高海拔干旱区湖泊沉积物多指标记录的环境变化研究——以阿克赛钦湖为例

青藏高原西北部湖泊沉积物记录了丰富的区域气候环境变化信息,对于揭示青藏高原西风-季风环流系统变化及其相互作用过程具有重要意义.通过对青藏高原西北部高海拔干旱区典型湖泊阿克赛钦湖沉积岩芯粒度、总无机碳(Total inorganic carbon,TIC)、总有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)、总...     

冗余分析(RDA)在简化湖泊沉积指标体系中的应用——以太白湖为例

根据太白湖沉积柱中硅藻、孢粉、粒度、磁化率、元素含量等指标记录,冗余分析结果表明松孢粉的百分含量、沉积物磷浓度、频率磁化率及有机碳含量是能显著解释水环境变化的最小变量组合,解释的硅藻变率百分比达51.5％,仅比所有沉积指标共同解释的信息量少6.4%。主要根据该4指标的古环境意义,对该湖近200年来的营养演化驱动机制进行了探讨。太白湖近代富营养化过程表明:在温暖湿润的气候背景下,较高营养背景的湖泊极易在人类活动的驱动下发生富营养化,因此对湖泊资源必须进行合理的人为开发与利用。     

青藏高原湖泊沉积物对古气候环境变化的响应

随着全球变化研究的不断深入,青藏高原湖泊沉积物的研究得到很大发展。作为高分辨率古环境变化的“记录仪”,湖泊沉积物在重建晚第四纪全球环境变化中具有特殊的地位和意义。湖泊沉积物中储存的各种信息反映了矿物学、同位素地球化学、生物学、沉积学等方面对气候环境变化的响应。在古环境变化研究中,湖泊沉积物已经从定性化研究逐渐过渡到定量化研究。     

近130 a来毛乌素沙漠北部泊江海子湖泊沉积记录的气候环境变化

 系统简单、受人类活动干扰较小的湖泊沉积物真实地记录了湖区气候环境变化方面的大量信息,特别是沉积速率较快的湖泊,其沉积物是记录高分辨率气候环境变化的良好载体。通过对湖泊沉积物粒度以及元素地球化学特征的分析,探讨了毛乌素沙漠北部泊江海子地区近130 a来的气候环境变化。结果表明：1932年前,气候总体上较为寒冷干旱（1876—1888年湖泊水位较低,气候温暖干旱,温度有下降的趋势;1888—1908年气候较上一阶段湿润,而温度有所降低;1908—1932年气候干旱并且波动频繁,又以1917年前后以及1924—1932年干旱程度最为严重,可能有强沙尘暴发生）;1932—1962年,气候温暖湿润但有变冷的趋势;1962—1976年气候频繁波动;1976年以来气候温暖湿润但有变干的趋势,尤其是1990年以后气候波动幅度增大并且出现了暖干化趋势。     

季节变化对全球气候变化的响应——以湖北省为例

根据湖北省10个代表站1951(或建站)~2006年逐日平均气温,计算分析了四季初日和长度及其变化趋势,以揭示气候季节对全球气候变暖的响应。结果表明:(1)湖北省平均春、夏、秋、冬四季初日分别为3月22日、5月27日、9月27日、11月27日,四季长度分别为65.7、122.8、60.9、115.6d,且时空差异明显;(2)56a来湖北省平均入春、入夏分别提前2.8、1.6d,入秋、入冬分别推后4.0、6.1d;(3)56a来湖北省平均冬季缩短8.9d,夏季延长6.3d,秋季延长2.0d,春季无变化;荆州夏季延长21.1d,武汉冬季缩短17.0d。     

湖泊表面温度的单通道热红外遥感反演研究——以北极滨海平原融冻湖为例

基于TM影像的单通道热红外遥感数据反演了阿拉北极滨海平原融冻湖的表面温度,利用实地湖泊水体温度传感器所测量的水体温度进行了反演结果的精度验证.通过对比4种不同的单通道热红外遥感数据地表温度反演算法,发现其反演结果均与实地测量湖表温度高度相关,但精度存在差异,其中通用单通道算法(SCJM&S)的湖泊表面温度反演结果精度最高,获取均方根误差达0.45K,且该算法输入参数仅需大气水汽含量一项,适用于北极滨海平原地区的湖泊表面温度反演.湖泊表面平均温度的空间插值结果表明研究区的湖泊表面温度受纬度和海洋性气候影响显     

新疆塔里木盆地环境变迁与人类文明兴衰初探——以克里雅河地区为例

本文以新疆克里雅河为重点研究,分析了塔里木盆地的环境变迁及其与人类文明兴衰的相关关系,并展示了未来的环境变化。盆地和沙漠的形成与青藏高原的隆起息息相关,第四纪的三次冰期和间冰期的发生,决定了高原和盆地环境变化的序列。其中,中更新世的高原隆升对现代地貌和环境有决定性意义,使沙漠和黄土形成,气候环境总体向旱化方向发展;全新世以来的环境变化或划分出早、中,晚三个不同的干湿期变化。历史时期,人类活动所引起的环境变化与塔里木盆地古丝绸南路文明兴衰紧密相连;近代人类正面临沙漠化扩展,气候变暖的严重挑战。     

高原湖泊和平原湖泊遥感动态监测的对比分析——以洱海和鄱阳湖为例

湖泊及其动态变化在区域生态环境保护中占据极其重要的作用,监测并对比分析不同类型的湖泊动态变化对区域生态环境保护意义重大。应用Landsat TM遥感数据,基于ENVI遥感图像处理软件和Arc GIS空间分析软件,分别以洱海和潘阳湖为例,利用单波段阈值法、波段组合法等方法提取了湖泊水体现状信息;通过波段运算、波段替换等方法提取了湖泊的动态变化信息;对比分析了高原湖泊和平原湖泊两类湖泊动态变化信息提取监测效果。研究表明:应用波段组合法提取湖泊水体信息有较高的准确度,而缨帽变换法提取湖泊水体信息准确度偏低;受湖泊界限标准不统一、季节性水域变化,湖泊周边地理环境等影响,平原湖泊水体分布状况较高原湖泊水体分布状况复杂,多种遥感图像处理方法结合使用更适用于平原湖泊遥感动态监测。     

全新世巢湖沉积物炭屑记录的火环境变化

通过对巢湖湖泊沉积岩芯不同粒级炭屑浓度和磁化率等指标变化的研究,揭示了全新世以来的区域火环境变化及人类活动影响。结果表明：① 全新世早期,气候由寒冷干旱向温暖湿润过渡,但仍较为干旱,炭屑浓度也相对略高,火活动比较频繁,地方性和区域性火时有发生;② 全新世中期是最温暖湿润的适宜期,炭屑浓度出现全新世以来的低值,火活动微弱,但在文化兴盛时期炭屑浓度出现峰值,则归因于人类活动的影响;③ 全新世晚期,在气候趋于凉干的环境背景下,人类活动的增强更加剧了火活动的频率和强度,炭屑浓度大幅增加;④ 近200 a炭屑浓度的降低可能与湖区附近已没有足够生物量引起火灾有关。     

喜马拉雅山北坡冰碛湖库容计算及变化——以龙巴萨巴湖为例

喜马拉雅地区冰湖溃决洪水灾害日益受到人们重视。作为估算冰湖溃决洪峰流量和模拟洪水演进的必要参数之一,冰湖库容量准确计算十分重要。2009 年9 月对西藏定结县龙巴萨巴湖科考时,应用Hydrobox^TM高分辨率回声测深仪对该湖进行了测深试验,共采集6916 个离散数据点,测得冰湖最深处为101.94 m,平均水深47.50 m。结合同一时段Landsat TM遥感影像解译结果,通过构建不规则三角网模拟龙巴萨巴湖湖盆形态,并计算出该湖2009 年库容量为0.64×10⁸ m³。利用GIS技术对1977-2008 年不同年份的Landsat MSS、地形图、Landsat TM和ASTER遥感影像进行数字化,结果表明近30 年来龙巴萨巴湖长度和面积均呈增加趋势,且自2000 年以来更为显著。利用不同时期龙巴萨巴湖面积和计算的库容量,得到冰碛湖库容-面积计算公式,可为喜马拉雅地区其他冰碛湖库容量估算提供理论参考。龙巴萨巴湖的扩张方向与其母冰川后退方向保持一致。通过对龙巴萨巴湖所在区域中国境内5 个气象站点气温、降水数据的年代际变化分析,表明冰湖规模扩大是气候变暖和冰川退缩的产物。     

Quaternary features beneath Lake Simcoe,Ontario, Canada: drumlins,tunnel channels,and records of proglacial to postglacial closed and overflowing lakes

Lake Simcoe is a large lake 45 km across and in places over 30 m deep, located between Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, in the glaciated terrain of southern Ontario, Canada. Seismostratigraphic analysis of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, together with lakebed sediment sampling and pollen study, revealed distinctive sequences in the sediments beneath Lake Simcoe, Ontario. A surface unit (Blue Sequence) of soft Holocene mud (low-amplitude surface reflection, discontinuous parallel internal reflections) lies in the deeper basins of the lake. The underlying unit (Green Sequence) is characterized by high-amplitude parallel internal reflections; basal sediments of this sequence consist of clay rhythmites with dropstones. The Green Sequence was deposited by lacustrine sedimentation in proglacial Lake Algonquin; sedimentation persisted until the basin was isolated from other glacial lakes at about 10 ¹⁴C ka at the Penetang post-Algonquin phase. Subsequent erosion of the uppermost portion of the Green Sequence is attributed to wave action in a low-level early Holocene lake, possibly closed hydrologically and coeval with closed lowstands in the Huron and Georgian Bay basins. Two sequences with high-amplitude surface reflections and chaotic internal reflections (Purple and Red Sequences) lie below the Green Sequence. Northeast-southwest trending ridges, tens of metres in height, on the Red Sequence (the lowermost of these two units) are interpreted to be drumlins. An erosion surface descends into narrow valleys 50–80 m deep beneath the lake in bays to the west and south of the main lake basin. These depressions are interpreted as subglacial tunnel channels cut by rapid flows of meltwater. The sediments of Purple Sequence are interpreted as channel-fill sediments rapidly deposited during waning stages of the meltwater drainage. The Red Sequence is correlated with the Newmarket Till of the last glacial maximum identified beneath the Oak Ridges Moraine to the south.     

Water quality changes in Lake McKenzie,Fraser Island,Australia: a Palaeolimnological approach

Surface water resources are highly valued for their ecological services and functions. However, their quality is under threat from anthropogenic activities and climate change. A detailed understanding of natural aquatic conditions and variability is rare. This is particularly the case in Australia where the variable climate produces significant ecological changes within natural thresholds and few long-term environmental data sets exist. Palaeoecology represents a means to identify natural fluctuations of aquatic ecosystems and provide long-term data for effective environmental management. This study uses a palaeoecological approach to identify biological and sediment changes in Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island, Australia. A sediment core was extracted from the lake and the fossil diatom assemblage and sediment particle size analysed. Inferred environmental changes were detected throughout the core that pre-date European impacts. The likely causes of these changes are climatic oscillations. Further dating is required to establish a detailed chronological record and identify the timing of detected environmental change at Lake McKenzie.     

通过现代观测来检验湖面蒸发对中国干旱、半干旱区湖泊水位变化的影响(英文)

Qinghai Lake and Zhuye Lake, ~400 km apart, are located in the northwest margin of the Asian summer monsoon. Water of these two lakes mostly comes from the middle and eastern parts of the Qilian Mountains. Previous studies show that the Holocene climate changes of the two lakes implied from lake records are different. Whether lake evaporation plays a role in asynchronous Holocene climate changes is important to understand the lake records. In this paper, we used modern observations beside Qinghai Lake and Zhuye Lake to test the impact factors for lake evaporation. Pan evaporation near the two lakes is mainly related to relative humidity, temperature, vapor pressure and sunshine duration. But tem-perature has different impacts to lake evaporation of the two lakes, which can affect Holocene millennial-scale lake level changes. In addition, differences in relative humidity on the millen-nial-scale would be more significant, which also can contribute to asynchronous lake records.     

基于多源遥感影像的洞庭湖地形提取方法

湖底地形数据是湖泊流域规划与治理、湖区冲淤变化研究、水资源利用和生态环境保护的重要基础。但传统的大型湖泊湖底地形数据获取手段耗时长、投入大,因此,有必要研究一种基于遥感影像快速获取湖底地形数据的方法。本文以洞庭湖为研究对象,采用Landsat和MODIS系列遥感影像提取湖区边界,基于趋势面分析法和克里金插值法,反演湖区边界各点对应的水位,将带有水位信息的边界点作为高程点实现湖底地形反演,进一步用实测湖底地形验证反演方法的可靠性。研究结果表明,克里金插值法水位反演效果较好,交叉验证的误差标准平均值在0.2 m以内,水位样本点分布较多处,基于克里金法的地形反演绝对误差在1 m以内。本文利用湖泊淹没区域变化的特点快速获取湖底地形,对湖区演变分析、综合治理与保护等具有重要意义。     

A Holocene record of allochthonous, aeolian mineral grains in an Australian alpine lake; implications for the history of climate change in southeastern Australia

A radiocarbon-dated core, NC, taken in the alpine Blue Lake in the Snowy Mountains of southeastern Australia provides a Holocene record of sedimentation that consists mainly of organic clays. Two types of quartz grains are recovered from 81 samples from the core. One type consists of angular grains, with frequently shattered faces, which originates from granitic lithologies present within the small catchment area of the lake. The other type is characteristically rounded to subrounded, often textured with frequent silica coating and is considered to have been deposited within the lake and its catchment by aeolian processes. These aeolian grains are thought to have been transported along the main dust path that ferries aeolian dust from the Mallee region, west of the Snowy Mountains, as far as the southeastern Tasman Sea. Aeolian grains with the largest size occur over approximately the last 1.6 ka of the Holocene and this indicates an increase of climatic instability, with arid phases that commenced about 3.5 ka. At 2 ka, a wet period in southeastern Australia coincided with low aeolian input at Blue Lake. The period of consistent reduced aeolian activity spans the 7.6 to 5.5 ka interval at Blue Lake.     

新疆罗布泊罗北洼地CK—2孔盐类沉积特征

新疆罗布泊罗北洼地主要有粉砂、粘土沉积 ,硫酸盐沉积和氯化物沉积。其中硫酸盐 (主要为钙芒硝 )沉积占主导地位 ,钻孔岩芯中微细层理发育。研究分析表明 ,罗北洼地为一长期动荡的浅水沉积环境 ;钾资源以液体矿为主 :2 5 ka B.P.- 10 Ka B.P.为该洼地湖泊的演化末期 ,属于盐湖阶段     

2000—2019年赛里木湖湖冰物候特征变化

基于MODIS影像、中国湖泊数据集及气象数据,综合分析了2000—2019年赛里木湖湖冰物候特征变化及影响因素.结果表明:(1)赛里木湖湖冰开始冻结和开始消融日期平均出现在11月2日和4月26日,湖冰完全封冻和完全消融日期平均出现在1月18日和5月17日,湖冰完全封冻期和湖冰冰期平均为99 d和196 d.(2)近20...     

Influence of the regional climate variations on lake changes of Zabuye,Dangqiong Co and Bankog Co salt lakes in Tibet

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The lake hydrological and meteorological data of the Tibetan Plateau are not rich. This research reports the observed climatic data and measured water levels of...     

30多年来柴窝堡湖演化特征及其环境效应

在对柴窝堡地区多期陆地资源卫星、中巴资源卫星以及Modis遥感影像解译基础上,结合器测气象资料、地下水以及湖泊水深等数据,对柴窝堡湖面积变化及其环境效应进行了研究.结果表明:20世纪70年代以来湖泊总体呈下降趋势,但到20世纪末至21世纪初期受流域降水增加影响,湖泊面积出现一定程度的扩展,面积最高达到约29.5 km2...