安康及石泉水库入库流量变化特征及汛期预测

利用安康及石泉水库2000—2011年逐日入库流量及对应时段安康及石泉流域观测站逐日降水资料,分析了安康及石泉水库入库流量的变化特征及其与流域面雨量的关系。结果发现,安康及石泉入库流量主要集中在7到10月,极端入库流量在7—9月的出现频率最大;入库流量变化与其流域面雨量关系密切,其中6—10月,逐日入库流量与面雨量呈显著正相关;随着面雨量的增长,入库流量呈阶段性增长趋势,安康水库入库流量分别在流域面雨量达到20 mm和40 mm时显著增加,石泉水库入库流量则分别在流域面雨量达到15 mm和30 mm时大幅增加;建立了引入降水累积效应的汛期安康及石泉水库入库流量预测模型,经检验表明模型能较好地模拟入库流量的实际变化,对电力部门汛期水量调度有参考价值。     

杭州市燃气负荷与气象条件的响应关系及其预测模型

利用杭州市2008—2011年逐日燃气负荷和气象要素资料,分析了燃气负荷的变化规律及气象条件对燃气负荷的影响,在此基础上,利用Elman神经网络建立燃气负荷预测模型。结果表明,研究时段内,杭州市燃气负荷逐年显著增长且具有显著的季节变化特征,春节假日期间会出现明显的燃气负荷谷值,年燃气负荷峰值点通常出现在春节前1个月。平均气温与平均气压是影响燃气负荷波动最主要的气象因子,且均在冬季相关最显著。平均气温与燃气负荷在各个季节呈一致负相关,平均气压成正相关,燃气负荷对平均气温的响应敏感区间为6~15℃。在考虑春节假期影响的基础上,筛选相关气象因子,利用Elman神经网络建立杭州市冬半年燃气负荷预测模型。预测结果表明,一般情况下,模型精度较高,但当燃气负荷出现大的波动时,模拟结果呈现一定程度的滞后性。     

西安市供暖期日燃气负荷预测方法

利用西安市2009年11月15日至2019年3月14日供暖期燃气负荷及气象观测逐日资料,分析西安市供暖期、节假日、双休日燃气负荷的变化规律,采用相关分析方法,筛选相关性显著的因子作为燃气负荷影响因子。在此基础上,采用多元线性回归分析方法,构建供暖期日燃气负荷预测模型,并对模型进行检验评估。结果表明:近10 a西安市供暖期燃气用量逐年增加,且日燃气负荷呈单峰型波动变化,峰值出现在1月。供暖期燃气负荷具有双休日、节假日效应,其燃气负荷明显低于工作日,且节假日越长影响越明显。供暖期燃气负荷与前一日燃气负荷呈显著正相关,而与最高气温、最低气温、平均气温及人体舒适度等气象因子呈显著负相关,分离基础燃气负荷后的供暖燃气负荷与上述气象因子的相关性明显提高。基于上述5个影响因子构建的供暖期日燃气负荷动态预测模型,经检验,平均相对误差为3.4%,且用气高峰期模型预测更稳定,相对误差为2.77%,能够满足天然气公司供暖期燃气调度需求。     

西德的气象仪器检定设备

一、温度麦检定设备温度表检定设备包括温度表检定槽、连续冷却器、温度电控装置和专用照明灯等(见图1)。 1.温度表检定槽检定槽有两层玻璃,槽底部可以升起以便安装直径不同高度可调的温度表。检定槽与液体接触的部分用不锈钢。由循环泵调节流量。检定槽外安有冷却螺旋管。检定槽有两种规格(见表1)。     

QDQ2—1型电解水制氢设备输气管防冻办法

QDQ2-1型电解水制氢机,系中国船舶工业总公司718所研制的军工产品。该设备的主要优点是:结构紧凑,整体性强。制氢和贮气同步进行,操作方便,产量可调,没有污染,且体积小占地面积少便于安装。工作状态一目了然,各种数据由面板的仪表直接显示。具有完整的安全保障系统。电解槽压力报警,温度报警,贮气罐压力报警。这三项均可设预定值。一旦由于某项失控,超过预定值便发出报警信号,同时自动切断主机电     

用灌(排)水法测土火箭药密度

遵照毛主席关于“抓革命,促生产,促工作,促战备”的教导,我厂职工为了配合人工消雹工作,经过反复试验,于去年7月试制成功了“40型塑料土火箭”,飞行高度2600米。 在试制过程中,我们体会到掌握好发射药的密度是制造土火箭的技术关键。密度小了,黑火药燃烧快,燃气的压力大,会使箭筒爆炸;密度大了,黑火药燃烧慢,燃气少,推力不足,土火箭航向不正,飞行高度低。经多次试验后,我们发现,把药的密度控制在1.8—1.9克/厘米~3之间为最好。     

机载AgI发生器工作原理及常见故障的排除

机载ＡｇＩ发生器是催化剂的重要播撒工具,使用方便,安全可靠。我省自１９９３年开始用于飞机人工增雨外场作业,累计作业８０余架次,使用效果良好。本文总结了发生器使用中常见的故障及其排除方法,为进一步搞好外场作业提供保障。１ＡｇＩ发生器工作原理与结构本设备...     

GE露点仪性能分析

对美国GE露点仪测量性能进行了分析。结合GE露点仪使用过程中遇到的问题,总结了GE露点仪的探头选择、探头安装位置、气密性及流量控制等使用要求。以双压法湿度发生器作为标准装置,对GE露点仪进行了大量静态测试,结果表明:GE露点仪相对湿度测量值偏低;在低温条件下,测量误差较大且分散性较大;随着温度的降低,灵敏度明显降低,测量重复性变差,至-10℃时性能下降明显。该文研究内容,对于认识GE露点仪测量性能,保证其测试准确度和可靠性具有重要意义。     

气候变化对密云水库水资源的影响及其适应性管理对策

密云水库近30 a入库水资源量日益减少,严重影响城市供水和可持续发展,其中气候变化对水资源的影响成为最受关注的问题之一。以海河流域密云水库的水资源供应为例,研究了气候变化对入库水资源的影响。结果表明：除SRES A2情景下在2025年入库流量减少外,其他情景均表现为入库流量增加。对入库流量增加的情景,采用"零调整方案",即不采取调整措施是可以的,但由于未来北京水资源压力较大,有必要采取一些综合对策。通过多目标条件分析,为解决北京的饮用水供应问题,建议采用开源（跨河流调水）、节流（水田改旱地）及污水治理三管齐下的方案。     

气候变化对密云水库资源的影响及其适应性管理对策

密云水库近30a入库水资源量日益减少,严重影响城市供水和可持续发展,其中气候变化对水资源的影响成为最受关注的问题之一。以海河流域密云水库的水资源供应为例,研究了气候变化对入库水资源的影响。结果表明：除SRESA2情景下在2025年入库流量减少外,其他情景均表现为人库流量增加。对入库流量增加的情景,采用“零调整方案”,即不采取调整措施是可以的,但由于未来北京水资源压力较大,有必要采取一些综合对策。通过多目标条件分析,为解决北京的饮用水供应问题,建议采用开源（跨河流调水）、节流（水田改旱地）及污水治理三管齐下的方案。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.