中国夏季极端酷暑的气候统计和趋势分析

Based on the daily maximum air temperature data from 300 stations in China from 1958 to 2008, the climatological distribution of the number of days with high temperature extremes （HTEs, maximum temperatures higher than 35℃） are studied with a focus on the long-term trends. Although the number of HTE days display well-defined sandwich spatial structures with significant decreasing trends in central China and increasing trends in northern China and southern China, the authors show that the decrease of HTE days in central China occurs mainly in the early period before the 1980s, and a significant increase of HTE days dominates most of the stations after the 1980s. The authors also reveal that there is a jump-like acceleration in the number of HTE days at most stations across China since the mid 1990s, especially in South China, East China, North China, and northwest China.     

1961-2018年华南年和各季极端降水变化特征的比较分析

利用中国气象局0.25°×0.25°的CN05.1逐日气温(TM)和降水(PRE)资料,分析比较了华南地区9种年和各季极端降水的变化特征及其气候背景,按照空间分布和变化趋势,将9种华南地区极端降水归为4类:第1类为极端湿日降水量(R99P)、非常湿日降水量(R95P)、最大日降水量(RX1day)和最大5日降水量(RX...     

1961-2020年西北地区夏季降水趋势变化特征

采用近60年西北地区364站逐日降水观测数据,从降水量和降水日的角度对比研究了西北地区夏季降水趋势时空变化特征。结果表明：平均而言,西北地区夏季降水量占全年总降水量的50-70%。整体上西北地区降水量呈现显著增多的线性趋势,但并非全区一致性增多。降水量增多（减少）的站数约占区域内总站数的57%（43%）,降水日数呈现增多（减少）的站数约占总站数的43%（57%）。两者同时增加的站点主要位于南疆盆地、北疆西部及青海中部和北部等地,两者同时减少的站点主要位于甘肃东南部、宁夏、陕西中部偏东等地,而两者反相变化的站点主要位于新疆北疆地区、青海省西南部边缘地区和陕西南部。近60年西北地区极端降水量和降水日数也呈现出线性增加的趋势。西北地区各个区域降水量和降水日数除年际变化外,还存在年代际变化特征,但不同区域变化位相存在一定差异。     

1961-2020年西北地区夏季降水趋势变化特征

采用1961—2020年我国西北地区364站逐日降水观测数据,从降水量和降水日的角度对比分析我国西北地区夏季降水趋势时空变化特征。结果表明：西北地区夏季降水量占全年总降水量的50%以上。从整体上来看,西北地区降水量呈现显著增多的线性趋势,但并非全区一致性增多。降水量增多（减少）的站数约占区域内总站数的57%(43%),降水日数呈现增多（减少）的站数约占总站数的43%(57%);降水量、降水日数同时增加的站点主要位于南疆盆地、北疆西部及青海中部和北部等地,两者同时减少的站点主要位于甘肃东南部、宁夏、陕西中部偏东等地,而两者反相变化的站点主要位于新疆北疆地区、青海省西南部边缘地区和陕西南部。近60年来,西北地区极端降水量和降水日数呈线性增加趋势。西北地区各个区域降水量和降水日数除年际变化外,还存在年代际变化特征,不同区域变化位相存在一定差异。     

中国南方地区1961-2018年冬春季低温连阴雨过程时空变化分析

基于1961-2018年1 057个地面气象站均一化气温日值数据和通过均一化检验的日降水量资料,统计得到冬春季低温连阴雨过程,分析其时空分布及变化特征。结果表明,湖南、贵州、江西三省为低温连阴雨集中发生地区,连续最长低温连阴雨超过15 d的台站集中在25°~31°N之间的区域。由经验正交函数方法分析表明,南方地区低温连阴雨日数总体上表现为一致偏多或偏少的分布型,且具有东北部与西南部反相变化、东部与西部反相变化的分布型。南方冬春季平均低温连阴雨日数总体呈减少趋势,约为-0.17 d/(10 a)。1960s末期至1990s低温连阴雨日数以偏多为主,从2000年开始以偏少为主。     

轮台县1961-2008年降水变化特征

利用轮台县气象局1961-2008年的年、季降水资料,采用气候倾向率和降水相对变率统计方法,研究了近48a轮台县年、季降水量、降水相对变率及降水日数的年际、年代际变化趋势特征。结果表明：年降水量平均以10．7mm／10a的速率增加;各季降水量平均以0．6-6．5mm／10a的速率增加;年降水相对变率以-6％／10a的速率减小;年降水日数以2．6d／10a的速率增加,各季降水日数以（0．1～1．2）d／10a的速率增加。     

1961～2009年中国季风区范围和季风降水变化

东亚季风对中国气候和环境有重要影响, 以往研究多关注于季风环流和人为给定区域内夏季降水的变化, 对于季风区域变化本身及其相伴的季风降水鲜有涉及。本文使用四套降水观测资料, 其中包括基于2416个台站最新资料所得到的中国区域高分辨率降水格点数据, 集中分析了1961～2009年中国季风区范围、季风区西北边界、季风降水及其强度变化。结果表明, 季风区约占中国陆地面积的60%, 研究时段内总体上在缩少;季风降水无趋势性变化而是表现为一定的年际和年代际变率;中国季风降水强度平均为4.46 mm d-1。季风区西北部的东、西边界间区域属于典型的干湿交错带, 季风区西北边界在40°N以南整体上表现为-0.026°/a的西进趋势, 而在其北部则表现为0.041°/a的东退, 这主要是源于区域尺度热力对比、大气环流和水汽通量的变化所致。     

1961—2020年长江下游地区夏季降水趋势分析

近几十年来长江下游地区夏季(6—8月)降水量呈现出显著上升的变化趋势,利用1961—2020年夏季台站降水资料,通过降水项分解法,定量分析了该降水趋势的可能影响因素。结果表明:1)长江下游地区夏季降水的上升趋势主要是由日降水量显著增加造成,而日降水量显著增加主要与整层水汽垂直梯度增大和垂直上升速度增强所导致的降水增加有关;2)长江下游地区对流层低层大气温度因地面升温的加热作用而显著上升,高层大气温度受亚太振荡相位正转负的影响而下降,使得高、低层大气的温差变大,低层大气比湿升高、高层大气比湿降低,导致整层水汽垂直梯度增加,为局地降水的增强提供了充沛的水汽条件;低层大气异常辐合加之显著增长的不稳定能量为垂直上升运动的增强和对流性降水的增加提供了有利的动力和热力条件,从而造成了长江下游地区夏季降水的显著上升趋势。     

1961-2000年西南地区小时降水变化特征

根据西南地区112个站点1961-2000年逐时降水资料,分析了不同季节降水时数、小时雨强、极端强降水时数和极端强降水强度的变化趋势.从降水时数变化来看,夏季西南大部分地区如四川盆地西部、云南、贵州南部等地总降水时数有减少趋势,四川盆地东部和川西高原总降水时数增加;整个区域平均趋势为-0.9%/10a.相应地,极端强降...     

1961-2011 年渝东南地区降水变化特征分析

利用1961-2011年渝东南地区6个气象站的降水资料,分析了该地区的气候变化特征。结果表明：1961-2011年渝东南地区年、春季和秋季降水为线性减少趋势,秋季减少趋势显著;夏季和冬季降水为线性增加趋势,但不显著。年和四季降水的周期变化不太一致,年代际周期夏季和冬季降水比较显著。年雨日、小雨、中雨和大雨日数都为线性减少趋势,中雨和大雨日数减少趋势比较显著。暴雨日数整体上无明显变化。逐年代变化来看,雨日偏多最多的20世纪90年代表现为小雨和暴雨日数偏多,中雨和大雨日数偏少;雨日偏少最多的21世纪初期主要表现为小雨、大雨和暴雨日数偏少,中雨日数偏多。     

Changes in Persistent and Non-Persistent Flood Season Precipitation over South China During 1961-2010

The characteristics and possible causes of changes in persistent precipitation（PP） and non-persistent precipitation（NPP） over South China during flood season are investigated using daily precipitation data from 63 stations in South China and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1961 to 2010. This investigation is performed using the Kendall＇s tau linear trend analysis, correlation analysis, abrupt climate change analysis, wavelet analysis, and composite analysis techniques. The results indicate that PP dominates total precipitation over South China throughout the year. The amounts of PP and NPP during flood season vary primarily on a 2–5-yr oscillation. This oscillation is more prominent during the early flood season（EFS; April–June）. NPP has increased significantly over the past 50 years while PP has increased slightly during the whole flood season. These trends are mainly due to a significant increase in NPP during the EFS and a weak increase in PP during the late flood season（LFS; July–September）. The contribution of EFS NPP to total flood season precipitation has increased significantly while the contribution of EFS PP has declined. The relative contributions of both types of precipitation during LFS have not changed significantly. The increase in EFS NPP over South China is likely related to the combined efects of a stronger supply of cold air from the north and a weaker supply of warm, moist air from the south. The increase in NPP amount may also be partially attributable to a reduction in the stability of the atmosphere over South China.     

The Extreme Summer Precipitation over East China during 1982–2007 Simulated by the LASG/IAP Regional Climate Model

The extreme summer precipitation over East China during 1982-2007 was simulated using the LASG/IAP regional climate model CREM(the Climate version of a Regional Eta-coordinate Model).The results show that the probability density functions(PDFs) of precipitation intensities are reasonably simulated,except that the PDFs of light and moderate rain are underestimated and that the PDFs of heavy rain are overestimated.The extreme precipitation amount(R95p) and the percent contribution of extreme precipitation to the total precipitation(R95pt) are also reasonably reproduced by the CREM.However,the R95p and R95pt over most of East China are generally overestimated,while the R95p along the coastal area of South China(SC) is underestimated.The bias of R95pt is consistent with the bias of precipitation intensity on wet days(SDII).The interannual variation for R95p anomalies(PC1) is well simulated,but that of R95pt anomalies(PC2) is poorly simulated.The skill of the model in simulating PC1(PC2) increases(decreases) from north to south.The bias of water vapor transport associated with the 95th percentile of summer daily precipitation(WVTr95) explains well the bias of the simulated extreme precipitation.     

1961-2005年宁夏极端降水事件变化趋势分析

利用1961-2005年宁夏逐日降水量资料,将降水量划分为9个级别,分析了宁夏45 a来各级别降水日数的变化趋势。结果表明：年降水量以平均3.6 mm/10 a的速率减少;近15 a来,冬、春季降水量明显减少,夏、秋季10.0 mm以下降水日数明显减少,25.0 mm以上降水日数明显增加。以1986年为界的气候变暖前后25.1～50.0 mm级别的降水日数夏季和年增加的显著性概率分别达到了5%和1%,降水频率分布呈现向高级别降水量增加的变化趋势。     

1961-2005年宁夏极端降水事件变化趋势分析

 利用1961-2005年宁夏逐日降水量资料,将降水量划分为9个级别,分析了宁夏45 a来各级别降水日数的变化趋势。结果表明：年降水量以平均3.6 mm/10 a的速率减少;近15 a来,冬、春季降水量明显减少,夏、秋季10.0 mm以下降水日数明显减少,25.0 mm以上降水日数明显增加。以1986年为界的气候变暖前后25.1～50.0 mm级别的降水日数夏季和年增加的显著性概率分别达到了5%和1%,降水频率分布呈现向高级别降水量增加的变化趋势。     

1961-2005年江苏省降水变化趋势

以江苏省62个气象站1961-2005年降水资料为基础,系统分析了近45年来江苏省降水变化趋势.结果表明:1961-2005年江苏省年降水量无显著变化趋势,秋季降水量呈显著下降趋势,冬季降水量呈显著上升趋势.全省年降水日数呈略有下降趋势,以小于10mm的降水日数下降尤为明显.夏季极端强降水总量、极端强降水事件频率为增加趋势,秋季极端强降水事件强度为下降趋势.     

1961-2014年新疆降水极值概率特征及拟合不确定性分析

本文采用多种函数初步探讨了1961—2014 年新疆地区日降水极值概率拟合分析中的不确定性。结果表明：新疆气候在暖干向暖湿转变背景下,更易出现极端强降水事件,由此影响极端降水拟合的不确定性;在统计函数选择以及重现期极值拟合中存在不确定性,因此建议在进行新疆区域降水极值分析时选择整体表现较好的GEV、Gen.Logistic、Log-Pearson 3、Pearson 6 和Wakeby 函数进行合成分析,在进行单站分析时给出具有界限范围的降水极值综合曲线图,以此减少来自函数方面的不确定性。     

Changes in Seasonal Cycle and Extremes in China during the Period 1960–2008

Recent trends in seasonal cycles in China are analyzed, based on a homogenized dataset of daily temperatures at 541 stations during the period 1960–2008. Several indices are defined for describing the key features of a seasonal cycle, including local winter/summer (LW/LS) periods and local spring/autumn phase (LSP/LAP). The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition method is applied to determine the indices for each year. The LW period was found to have shortened by 2–6 d (10 yr)-1, mainly due to an earlier end to winter conditions, with the LW mean temperature having increased by 0.2°C–0.4°C (10 yr)?1, over almost all of China. Records of the most severe climate extremes changed less than more typical winter conditions did. The LS period was found to have lengthened by 2–4 d (10 yr)?1, due to progressively earlier onsets and delayed end dates of the locally defined hot period. The LS mean temperature increased by 0.1°C–0.2°C (10 yr)-1 in most of China, except for a region in southern China centered on the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In contrast to the winter cases, the warming trend in summer was more prominent in the most extreme records than in those of more typical summer conditions. The LSP was found to have advanced significantly by about 2 d (10 yr)-1 in most of China. Changes in the autumn phase were less prominent. Relatively rapid changes happened in the 1980s for most of the regional mean indices dealing with winter and in the 1990s for those dealing with summer.     

Seasonal Prediction of Monthly Precipitation in China Using Large-Scale Climate Indices

In this study, seasonal predictions were applied to precipitation in China on a monthly basis based on a multivariate linear regression with an adaptive choice of predictors drawn from regularly updated climate indices with a two to twelve month lead time.A leave-one-out cross validation was applied to obtain hindcast skill at a 1% significance level.The skill of forecast models at a monthly scale and their significance levels were evaluated using Anomaly Correlation Coefficients(ACC) and Coefficients Of De...