山东暖区暴雨对流特性和环境参量的统计分析

利用2014-2018年5-9月间山东大监站逐日降水资料、Micaps常规资料以及NCEP再分析资料等,将山东暖区暴雨分为锋前型、暖切变型、副高边缘型和急流型4大类,并对山东暖区暴雨的垂直结构、对流特性以及环境参量特征进行统计。主要结论为：(1)山东暖区暴雨的低空风场主要以西南风或东南风为主,且整层风场随高度顺转。高湿区主要集中在对流层中低层。大气的自由对流高度和云底高度较低,湿层和暖云层深厚,其中急流型湿层和暖云层最为深厚。(2)山东暖区暴雨发生时,K≥30.5℃, 0.72≥SI≥-6.87,假相当位温≥334K,垂直锋区的北界位于37-39°N之间,暴雨落区位于锋区北界南侧2-3个纬距范围内。(3)暖区暴雨上空辐合中心平均值为-3×10^-5 s^-1,辐合中心均出现在700hPa以下；垂直速度中心的平均值为-1.1×10^-5 hPa.s^-1,大值中心出现在对流层中低层；涡度中心的平均值为5×10^-5 s^-1,正涡度主要在低层,且随高度的增加而减小；q925≥16g.kg^-1,q850≥12g.kg^-1,q700≥9g.kg^-1,暖区暴雨的水汽输送主要集中在低层,水汽通量散度平均值,850 hPa是-2.3×10^-6 g.cm^-2.hPa^-1.s^-1, 700 hPa 为-1.2×10^-6 g.cm^-2.hPa^-1.s^-1。     

内蒙古一次极端暴雪事件中冻雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP 1°× 1°再分析资料及雷达资料等多源资料对 2020 年 11 月 18~19日发生在内蒙古东南部罕见历史极值特大暴雪事件的背景下通辽市冻雨灾害天气成因进行了分析。结果表明：冻雨发生时段,各站地面气温稳定波动较小,基本维持在-1℃~-2℃,降水量和降水强度较小,占总量的25%,强度在2mm/h以下。550 hPa至450 hPa之间存在干冷空气侵入,湿层深厚达550hPa,存在双逆温层结,近地层930 hPa(-4℃)至860hPa(3℃)存在强逆温层,其暖层最高气温为2℃至4℃,冷层最低气温为-2℃至-4℃,气温零上和零下两个层结在探空T-lnP图中面积相当,存在典型的“冷-暖-冷”层结特征。近地层冷垫是强冷高压南侵,受到江淮气旋和地形阻挡,在平原地区堆积形成,有持续的近地层冷平流补充条件重要,冷平流强度在-10×10^-5℃.s ^-1至-20×10^-5℃.s ^-1。中层暖区融化层是700、850hPa低涡前部,西南暖湿低空急流顶端到达冷垫上空并沿冷垫爬升叠置形成,持续的暖平流特征明显,暖平流强度在10×10^-5℃.s ^-1至20×10^-5℃.s ^-1。两层之间具有明显的锋区特征,雷达观测在冻雨区具有明显的回波强度增大的特征。最后讨论了冻雨复杂的成因和多种气象条件影响及预报着眼点。     

一次积层混合云的形成过程和微物理观测

利用2009年5月8日多普勒雷达资料和飞机穿云观测资料,综合分析了西风槽影响下山西省一次积层混合云的形成过程和微物理结构。结果表明,此次飞机探测到的积层混合云是由对流单体多次并合形成的带状对流云团减弱后形成的,云中嵌有明显的对流泡,最大强度为45～50dBZ,最大垂直尺度在6km左右。CDP(cloud droplet probe,前向散射粒子谱探头)、CIP(cloud ima-ging probe,二维灰度云粒子探头)、PIP(precipitation imaging probe,二维灰度降水粒子探头)测量的平均数浓度变化范围分别是132.4～220.2cm^-3、1.54×10^-1～6.28×100cm^-3、9.09×10^-4～7.34×10^-3cm^-3。二维图像表明,冷层中的固态粒子主要是形状不规则的霰粒子,说明过冷水供应充足;在-7℃左右观测到柱状聚合体和凇附程度不同的冰雪晶粒子,表明柱状冰晶通过凝华形成后,碰并和凇附是其增长为霰粒子的重要机制。不同高度的CDP平均谱(2～50μm)存在一定的差异,因低层水汽凝结作用较强,2～18μm的云粒子数浓度基本随高度的增加而降低;因暖层中碰并效率低和冷层中小冰晶浓度随高度增加,24～35μm粒子数浓度随高度增加而增大。CIP平均谱(25～1550μm),除4100m为双峰谱外,其他高度均为单峰谱。PIP平均谱(100～6200μm),4450m高度处的粒子谱宽和数浓度最大,3200～4000μm之间出现大值区域,表明对流单体及周边区域为较大固态降水粒子的形成提供了良好的环境。     

山东夏季强降水的影响系统和物理量特征

应用2009—2013年6—9月山东全省加密自动站资料、地面和探空观测资料,选出了98次区域性强降水过程。统计分析了产生强降水的天气系统特征,把500 hPa天气系统分为6种类型,850～700 hPa天气系统分为5种类型,地面影响系统分为7种类型。统计分析了强降水过程中及前期24个代表大气热力、水汽和动力特征的物理量,给出了最小值、最大值、平均值和各阈值所占百分率。850 hPa 和700 hPa偏南风达到急流（≥12 m·s-1）强度的分别占56.1%和62.2%。对流有效位能（CAPE）≥300 J·kg-1占72.6%。K指数≥30 ℃占86.7%。沙氏指数SI≤0占75.5%。925 hPaθse≥68 ℃占82.2%,850 hPa θse≥66 ℃占74.8%。GPS/MET水汽监测大气可降水量≥55 mm占81.8%。850 hPa和700 hPa的水汽通量平均值分别为8.0和5.9 g·(cm·hPa·s)-1,水汽通量散度平均值分别为-4.6×10-9和-2.7×10-9 g·(hPa·cm2·s)-1。925 hPa、850 hPa和700 hPa的涡度平均值分别为12.6×10-6、12.3×10-6和9×10-6 s-1,散度平均值分别为-5.5×10-6、-3.1×10-6、-3.4×10-6 s-1。850 hPa、700 hPa和500 hPa的垂直速度平均值分别为-4.5×10-4、-7.4×10-4和-11.1×10-4 hPa·s-1。     

江苏 80 m高度风能评估方法探讨

80 m轮毂高度风能评估关键问题之一是风随高度的变化规律研究,目前以最小二乘法、常规常参数方法最具代表性,但两者对高空风能的评估结论差异可能较大。使用幂常数指数方案,江苏省80 m高空陆上风能储量达到7.39×10¹⁰W,可开发量为0.59×10¹⁰W,而使用最新的最小二乘技术对江苏省80 m高空风能评估表明,陆上风能储量达到13.54×10¹⁰W,可开发能量为1.07×10¹⁰W,全省陆上和近海的可开发风能储量可达到4.29×10¹⁰W,约为常规常参数方法计算结果的1.8倍。两种高空风能的评价结果均表明,江苏省风能资源丰富,沿海地区和近海具有巨大的风能储量,有很大的开发利用前景。     

大气扰动分解技术在副高边缘大暴雨落区精细化分析中的应用

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts， ECMWF）再分析资料，基于大气扰动分解技术，对2012年7月华北东部两次副高边缘大暴雨事件进行扰动分析。结果表明：边界层及对流层低层扰动辐合中心与副高边缘大暴雨中心有较好地对应关系；扰动锋区和扰动比湿大值区（4 g·kg^-1）叠加的区域与大暴雨落区相对应，与切变线类暴雨不同，副高边缘暴雨中心并不是出现在冷暖空气対峙扰动（0 ℃线）的位置，而是发生在扰动锋区内的暖区一侧（扰动温度0 ℃以南）；两次过程均存在自南向北的水汽通道，且水汽在输送过程中不断得到抬升，大暴雨落区对应的扰动水汽通量散度中心分别达到-6.8×10^-8g·cm^-2·hPa^-1·s^-1和-11.9×10^-8g·cm^-2·hPa^-1·s^-1，为大暴雨的形成提供了较好地水汽条件。     

江苏省城区VOCs污染特征及其关键活性物种识别

利用2019年8月13日—9月30日江苏省13个设区市离线监测的VOCs数据,对江苏省城区VOCs污染特征及其关键活性组分进行分析研究.结果表明,江苏省逐日VOCs的体积分数范围为8.83×10^-9~45.11×10^-9,表现为烷烃 > 芳香烃 > 烯烃 > 炔烃.江苏省13个设区市VOCs的体积分数为7.85×10^-9~30.52×10^-9,徐州市VOCs最高,这与徐州市监测点位置分布及其工业结构相关.全省13个设区市臭氧浓度处于优、良、轻度污染和中度污染时,VOCs总体积分数分别为14.96×10^-9、17.96×10^-9、25.85×10^-9和25.11×10^-9,臭氧浓度处于污染状态时的VOCs高于优、良状态,且炔烃占比随着臭氧污染程度的加重呈升高趋势,表明现阶段臭氧生成与人类活动关系密切.通过加权的方式筛选出间/对二甲苯、乙烯、甲苯、丙烯、异戊二烯、邻二甲苯等物种,它们是目前对江苏省城区影响程度较大且影响范围较广的关键活性物种.     

大气CO2富集对根际NaCl盐渍的人参果植株干物质生产和水分利用的影响

对单株砂培盆栽的半木质化枝条扦插生根的一月龄人生果(Solanum muricatum Ait.)栽培品种"Xotus",每周浇两次200mL NaCl质量浓度分别为0mg·L^-1和25mg·L^-1的Hoagland营养液处理2个月,第二个月在控制空气CO₂体积分数为(350±10)×10^-6、(700±10)×10^-6和(1050±10)×10^-6的植物生长箱内试验。结果表明,人参果植株干物质生产量和耗水量受根际NaCl盐渍而下降,又随大气CO₂升高而增加。根际NaCl盐渍能增大植株叶片蒸腾系数、根/冠比和干物质向枝干和根部分配的比例及积累量,降低根系吸收水分的效率和耗水量。升高大气CO₂能促进叶片发育及干物质向地上部其他器官和地下部组织分配,增加总叶面积、比叶干重和各种器官中干物质增长量,提高干物质生产率和水分利用率。根际经25mg·L^-1NaCl盐渍处理的植株,总干物质增长量和水分利用率相应下降50%～54%和24%～37%;与350×10^-6CO₂的处理的植株相比,700×10^-6及1050×10^-6CO₂的处理分别使这两项指标提高到79%～106%和61%～88%以及133%～189%和99%～142%。大气CO₂富集能改善受NaCl盐渍的植株干物质生产力、提高水分利用率。根际NaCl盐渍和大气CO₂富集对人参果植株干物质生产和水分利用有生物互作效应。它们的共同作用会促进植株干物质的增长及叶片中合成的干物质向其他器官分配,提高干物质生产率和水分利用率,同时减少总叶面积、枝条和根系干重、根系吸水效率、植株耗水量和叶片蒸腾系数。因此,全球大气CO₂富集将有利于该作物的干物质生产和水分利用。     

土壤热传导方程解析解和那曲地区土壤热扩散率研究

文中用Laplace变换推导了土壤热传导方程的解析解和包含热对流项的土壤热传导方程的解析解。用青藏高原 8个土壤湿度、温度廓线观测站 1998年 9月 4日到 10日实测资料基础上 ,根据谐波方法和Laplace变换方法得到了土壤热传导方程的解析解 ,计算了这些站的总体土壤热扩散率 ;用包含热对流项的土壤热传导方程的解析解计算了土壤热扩散率。结果表明 :对于一个深度从 0 .0 4～ 0 .2 0m的浅薄土壤层 ,总体土壤热扩散率的值为 0 .30×10 -6～ 0 .98× 10 -6m2 /s,土壤热扩散率的值为 0 .15× 10 -6～ 0 .72× 10 -6m2 /s。由谐波方法得到的总体土壤热扩散率比由Laplace变换的值稍大 ;总体土壤热扩散率总是比土壤热扩散率大     

150年来大气甲烷浓度的长期变化

应用作者建立的全球二维大气化学模式 ,采用 2种CH4 排放源的长期增长方案 ,同时考虑了CH4 排放源以及对OH自由基浓度有重要影响的CO和NOx 排放源的长期变化 ,模拟了CH4 和OH从 1840～ 2 0 2 0年的长期变化趋势。考虑了世界人口增长的排放源方案可以更好地模拟CH4 的长期变化 ,模拟结果表明 ,工业革命前的大气CH4 浓度和年排放总量分别为 76 0× 10 -9(V/V)和 2 80× 10 9kg ,1991年大气CH4 的浓度和年排放总量分别为16 11.9× 10 -9(V/V)和 5 33 .9× 10 9kg ,对流层OH自由基数浓度从 1840年的 7.17× 10 5分子数 /cm3 下降到 1991年的 5 .79× 10 5分子数 /cm3,降低了 19%。工业革命以来大气CH4 的增长一方面是由于CH4 排放源的增长 ,另一方面是由于大气OH浓度的下降。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on