相关关系。依照类质同象的定义,类质同象替换的二个元素应该呈负相关关系。因此,我们认为闪锌矿中的Cd主要不是类质同象替换Zn,而是取代了Fe。闪锌矿中的铁主要是Fe2+。Fe2+与Cd2+地球化学性质相似,FeS与CdS的键长和晶格能相近,因此,Cd完全可以类质同象置换闪锌矿中的Fe2+。     

闽中梅仙丁家山铅锌矿床硫化物微量元素地球化学特征及其成矿意义

梅仙丁家山铅锌矿床是闽中新元古代马面山群中多个大中型铅锌多金属矿床的典型代表.本文以丁家山铅锌矿床两类矿石(含磁黄铁矿矿石和含磁铁矿矿石)内的闪锌矿和黄铁矿为研究对象,通过电子探针及LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析技术,揭示二者的微量元素组成和赋存状态,探讨成矿温度及矿床成因方面的重要信息.分析结果显示:闪锌矿内Fe、Mn、Cd、Cu、In、Pb、Bi元素较为富集,两类矿石内的闪锌矿除Fe元素含量相差较大以外(平均值分别为9.3％和1.7％),其他元素含量并无明显差异;电子探针面扫描和LA-ICP-MS剥蚀图像显示元素Mn、Cd、In以类质同象形式存在,而Fe、Cu、Pb、Bi则有类质同象和显微包体2种存在形式.黄铁矿微量元素含量整体较低,元素Co、Ni、Pb、Bi相对富集,Ni、Mn主要以类质同象形式存在,Cu、Co有类质同象替换和显微包体2种形式,Pb、Bi主要以方铅矿包体形式存在.两类矿石中的闪锌矿Zn/Cd比值分别在120～150之间和93～210之间,均指示中温成矿条件.两类闪锌矿内Fe、Cd、Mn元素含量特征与典型矽卡岩型矿床内的闪锌矿相吻合;矿床内硫化物硫同位素组成揭示成矿物质来自于岩浆岩.上述证据共同支持梅仙丁家山铅锌矿矿床属矽卡岩型矿床.     

大吉山稀有金属花岗岩中富镉闪锌矿的矿物学特征

电子探针研究表明江西大吉山矿床二云母花岗岩和白云母花岗岩中副矿物闪锌矿为富镉闪锌矿(Cd,4.34—19.89％,wt％,下同),铁含量低(Fe,1.03—4.24),尤以具W、Be、Ta、Nb矿化的白云母花岗岩中闪锌矿镉含量为高,并随岩体由下到上(标高的增大)而增高。矿物中Cd+Fe与Zn之间存在良好的线性负相关关系,指示了主要类质同象替代发生在Cd、Fe与Zn之间。矿物中可能存在不等位替代现象和四面体空位。富镉闪锌矿晶胞参数为0.54250—0.54440nm,随矿物中Cd含量的增加而增大。对照表明,当矿物中镉含量特别高时,Skinner(1961)晶胞参数计算公式估计值偏大,需作重新修正。最后,文章对富镉闪锌矿的成因意义进行了讨论。     

近中性溶液条件下富镉铅锌矿矿石的风化淋滤实验研究

在近中性溶液条件下对富镉锌矿石进行了风化淋滤实验研究,发现淋滤液中产生大量以石膏为主要成分的沉淀物。淋滤液呈碱性,淋滤出来的Zn、Cd以水溶态和沉淀态形式存在,而以后者为主。淋滤50天后,黄铁矿闪锌矿石中Zn、Cd的淋滤率为0．03％和0．01％,而半氧化闪锌矿石Zn、Cd的淋滤率则高得多,分别0．10％和0．60％。     

贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床成矿流体来源

对贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床的地质地球化学研究表明,该矿床的形成与麻江古油藏有关,其成矿流体可能是由麻江古油藏油田卤水演化而来,古油藏排除的烃类和油田卤水在运移过程中,活化萃取了清虚洞组白云岩和其下伏地层乌训组页岩及灰岩中大量的Cd和Zn等成矿物质,在矿区遇到富含Ca2+和Mg2+的岩石地球化学障,海相沉积岩中的SO2-4被油田卤水中有机质还原产生大量的H2S,导致闪锌矿等硫化物的沉淀,Cd以类质同象赋存于闪锌矿等硫化物中,并在矿田范围内留下一些有机质活动的痕迹.     

闪锌矿的Fe、Cd关系随其颜色变化而变化

闪锌矿是自然界常见的重要金属矿物,含有很多种杂质元素,其中Fe、Cd是闪锌矿最常见,也是最重要的杂质元素。普遍认为,闪锌矿中的Cd、Fe是类质同象取代了Zn。但是,笔者研究发现闪锌矿的Cd与Zn往往成正相关,与Fe呈负消长。说明闪锌矿的Cd类质同象置换主要不是Zn,而是Fe。而且,闪锌矿Cd与Fe的相关性随其颜色的改变而变化。深色闪锌矿的Cd与Fe呈负相关,褐色闪锌矿Cd与Fe既有负消长关系,又有正消长关系。浅色闪锌矿的Cd与Fe呈正相关的数量大增。暗色闪锌矿多形成于高温,Fe具有强烈置换Zn能力。随着形成温度下降,Fe交代Zn的能力不仅逐渐减弱,而且,闪锌矿晶格的Fe变得不稳定,而被释放出来,主要由Cd替代。浅色闪锌矿形成于低温,矿液结晶的后期。矿液中的Zn可能不能满足闪锌矿结晶对Zn的需求,就由离子参数相似的Cd2+和Fe2+替代。致使闪锌矿的Cd与Fe呈正相关,Cd和Fe与Zn负消长。     

黔西北铅锌成矿区矿石硫化物中镉的富集规律及机制

黔西北铅锌成矿区多数矿床矿石硫化物中富集多种分散元素（如cd、Ge、se、In和Ga等）,特别是cd的含量最高,达2906X10^6。利用电子探针（EPMA）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）等先进分析设备,初步查明了本区代表性矿床矿石硫化物中分散元素cd的赋存状态及富集规律：cd主要以类质同象形式赋存于金属硫化物相中,特别是闪锌矿中;其富集规律为闪锌矿cd含量最高,其次为方铅矿,最低为黄铁矿。研究发现闪锌矿中Cd含量与其zn含量并不呈类质同象的负相关特征,而是呈明显的正相关关系,并与闪锌矿中Fe含量呈“双曲线”的相关趋势,这一特征表明cd在闪锌矿中富集可能是通过替代其中的Fe实现的,研究认为是流体混合结果,这可能代表一种新的富集成矿机制。     

阿尔金喀腊达坂铅锌矿床金属硫化物元素地球化学特征及其对成矿作用的制约

喀腊达坂铅锌矿床是近年来在阿尔金北缘红柳沟-拉配泉金铜铁多金属成矿带内发现的一处大型铅锌矿床(铅锌铜金属资源量82.88万吨,平均品位:Zn 4.14%、Pb2.52%和Cu 1.10%)。相比找矿勘查取得的重大突破,对其成矿作用的研究则显得相对薄弱,目前有关该矿床成因的认识还存在分歧。本文试图通过硫化物电子探针和LA-ICPMS微量元素分析,结合元素Mapping面分析,查明闪锌矿和方铅矿中微量元素的分布特征和赋存状态,以期为理解该矿床成因提供有益信息。分析结果显示:闪锌矿相对富Fe、Mn和Cd等元素,贫In、Sn、Ga、Cr、Ge和Co等元素,Cu和Pb的含量变化大,Fe、Mn、Cd、In、Ga和Cr在闪锌矿中以类质同象形式存在,而Cu和Pb则可能既以类质同象形式又以显微包体形式存在;方铅矿相对富Bi、Sb、Ag和Tl,贫Cd、Cu、Sn和Te为特征,其中前者以类质同象形式赋存于方铅矿中。达坂闪锌矿的颜色以红褐色、灰白色和米黄色为主,其Zn、Fe、Cd、Ga和In含量及Zn/Cd、Zn/Fe和Ga/In比值显示闪锌矿的形成温度为中温。基于闪锌矿-方铅矿共生矿物对Cd地质温度计获得的温度范围为277～321℃,平均值为290℃,亦说明达坂矿床硫化物的形成温度不高。与全球不同成因铅锌矿床的微量元素及相关比值相比,达坂铅锌矿床硫化物的微量元素组成特征与VMS型矿床(如Marketorp、Eskay Creek、澜沧老厂等)更为类似,但达坂矿床的闪锌矿中黄铜矿"病毒"结构十分发育,加之矿体变质变形特征明显。因此,本文认为达坂铅锌矿床以VMS型成因为主,但不排除后期热液对其形成有一定程度的影响。     

云南金顶铅锌矿床中铊、镉元素分布规律研究

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床是中国最大的铅锌矿床,已有的研究都集中于金顶铅锌矿床的成矿物质来源、成矿流体性质、矿床成因以及Cd、Tl元素污染的研究,未开展矿床中分散元素赋存状态的研究。因此,厘清矿床中这些伴生元素的赋存状态,对资源的综合利用甚为关键。本文基于对金顶矿床各类铅锌矿石和尾矿中主微量元素分析和检测,结合扫描电镜和电子探针分析,对矿床中Cd、Tl进行了赋存状态的研究。结果表明,Tl元素和Fe关系密切(R=0.84),而Cd与Zn关系密切(R=0.93);电子探针和扫描电镜微区观察,均未发现铊的单矿物,推测Tl以类质同象形式存在于黄铁矿中,Cd呈均匀状分布于闪锌矿和菱锌矿中。但在个别样品的菱锌矿中发现了极少量的具明显次生特征的硫镉矿(2~5μm),说明Cd主要以类质同象形式存在锌矿物中,而极少呈独立矿物。     

云南省富乐铅锌多金属矿床闪锌矿中分散元素地球化学特征

分散元素广泛应用于高新技术领域,具有重要的经济价值,但因其在地壳中的低含量和其本身地球化学性质的分散性而不易富集成矿,但是富乐铅锌矿床中却有4种分散元素Cd,Se,G e,G a具有工业价值。该矿床位于我国重要的川滇黔多金属成矿带南东部,分散元素主要赋存在闪锌矿中,平均w(B)/10-6分别为Cd 16 183,Se 163,G e 135,G a 86,其中w(Cd)是迄今国内最高。闪锌矿分棕黑色、红棕色和黄棕色3种颜色。Cd在深色闪锌矿中而G e和G a在浅色闪锌矿中相对富集,Se在不同颜色闪锌矿中含量几乎不变。Cd,G e,Se主要呈类质同象形式存在,Cd,G e占据Zn的位置,而Se占据S的位置。G a主要以显微吸附形式存在,少量以类质同象形式存在。Zn与Cd负相关,而与G e正相关,与Se不相关。分散元素地球化学特征指示矿床为沉积-改造成因。     

水稻吸收Cd的地球化学控制因素研究——以苏锡常典型区为例

对苏锡常地区416套稻米-耕层土样品Cd等元素含量的解剖研究,证实了土壤Cd、Zn、Se、p H、OM、CEC等是控制稻米Cd的重要地球化学因素。相关统计分析结果显示:1)酸性土壤环境中当稻米Cd的BCF值大于10%时,稻米Cd与土壤Cd、Zn呈显著正相关,相关系数大于0.67。土壤Cd的生物有效量普遍较高,土壤中酸可溶态Cd与稻米Cd含量的相关系数大于0.7,接近或稍高于稻米与土壤Cd的相关性;2)土壤Se、OM、CEC均能抑制水稻对土壤Cd的吸收,在一定条件下稻米Cd与土壤Se、OM、CEC之间显著负相关,相关系数均小于-0.5;3)土壤酸化可促进稻米对土壤Cd的吸收,当土壤Cd0.2 mg/kg、OM变化于2.5%~6.5%时,稻米Cd与土壤p H呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.6;4)水稻不同器官中Cd含量不同,从根部→地上部→稻米Cd含量渐次降低,指示根部水稻器官在稻米从土壤吸收Cd的过程中发挥了更大作用、水稻根系吸收的Cd多积聚于根部。     

广东省典型铅锌多金属矿床镉的分布特征

以广东省典型铅锌多金属矿床为例,探讨各矿区镉的含量特征及不同类型矿床闪锌矿中镉的含量及锌镉比值分布特点,结果显示,镉富集程度受不同矿区地球化学背景的影响较大;不同矿区镉与锌均表现出相关—强相关关系,表明两者在成矿过程中具有相似的地球化学特征;高镉含量与低锌镉比值叠合区主要位于已知铅锌矿床分布地段,向四周镉的富集程度有所降低;不同矿床的闪锌矿中,镉的富集系数及锌镉比值具明显阶梯性,除受控于闪锌矿的形成温度、颜色及类型外,还与矿区富银关系密切。该研究为了解广东省镉分布特征及镉矿地质评价工作提供了科学依据。     

The Niujiaotang Cd-rich zinc deposit,Duyun, Guizhou province,southwest China: ore genesis and mechanisms of cadmium concentration

The Niujiaotang zinc deposit in southeastern Guizhou, China, is a Mississippi Valley-type Zn deposit within Early Cambrian carbonate rocks. Sphalerite is enriched in cadmium (average 1.4 wt.% Cd), which occurs mostly as isomorphous impurities in the sphalerite lattice. Discrete cadmium minerals (greenockite and otavite) are rare and are found almost exclusively in the oxidation zone of the deposit, probably formed as secondary minerals during weathering–leaching processes. Geochemical data show that the sulfides are enriched in heavy sulfur, with δ³⁴S ranging from +10.0‰ to +32.8‰ (mean +22.5‰). The consistent Pb isotopic compositions in different sulfide minerals are similar to that of Cambrian strata. The ore lead probably came from U- and Th-rich upper crustal rocks, such as the Lower Cambrian Wuxun Formation. The ore fluid is of low-temperature (101°C to 142°C) type, with a Na–Ca–Mg–Cl-dominant composition, and is interpreted as oil-field brine. The data indicate that the metals were mainly derived from the Early Cambrian strata (Qingxudong and Wuxun Formations), whereas sulfur is sourced from sulfate in Cambrian strata or oil-field brines of the Majiang petroleum paleoreservoir. The genetic model for the deposit invokes an Early Cambrian shallow-sea environment on the Yangtze Platform. Zinc and Cd in seawater were concentrated in abundant algae via unknown biological mechanisms, resulting in large amounts of Zn- and Cd-rich algal ooliths. During the Ordovician, concurrent with destruction of the Majiang petroleum paleoreservoir, oil-field brines migrated from the center of the basin to the margin leaching metals from the Cambrian strata. In the Niujiaotang area, preexisting Zn and Cd, particularly in the Qingxudong and Wuxun Formation, were further mobilized by hot brines rising along the Zaolou fault system, forming stratiform and generally conformable Zn–Cd orebodies in reactive carbonate lithologies.     

Distribution and existing forms of trace elements from Maliping Pb-Zn deposit in northeastern Yunnan,China : A LA-ICPMS studyEI北大核心CSCD

The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou (SYG) Pb-Zn metallogenic province, located in southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, is an important part of the large-scale low-temperature metallogenic domain in southwestern China. The Maliping Pb-Zn deposit, situated in the central part of Zhaotong-Qujing metallogenic belt, was found in northeastern Yunnan Province recently. The orebody is hosted in Late Cambrian Yuhucun Formation, occurring as stratabound, tense and venis. The mineral assemblage of the Maliping deposit is relatively simple. The main sulfide minerals are sphalerite and galena with minor pyrite. Gangue minerals include mainly dolomite, calcite, quartz and barite. LA-ICPMS spots and mapping analysis for the different sulfides from Maliping Pb-Zn deposit, and the distribution and existing forms of germanium, cadmium, indium and other trace elements were investigated. The results show that different sulfides are characterized by different contents of trace elements. Mn, Cu, Sn, Cd, In and Ge are mainly enriched in sphalerite, while galena from this deposit is enrichment of Ag, Sb and Se, and pyrite is characterized by enrichment of As, Co and Ni. Comparing with the content of dispersed elements in different sulfides, the results indicate that sphalerite is the primary carrier mineral of Ge, In and Cd. Cd, Ge, In, Mn, As, Sb and Ag occur as isomorphous substitution in the sphalerite, and Cu mostly exists in sphalerite as isomorphism but part of Cu occurs as micro-inclusions (chalcopyrite) in sphalerite. Considered the distinct positive relationship between Cu and Ge, the results imply that the substitution mechanism of Ge and Cu is possibly 3Zn(2+) <-> Ge4+ + 2Cu(+). Additionally, sphalerite from Maliping Pb-Zn deposit is characterized by enrichment of Cd, Ge and depleted in Mn, Fe, Co and Sn which coincides with the feature of MVT Pb-Zn deposit and differs from the sedimentary-exhalative deposit and magmatic-hydrothermal deposit. On account of the geological features, other geochemical researches and its ore-forming temperature belonging to low temperature, it is suggested that the Maliping deposit belongs to an MVT Pb-Zn deposit. Notably, we imply that ore-forming fluid extracted indium of magmatic and volcaniclastic rocks from the metamorphic basement, resulting in the enrichment of indium in sphalerite from the deposit.     

A study on the distribution characteristics and existing states of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit,Yunnan Province,China

The distribution characteristics and existing state of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit were studied. It was discovered that Cd was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity. There was a good correla-tion between Cd and Zn in the primary ore. With the oxidation and resolution of pyrite, sphalerite, sulfide, and etc., many secondary minerals, such as colloform sphalerite and smithsonite, were formed. The distribution of Cd is not symmetrical, and enrichment and dilution were observed in partial area of the oxidation zone in the deposit. Cd, except in external pore space or cracks of secondary minerals as independent minerals, such as greenockite, was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity in the secondary sphalerate and smithsonite in the oxida-tion zone. The research showed that Cd showed a very strong active transfer ability in the oxidation process, not only indicating that supergene leaching might be the main reason for Cd enrichment in some Pb-Zn deposits, but also reflecting that Cd was easily mobilizeed and transferred to pollute ore areas in the oxidation process. Furthermore, Cd in oxidation ore was more easily mobilized and transferred to induce bad hazards for ore areas with the effect from AMD which was produced from oxidation of sulfides.     

Sphalerite Chemistry,Niujiaotang Cd—Rich Zinc Deposit,Guizhou,Southwest China

Sphalerite in the Niujiaotang Cd-rich zinc deposit, Duyun, Guizhou is characteristically light-yellow in color with significant enrichment of cadmium which ranges from 0.83% to 1.97% (averaging 1.38%) in concentration in the mineral, corresponding to an enrichment coefficient as high as 30. 47 to 72. 96. In comparison with other major Pb−Zn deposits in the world (the Mississippi Valley deposits, and the Fankou and Jinding deposits in China) the Niujiaotang deposit isn ⁻ n×10 times richer in cadmium. Sphalerite in the deposit is also rich in Ga and Ge, but poor in In, Mn and Fe, suggesting some special mechanisms that govern the geochemical behavior of these trace elements. Except for a minor amount of independent minerals like greenockite, cadmium occurs mainly as isomorphous impurity in the crystal lattice of sphalerite. During weathering and leaching under supergene condition, cadmium was separated from Zn, resulting in some secondary minerals of Cd, including oxides and otavite. This project was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 496-33110) and the Laboratory Foundation of Ore Deposit Geochemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

江西城门山铜矿床伴生稀散金属矿化特征及其地质意义北大核心CSCD

江西城门山铜矿床通过开展深边部找矿勘查,发现其探明的伴生稀散金属资源量达到大型甚至超大型规模,其中碲、铊、镉、硒等稀散金属已综合回收利用,但研究程度还很低。本文收集整理城门山矿床的编录及化验资料,总结该矿床稀散金属的矿化特征和空间分布规律,并探讨稀散金属富集机理和控制因素。结果表明,城门山矿床的稀散元素多倾向于富集在似层状硫化物型矿石中,赋存状态以独立稀散金属矿物和赋存于黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物晶格为主,具有随金属硫化物总量变化而变化的空间分带特征。矿石中的w(Cd)与w(Zn)具明显的正相关性(R^(2)=0.65),其他稀散元素的含量与Cu多呈弱正相关性。本文提出碲与铊与似层状硫化物矿石密切相关,镉的超常富集主要与锌的成矿作用有关,它们在热液流体萃取、运移、沉淀过程中元素分离相对较少,岩浆结晶分异导致热液流体中铟含量降低,铼主要赋存在辉钼矿中,与幔源物质参与密切相关。同时,还建立了城门山含稀散金属铜矿床的成矿模式。     

Cadmium in Zinc Deposits: Economic Geology of a Polluting Element

The chief host of cadmium in zinc deposits is sphalerite, the cadmium content of which depends on the type of deposit. Sphalerite from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits has high cadmium concentrations whereas sphalerite from exhalative deposits has low cadmium concentrations. The Cd content of sphalerite depends on the Cd/Zn ratio, ligand activities, and temperature of the ore-forming fluids. The combined effect of variation of temperature, pH, total activity of reduced sulfur, and activity of Cl- cannot by itself account for either Cd depletion (exhalative deposits) or Cd enrichment (MVT deposits). Variations in the Cd/Zn ratio of the fluid have a significant effect in determining that of sphalerite. Basinal brines, which can considered to be the recent equivalents of MVT fluids, have high Cd/Zn ratios, and active exhalative systems are characterized by low Cd/Zn ratios. Probably the differences in sphalerite composition between the different deposit types are less a function of temperature and ligand activities than Cd/Zn ratio of the ore-forming fluids. In the hydrothermal environment, the Cd/Zn ratio is generally not high enough to allow crystallization of cadmium sulfides (greenockite or hawleyite). The abundance of greenockite in the supergene alteration zone of hydrothermal zinc deposits can be explained on the basis of Zn scavenging by crystallizing smithsonite.     

河南骆驼山硫多金属矿床铟的分布富集规律

骆驼山硫多金属矿床位于华北陆块南缘栾川矿集区,是以硫和锌为主的大型有色金属矿床,并伴生有丰富的In、Cd等资源。本文以铟为重点研究对象,在详细的野外地质调查和室内显微观察的基础上,应用ICP- MS、LA- ICP- MS等分析测试手段,对骆驼山矿床不同类型的围岩、矿石及不同矿物中的In、Zn、Sn、Cd、Cu等元素的含量、分布特征及相关性开展研究,以揭示铟的分布富集规律。结果表明,骆驼山矿床角岩和矽卡岩具有较高的In背景值,In主要以类质同象的形式赋存在铁闪锌矿（平均含量276. 79×10-6）和黄铜矿（平均含量89. 73×10-6）中,主要由磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿和黄铜矿组成的致密块状矿石（In平均含量63. 90×10-6）具有重要的综合利用价值。In与其他成矿物质一样可能来自深部岩浆,其含量在垂向上的分布总体表现出近矽卡岩端较远矽卡岩端高的特点,富集程度受温度控制明显。矿石中In的富集与Zn、Cu、Cd呈正相关关系,与Sn关系不明显。In在铁闪锌矿中与Zn、Cu、Cd含量呈正相关关系,在黄铜矿中与Zn、Sn含量呈弱正相关关系,In在黄铜矿中的富集替换机制有待进一步研究。     

夏塞银多金属矿床中硫化物和硫盐系列矿物特征及其意义

夏塞矿主档是大型的热液脉型银多金属矿床,通过对大量矿石光（薄）片观察和电子探针分析表明,除主要（方铅矿、富铁闪锌矿）和次要（黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿等）硫化物外,硫盐毓硫物十分发育,主要有Ｃｕ－Ｓｂ－Ａｇ硫盐（黝铜矿、含银黝铜矿和银黝铜矿）、Ｓｂ－Ａｇ硫盐（深红银矿、辉锑银矿）、Ｐｂ－Ｓｂ硫盐（脆硫锑铅矿、硫锑铅矿）和Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ硫盐（斜方辉饿铅矿）。此外,尚有少（微）量黄锡矿、锡石、自然饿和银金矿等。银的硫盐硫物和硫化物（辉银矿）乃是获得银的主要工业矿物,这些硫盐毓矿物常与硫化物伴生,多沿方铅矿、富铁闪锌矿、黄铁矿等的解理、裂隙或粒间产出,这些研究结果不仅有助于了解矿化作用过程,而且为矿床评价,组分综合利用和选冶提供重要依据。