Sinks of iron and manganese in underground coal mine workings

The sources and sinks of manganese in underground coal mine workings are poorly understood compared to those of iron. The geochemical system in the secondary egress drift of Caphouse Colliery near Horbury, UK, is an ideal system for studying these processes. Five locations along the drift and four secondary inflows to the drift were sampled 24 times through the year commencing May 2005. During the sampling period, the pH in the main channel varied from 6.73 to 7.93 and increased along the flow path. The secondary inflows to the drift from the strata were of higher alkalinity (mean = 385 mg/L as CaCO₃) than the main flow (mean = 330 mg/L as CaCO₃); the affects of mixing between the less alkaline main channel and the more alkaline secondary inflows and of carbon dioxide exsolution are evident in the form of carbonate and hydroxide precipitates. SEM and XRD analysis of precipitates collected from the drift confirm the presence of calcium and manganese carbonates and ferric hydroxide. PHREEQC speciation and solubility modelling confirms supersaturation of the water in the main channel with respect to ferric oxy-hydroxides; iron, manganese, magnesium and calcium carbonates; and manganese oxides. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

矿山废弃井巷采空区地质灾害调查与防治措施的建议

本文从“中国镁都”——辽宁大石桥矿山生产实际情况和矿山地质灾害现状入手,认真调查了矿区地质灾害现状,分析了地质灾害的隐患性、危险性,详细阐述了对地质灾害的调查评估程序和方法以及防治的措施和建议。     

Deformation properties of frozen soils

This paper gives a brief account of the results of a series of oedometer tests and triaxial creep tests on frozen soils.

The oedometer tests are performed on artificially frozen sand, silt and clay. The tests also include ice as a reference material. The results are given by parameters describing the tangent deformation modulus and the time resistance against creep.

The triaxial creep tests are carried out on the artificially frozen clay, and on a permafrost clay from Spitsbergen. The data are interpreted in accordance with Hult's theory. The artificially frozen clay shows much higher creep resistance than the permafrost clay.

In addition to deformation moduli and creep parameters the routine data of the materials tested are also included.     

硫铁矿地下深井巷堵水工程设计

本文工程设计阐述了在动水条件下,封堵水平巷道的“三段式”组合灌浆方法,以及定向钻进在地下深井巷堵水工程中的应用。     

Assessment of stress around mine workings at the time of rockburst occurrence

This article deals with a specific rockburst case in the ?SM Mine in the Ostrava-Karviná Coalfield (OKC), Czech Republic. Determination of the magnitude of acting stress is based on the constant weight of the overlying rocks. The rule that the force of stress relief of a mined-out space is equal to the force of additional load in the surrounding unmined area holds true. The magnitude of stress relief is influenced considerably by whether the total thickness of strong overlying layers is disturbed. The state of complete failure of overlying layers is assessed on the basis of undermined surface subsidence measurement. In the case considered, multiple seams were mined; thus, stress transfer to overlying as well as underlying layers is dealt with. In the individual stages of the calculation of acting stresses, the basic rule that the constant weight on the whole affected area, corresponding to the whole roof, was checked. Stress is determined at the time of rockburst occurrence. The maximum magnitude of acting stress around the mine workings reaches up to approximately 100 MPa, which is five times the original geostatic pressure.     

Creep behaviour of frozen soils in uniaxial compression tests

The stress—strain behaviour of frozen soils is often described by means of creep curves from uniaxial or triaxial creep tests. Ten or twelve tests of similar samples are required to obtain a good relationship between stress σ, strain ε, temperature T and time t or strain rate ε. To reduce the required number of samples it is possible to apply the compression load in creep tests stepwise. Therefore creep curves for different stress levels can be obtained from one sample.

In this paper the bearing capacity of cylindrical samples of frozen medium sand under constant uniaxial compression stress and under stepwise increased stresses is compared. It is shown how to use these different creep curves to describe the stress—strain behaviour of frozen soils.     

深部人工冻土在小应变条件下的刚度特性

以K0固结后在受载状态下冻结的冻结土体为研究对象,利用代表土体刚度特征的割线弹性模量,研究了在应变不超过0.5 %时,深部人工冻土的刚度随应变发展变化的趋势,分析了造成K0固结后冻结土体杨氏模量与未冻土体杨氏模量较大差异的原因,讨论了冻结温度和初始围压对K0固结后在受载状态下冻结的冻土刚度大小的影响以及对冻土屈服后刚度衰减速度的影响。     

Some aspects of artificial thawing of frozen soils

Despite its important practical value the problem of artificial thawing of frozen soils by the vertical, cylindrical defreezer-pipe method has been studied only comparatively recently.

To facilitate excavation and/or foundation work in frozen soil in seasonally freezing and/or permafrost regions, the frozen soil can be loosened up, among other methods, by artificial thawing. For this purpose it is necessary to evaluate the amount of thermal energy needed to bring about the desired thawing. Such an evaluation involves consideration of the relationships between the frozen and thawed soil properties; temperature of the defrosting agent; the size and spacing of the defreezer pipes; and the time required to thaw a certain amount of frozen soil. Although in practice several methods are used for artificial thawing, in this paper, discussion on and calculations for defrosting of frozen soil are presented relative only to thawing by means of vertically installed defreezer pipes.     

桦甸市公郎头区丰泰油页岩矿周边老窿积水调查

吉林省桦甸市公郎头区丰泰油页岩矿区赋存有13个油页岩层,地质条件简单,采空区位于桦甸市公郎头煤矿(桦甸油页岩二矿)矿区范围内第2、4、6、7层采空区与丰泰矿4、5、6层采空区,与部分巷道相连通,从未发生过涌水现象,说明目前不存在老窿积水问题。     

正冻土冻结缘研究现状及展望

湿土冻结过程中, 生长发育于冰透镜体与冻结锋面之间特殊的区间带称为冻结缘带。冻结缘作为温度场、 水分场和应力场三场耦合作用的结果, 是冰分凝的水源补给站, 冰水相变发生的剧烈区域以及水分迁移的必经之路, 具有重要的研究意义, 也是深入认识冻胀机理的基础。通过系统地阐述冻结缘的形成过程、 相关理论与试验、 微结构特征、 参数特征及冻结缘的模型构建等5个方面的研究进展及成果, 结合各个方向的发展趋势提出了冻结缘研究的重点, 即对冻结缘的研究应回归到试验研究, 利用新型测试技术深入对冻结缘微结构的观测, 结合物理参数及结构性参数变化构建耦合的冻结缘模型, 从而揭示其热力学机理, 为冻胀机制分析、 冻土精确预报提供理论支撑。     

Selective extraction procedures applied to geochemical prospecting in an area contaminated by old mine workings

A geochemical soil survey in the vicinity of the known ore body at Lontzen (Belgium) revealed numerous lead and/or zinc anomalies. Three soil traverses were selected in this area and examined for possible contamination. Two anomalous samples from one traverse were obviously contaminated (brick fragments). A sequential selective extraction procedure was applied to the soil samples, using a modification of the method of Gatehouse et al.Using this procedure, lead anomalies related to the probable extension of a known galena-sphalerite vein appear in every dissolution step. In contrast, in contaminated samples, only the final acid digestion produced anomalous values. One may thus suppose that contamination of the sample adds metal in the form of a resistant phase which is only dissolved by strong acid reagents. It should be noted that the contrast between anomalous and background values is highest for hydroxylamine hydrochloride and about the same for all other dissolution steps.The samples were also submitted to non-sequential selective extractions. The calculation of the difference between non-sequential and sequential extractions leads to the localization of two highly contrasted peaks which correspond exactly with the ore veins.     

冻土的力学性质及研究现状

中国具有广大的季节冻土和多年冻土区,在冻土地区进行工程建设,就必须深入研究冻土的力学特性,以确保冻土地基上工程建筑物的稳定性。本文首先,简要介绍了我国冻土的分布状况和冻土区别于融土的基本特性,广义的冻土力学可分为冻融作用和已冻土力学性质两方面,冻胀、融沉和冻融循环引起的土力学性质的变化属于冻融作用的范畴。对于冻胀的研究较为深入,人们先后提出了多个理论来解释冻胀产生的机制,有的应用于计算分析中。对融沉的研究尽管具有较长的历史,但是多数停留在经验方法上,融化固结理论目前还有较大的局限性,因此提出一方面可以用人工神经网络法提高经验方法的精度和适用范围,另一方面应当发展融化固结大变形理论;冻融循环可以改变土的力学性质,介绍了作者的最近研究进展。针对已冻土的力学特性,从3方面进行了分析。冻土的强度主要沿用融土的强度理论,很难反映高应力下的压融现象;冻土动力学特性主要针对温度对动力学参数的影响,近年来冻土层对场地动力响应的影响越来越受到重视;冻土的本构关系多集中在蠕变研究,以经验公式法为主。最后,分析了多年冻土地区工程变形所涉及的物理力学过程。     

冻结粉土强度准则探讨

冻土的强度随围压的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,通过修正子午面内q-p曲线的斜率M*来探讨冻土强度变化规律。基于摩尔圆和包络线定理,推导了冻土内摩擦角随平均正应力的变化规律。假定偏应力的大小采用Mohr-Coulomb和Von-Mises强度准则的组合形式表示,将内摩擦角引入到偏平面中获得了偏平面内的强度准则。在不同温度（-6、-10、-15 ℃）和0.3～15.0 MPa围压下对冻结粉土进行了一系列低温三轴压缩试验,根据试验结果确定了子午面和偏平面的相关强度参数。结果表明：（1）子午面内的强度准则能较好模拟冻土在低围压下的强化效应和高围压下的弱化效应;（2）内摩擦角随平均正应力增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;（3）随控制参数s的增加,在偏平面内偏应力由Mohr-Coulomb包络线逐渐向Von-Mises包络线转化,其形状大小与极限强度值呈一一对应关系。最后通过试验结果与已有的强度准则对比表明：修正的强度准则具有一定的适用性。     

Cryogenic texture and strength aspects of artificially frozen soils

This paper elucidates some factors affecting the formation of soil cryogenic textures upon artificial active and passive soil freezing to form a soil-ice wall cofferdam.

Depending upon the soil type, the thermal regimen of the stages of active and passive freezing of the soil-ice wall brings about various kinds of cryogenic textures. The cryogenic textures, in thier turn, affect the strength of the artificially frozen soil-ice wall.

It is shown that upon loading, the variously oriented hexagonally crystallized ice crystals, upon application of externally applied loads, may become subjected to compression or bending or shear stresses, and/or to a combination of such stresses. Also, sustained loads on a frozen soil may bring about time-dependent, long-term deformation of the ice, viz., frozen soil, known as the rheological phenomenon creep.

It is postulated that the strength and performance of the composite frozen soil—the ice wall—is a function of its components, such as the soil cryogenic texture, its thermal regimen and the strength of the ice. It is also pointed out that the performance of the ice wall should be evaluated in terms of its strength and strains.     

Stability of biomass-derived black carbon in soils

Black carbon (BC) may play an important role in the global C budget, due to its potential to act as a significant sink of atmospheric CO₂. In order to fully evaluate the influence of BC on the global C cycle, an understanding of the stability of BC is required. The biochemical stability of BC was assessed in a chronosequence of high-BC-containing Anthrosols from the central Amazon, Brazil, using a range of spectroscopic and biological methods. Results revealed that the Anthrosols had 61-80% lower (P < 0.05) CO₂ evolution per unit C over 532 days compared to their respective adjacent soils with low BC contents. No significant (P > 0.05) difference in CO₂ respiration per unit C was observed between Anthrosols with contrasting ages of BC (600-8700 years BP) and soil textures (0.3-36% clay). Similarly, the molecular composition of the core regions of micrometer-sized BC particles quantified by synchrotron-based Near-Edge X-ray Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy coupled to Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) remained similar regardless of their ages and closely resembled the spectral characteristics of fresh BC. BC decomposed extremely slowly to an extent that it was not possible to detect chemical changes between youngest and oldest samples, as also confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Deconvolution of NEXAFS spectra revealed greater oxidation on the surfaces of BC particles with little penetration into the core of the particles. The similar C mineralization between different BC-rich soils regardless of soil texture underpins the importance of chemical recalcitrance for the stability of BC, in contrast to adjacent soils which showed the highest mineralization in the sandiest soil. However, the BC-rich Anthrosols had higher proportions (72-90%) of C in the more stable organo-mineral fraction than BC-poor adjacent soils (2-70%), suggesting some degree of physical stabilization.     

Finite element method for time-dependent problems of frozen soils

Ground freezing technology is favoured in civil engineering, mainly in tunnelling. The time-dependent material characteristics in the form of creep control the bearing capacity of any frozen earth support system. The finite element method in connection with an initial strain algorithm is able to include these effects. The information about stress redistribution and deformation rate is important for an economic design. Case histories of different tunnel linings in frozen soil and two other examples of realized projects show the usefulness of such a procedure.     

Prediction of salt influence on unfrozen water content in frozen soils

The influence of salts in the pore water in freezing soils is examined from the experimental viewpoint, using the differential scanning calorimetry technique for generation of multiple endotherms of the frozen test samples. The experimental values obtained for montmorillonite, kaolinite and grundite, are evaluated in terms of unfrozen water contents for the respective soils at various subfreezing temperatures for various concentrations of NaCl. Comparison of experimental values with theoretical predictions using a combined salt exclusion and diffuse double-layer model shows excellent quantitative agreement for the montmorillonite soil samples, but only qualitative agreement for the kaolinite and grundite soils. The reasons for this lie in the theoretical model requirement for interlamellar migration of water in soil freezing for suitable application of the diffuse double-layer part of the model.