山东省节水灌溉现状与发展对策探讨

分析总结了山东省节水灌溉取得的成就、面临的形势与存在的问题,提出了改革管理体制和运行机制、推行农业节水奖惩机制、多渠道融资、发展非充分灌溉与调亏灌溉、发展设施农业、重视中低产田节水灌溉、扶持节水灌溉设备产业化等一系列加快山东省节水灌溉发展的措施。     

科学灌溉高效运筹ET

传统的灌溉制度是以农作物的需水量为依据的,用水量很大.在北方半干旱地区,实施节水灌溉,即以作物耗水量(ET)为依据,而把作物需水量仅作为一个参考值使用.通过全面推行非充分灌溉制度,灌溉预报制度,田间灌溉节水技术等,把工程节水、农艺节水和生物节水紧密地结合在一起,建立完善的农业灌溉技术体系,以实现科学运筹 ET 和农业增产的目的.     

节水灌溉理论与技术发展现状

水资源日益短缺是全球性的问题。农业节水潜力较大，从长远战略角度看，发展节水灌溉对缓解我国水资源的供需矛盾意义重大，本文通过节水灌溉理论研究进展情况的介绍，提出了西北地区发展节水灌溉应注意的问题。     

高效节水灌溉技术在农田水利工程中的应用研究

为解决灌溉用水分配不均、平均节水能力受限的问题,提出基于农田水利工程的高效节水灌溉技术模型。在ZigBee组网条件下,对模型节点进行入网处理,并根据详细的处理结果,对节水传感器进行具体选择,完成农田水利工程节水灌溉模型应用背景环境的建立。利用灌溉参量计算KC节水系数,设定引脚数值的方式,实现模型的顺利应用。对比实验结果表明:与普通节水灌溉模型相比,应用高效技术模型后,灌溉用水分配均匀度最大值可达90%以上,平均节水能力提升明显。     

丘陵山区节水灌溉技术应用探讨

我国水资源分布与人口、耕地分布不协调,水资源与高速发展的经济不相适应。节水灌溉技术推广应用迫在眉睫,山东省费县节水技术应用尚不到位。喷灌、滴灌等节水灌溉技术在丘陵山区的应用推广,既有优势也存在不足之处,高度重视节水灌溉技术应用与推广实现经济可持续发展。     

浅析节水灌溉技术推广应用的制约因素和对策

农业灌溉用水是荏平县的主要用水大户，由于大小漫灌，浪费现象严重，渠道水的利用系数但在0．4左右，发展节水灌溉势在必行。本文结合荏平县实际，分析了制约该县节水灌溉技术推广的主要因素，并提出了推广节水灌溉技术的一些对策．     

ET理论与应用

在世行节水灌溉项目和GEF海河项目实施以来，馆陶县对项目“真实”节水即减少ET（蒸腾蒸发量），由传统水资源管理到ET管理经历了一个渐进的过程，根据世行和中央项目办的要求和专家的ET理论，认真进行实践，取得了显著的资源性节水效果，建立了一个大气水、地袁补给水和地下水动态平衡模型，出台了以ET为水权决策基线的可操作的《水资源分配与水权体系建设方案》，把ET理论纳入水权管理轨道。本文对ET理论以及在馆陶县的应用进行了简要介绍。     

滴灌技术在农田水利节水灌溉中的应用探讨

节水灌溉技术目前在农田水利工程中应用广泛,它迎合了当前我国农业生产节能降耗的基本原则背景,希望结合更多节水灌溉技术类型提高农田水利工程建设效率,解决传统固有问题。本文以节水灌溉中的滴灌技术为例展开分析,通过对滴灌技术施工流程、技术应用要点、滴管系统的具体方案设计和滴管技术在农田水利工程中的实际应用进行研究,结果表明:滴灌可完全从节约用水目标出发,结合地方农田水利工程实际状况进行系统配套优化管理,同时实现对农田水利系统工程内容优化,改良农田水利灌溉方法与相应指标,直接提高地方农产品的质量、产量及最终经济产值,有效提高地方农业经济发展水平。     

节水灌溉农业高效用水模式

1节水灌溉农业与节水灌溉1．1节水农业是提高用水有效性的农业，也就是充分利用降水和可利用的水资源采取水利和农业措施，提高水的利用率和水的利用效率的农业，它包括节水灌溉农业和旱地农业。国内有的同志认为“节水农业就是节水灌溉”，“节水型农业不应包括旱地农业”，‘     

峪金河灌区节水灌溉综合效应探析

在农业综合开发项目管理中节水灌溉效果评价是重要组成部分。节水灌溉效果主要包括经济、生态环境和社会三个方面的效果,评价过程会遇到较多的不确定信息和模糊信息。以渭南市合阳县峪金河灌区节水灌溉为例,建立节水灌溉效果评价指标体系,运用专家综合评判法与模糊决策理论,构造评价的数学模型,对该节水灌溉区进行效果综合分析。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.