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1.
根据Aura卫星微波临边探测(MLS)2.2,3.3版水汽和臭氧廓线,采用线性内插方法,将夏季在青藏高原(西藏的那曲和拉萨)及其周边地区(云南腾冲)通过冷冻霜点仪(CFH)和电化学反应池型(ECC)探空仪分别测得的水汽和臭氧数据插值到与卫星产品规定的气压高度进行比较分析,以检验MLS水汽和臭氧廓线产品.结果表明:MLS 2.2和3.3版水汽相对误差在100 h Pa的对流层顶附近分别为(9.8±46.0)%(n=18),(23.0±45.8)%(n=17);在小于并包含82.5h Pa在内的下平流层则分别为(-2.2±15.7)%(n=74),(0.3±14.9)%(n=75);而在对流层316~121h Pa高度则分别为(21.5±90.6)%(n=104),(6.0±83.4)%(n=99).相应MLS 2.2,3.3版臭氧的误差分别为:(-3.5±54.4)%(n=27),(-8.7±41.6)%(n=38)(100 h Pa);(-11.7±16.3)%(n=135),(15.6±24.2)%(n=305)(下平流层);(18.0±79.1)%(n=47),(34.2±76.6)%(n=160)(对流层上层).MLS水汽和臭氧的误差垂直分布在对流层上层-平流层低层振荡和离散分布明显,部分误差可能由于此高度层水汽和臭氧浓度梯度大和比较用线性插值探空数据引起.\"臭氧低谷\"期间,拉萨地区70 h Pa高度以下MLS卫星臭氧浓度误差明显增加;腾冲、那曲与拉萨三地的MLS臭氧误差的垂直分布特征较一致.卫星产品与探空测值的初步关系表明,MLS廓线的灵敏度与水汽和臭氧在大气中垂直分布有密切联系,3.3版水汽产品的灵敏度在82.5 h Pa以上高度略有提高,臭氧产品灵敏度没有明显变化.文中还讨论了导致MLS水汽和臭氧廓线产品误差的可能因素. 相似文献
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北京城区河湖水质分析 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
调研结果显示,2003年北京城区河湖(11个监测水体)总磷、总氮含量分别为0.142mg/L、1.481mg/L,已达到比较 严重的富营养状态.北京城市河湖属于藻型水体,初级生产力主要决定于浮游藻类的群落结构与密度.河湖水体中浮游 藻类密度为37867.82×10~4cells/L,其群落由蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、硅藻(Bcillariophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophy— ta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)、黄藻(Xanthophyta)、金藻(Chrysophyta)和裸藻(Eugleniphyta)构成.群落中蓝藻占绝对优势 (89.54%).在近几年的夏秋季连续发生程度不同的微囊藻(microcystis)水华,对水体功能和城市景观造成了不良影响. 主要原因是:(1)氮磷和有机物的污染,(2)给城市河湖补给的水量少,(3)河湖生态系统被损害,水体自净能力差.本文 对如何改善北京城市河湖水质提出了建议. 相似文献
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根据北京塔7层涡动系统2012年5月至2013年12月的湍流观测数据,分析了北京城区二氧化碳浓度在不同高度层次的日变化和月变化特征,并初步给出不同季节和日变化时间段内二氧化碳的浓度垂直廓线.结果表明:二氧化碳浓度整体随高度而下降;各观测层均有浓度的明显日变化,夏季最为明显,冬季相对平缓;近地层浓度直接受城市供暖、地表植被、交通运输等碳源影响,更高观测层浓度则受对流输送和天气过程影响较大;垂直方向上,冬季浓度变化范围最大,夏季层间浓度变化最明显;在一天中的任何时刻,近地面层二氧化碳浓度的日变化最低值一般出现在夏季,50m以上则出现在春季,浓度最高值总是出现在冬季;根据对二氧化碳浓度四季垂直廓线变化的分析可以看出,边界层二氧化碳浓度强烈受到碳源、下垫面植被、大气稳定度、环境温度和天气过程等因素的影响. 相似文献
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本文给出了1个新的测量大气臭氧垂直分布的逆转方法,该方法将臭氧层分为6层,各层的臭氧含量,前后两次用图解法由联立方程定量的解出。使用这个方法,我们对在北京观测的10条逆转曲线作了计算,并将这些计算结果作了讨论及初步的误差估计。 相似文献
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南极大气臭氧和温度垂直结构及其季节变化的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用南极中山站2008年2月至2009年2月臭氧和温度探空等资料,对中山站上空大气臭氧和温度的垂直结构及季节变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,在中山站上空热对流层顶和臭氧对流层顶的高度相近,年平均高度分别为7.9和7.4km.对流层顶的气压和温度都存在位相相反一波型季节变化.春季和冬季对流层顶的温度转折没有夏季和秋季明显,而依据臭氧变化恰能更好地确定对流层顶高度.在对流层臭氧垂直分布的季节变化不显著;而平流层却十分明显.春季下平流层臭氧严重耗损,14km处的臭氧最小分压仅为1.57MPa,最大分压出现在上平流层,其他季节下平流层臭氧随高度增加而升高.春季下平流层臭氧的严重损耗,与极夜过后低温条件和平流层冰晶云表面消耗臭氧的光化学过程有密切关系.大气臭氧和温度的垂直结构及季节变化特征,对春季南极臭氧洞的形成和发展具有重要意义. 相似文献
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东南亚地区生物体燃烧影响华南地区对流层臭氧垂直分布的个例分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
2001年3月7日与8日在香港与昆明用电化学臭氧探空仪探测到了对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布. 本文使用NCEP(美国环境预报中心)分析资料、中尺度数值模式MM5模拟的大气环流数据、卫星观测的东南亚地区的生物体燃烧状况、气溶胶指数等资料,分析了这段时间的天气形势、大气环流、空气的后向轨迹以及生物体燃烧产生的烟尘的轨迹,结果发现高浓度的臭氧空气来源于有生物体燃烧的中南半岛地区. 燃烧烟尘的轨迹还表明生物体燃烧地区的下风方的对流层低层臭氧的分布会受到上游地区生物体燃烧产物的影响. 相似文献
9.
北京城市大气边界层低层垂直动力和热力特征及其与污染物浓度关系的研究 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
利用2001年3月19~29日和2003年8月11~25日中国科学院大气物理研究所325m大气边界层观测塔资料,分析研讨了北京城市大气边界层低层的垂直动力结构特征及其与污染物浓度分布的关系.对比分析了北京城市大气边界层低层不同高度的风、温度和湿度梯度资料、大气湍流和大气化学观测系统资料,综合分析获取了无因次速度、温度湍流方差和湍流通量、湍能分布特征及其与污染物浓度空间分布的关系,同时分析了北京地区沙尘天气过程中城市边界层低层垂直结构特征及其污染物浓度的分布与变化特征.分析结果表明,在不稳定层结条件下,47和120m高度上无因次速度湍流方差和温度湍流方差遵循莫宁-奥布克霍夫相似规律,并给出相应的拟合公式.稳定大气边界层可按层结参数z′/L分成二分区,z′/L<0.1为弱稳定区,此时相似规律可适用,z′/L>0.1为强稳定区,在此区内无因次速度方差随稳定度增大有增大的趋势,而无因次温度方差则保持不变.白天近地层包含了47和120m,而280m已在近地层之上.对2001年3月北京地区一次沙尘天气过程的城市边界层资料分析发现,320m高度上总悬浮颗粒物浓度最高达到913.3μg/m3,在边界层内大气颗粒物从上层向低层输送,这与锋面过境时低空急流从上层向下发展过程并伴随的强下沉运动有关. 相似文献
10.
本文给出了1个新的测量大气臭氧垂直分布的逆转方法,该方法将臭氧层分为6层,各层的臭氧含量,前后两次用图解法由联立方程定量的解出。使用这个方法,我们对在北京观测的10条逆转曲线作了计算,并将这些计算结果作了讨论及初步的误差估计。 相似文献
11.
边界层参数化方案对边界层热力和动力结构特征影响的比较 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5
本文利用高分辨率中尺度WRF模式,通过改变边界层参数化方案进行多组试验,评估该模式对美国北部森林地区边界层结构的模拟能力,同时比较了五种不同边界层参数化方案模拟得出的边界层热力和动力结构.结果表明:除个别方案外,配合不同边界层方案的WRF模式都能成功模拟出白天对流边界层强湍流混合特征和夜间稳定边界层内强逆温、逆湿和低空急流等热力和动力结构.非局地YSU、ACM2方案在白天表现出强的湍流混合和卷夹,相比于局地MYJ、UW方案,模拟的对流边界层温度更高、湿度更低、混合层高度更高、感热通量更大,更接近实际观测,这表明在不稳定层结下考虑非局地大涡输送更为合理,但局地方案在风速和风向的预报上存在一定优势.TEMF方案得到的白天局地湍流混合强度为所有方案中最弱,混合层难以发展,无法体现对流边界层内气象要素垂直分布均匀的特点.对于夜间稳定边界层的模拟,不同参数化方案之间的差异较小,但是YSU方案在一定程度上高估了机械湍流,导致局地湍流混合偏强,从而影响了其对稳定边界层的模拟能力. 相似文献
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随着近10年来北京城市化步伐的加快,城市规模迅速扩大,北京三环以外的地区已由20世纪七、八十年代的城郊非均匀下垫面发展成现在粗糙复杂的城区下垫面,市区建筑物相应增多、增密和增高,导致城区地面动力学粗糙度明显增大.本文统计分析了北京325 m气象塔1994年和1997~2003年夏季平均场观测资料,结果表明:(1)在受下垫面影响最为剧烈的近地层,风向逐年趋于紊乱,现在气象塔周围近地面的流场已经具备了典型城市粗糙下垫面的流场特征;(2)近地面夏季平均风速呈现非常明显的逐年递减的趋势,而且距离地表越近,平均风速逐年递减的趋势也越为显著,这种风速逐年递减的趋势直到63 m左右才不明显,说明现在气象塔47 m以下的观测资料反映的是城市冠层的流场特征,城市冠层厚度约在47~63 m之间;(3)随着北京城市化的发展,城区近地面的平均风速存在逐年递减的趋势,但阵风并不存在相似的递减趋势,表明城市冠层的抬升对阵风的影响并不显著. 相似文献
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We consider 3D steady flow of fresh water over a salt water body in a confined aquifer of constant thickness D, with application to a pumping well in a coastal aquifer. With neglect of mixing, a sharp interface separates the two fluid bodies and an existing analytical solution, based on the Dupuit assumption, is adopted. The aim is to solve for the mixing between the fresh and salt waters for αT/D 1 (αT transverse dispersivity), as field studies indicate that αT = O(10−3 − 10−2 m). The mixing zone around the interface is narrow and solutions by existing codes experience numerical difficulties. The problem is solved by the boundary layer (BL) approximation, extending a method, applied previously to two-dimensional flows. The BL equations of variable-density flow are solved by using the Von Karman integral method, to determine the BL thickness and the rate of entrainment of salt water along the interface. Application to the pumping well problem yields the salinity of the pumped water, as function of the parameters of the problem (well discharge, seaward discharge, well distance from the coast and density difference). 相似文献
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Three-layer model for vertical velocity distribution in open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Based on the detailed laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis, a new three-layer model is proposed to predict the vertical velocity distribution in an open channel flow with submerged vegetation. The time averaged velocity and turbulence behaviour of a steady uniform flow with fully submerged artificial rigid vegetation was measured using a 3D Micro ADV, and the vertical distribution of velocity and Reynolds shear stress at different vegetation height, vegetation density and measuring positions were obtained. The results show that the velocity profile consists of three hydrodynamic regimes (i.e. the upper non-vegetated layer, the outer and bottom layer within vegetation); accordingly different methods had been adopted to describe the vertical velocity distribution. For the upper non-vegetated layer, a modified mixing length theory combined with the concept of ‘the new vegetation boundary layer’ was adopted, and an analytical model was presented to predict the vertical velocity distribution in this region. For the bottom layer within vegetation, the depth average velocity was obtained by numerically solving the momentum equations. For the upper layer within vegetation, the analytical solution was presented by expressing the shear stress as a formula fitted to the experimental data. Finally, the analytical predictions of the vertical velocity over the whole flow depth were compared with the results obtained by other researchers, and the good agreement proved that the three-layer model can be used to predict the velocity distribution of the open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation. 相似文献
16.
Hezi Gildor 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(6):593-599
The solution for the bottom Ekman layer has a somewhat counter intuitive character, which seems to violate the maximum principle: at a certain level the velocity within the Ekman layer is higher than the velocity in the geostrophic layer above. I explain this character by looking at an analogous problem in an inertial frame of reference and show that it is the result of observing the flow from a rotating frame of reference (i.e. within a system that is not in steady state). The flow in the bottom Ekman layer is a superposition of the flow that results from the force exerted on the fluid by the rotating Earth and of the flow that results from the pressure-gradient term. Therefore, at a certain level the speed is higher than the speed of the geostrophic layer above which results from the pressure gradient alone. 相似文献
17.
MYJ和YSU方案对WRF边界层气象要素模拟的影响 总被引:15,自引:5,他引:15
研究新一代中尺度气象模式WRF中两种大气边界层方案(MYJ,YSU)对沈阳冬季大气边界层结构模拟的影响,重点分析温度层结、低层风场、边界层高度等对污染物扩散有重要影响的气象要素.和观测数据的比对表明WRF基本能够模拟出温度风速的日变化特征,但模拟风速偏大.YSU方案由于模拟的边界层顶卷挟和边界层内混合作用较强,夜间接地逆温强度低于MYJ方案,逆温维持时间比MYJ方案短4小时,同时模拟边界层高度也高于MYJ方案,有利于污染物垂直扩散.边界层高度的3种计算方法中,湍流动能方法计算的边界层高度最高,Richardson数方法次之,位温方法得到的高度最低.Richardson数方法对临界值的选取较敏感. 相似文献
18.
研究新一代中尺度气象模式WRF中两种大气边界层方案(MYJ,YSU)对沈阳冬季大气边界层结构模拟的影响,重点分析温度层结、低层风场、边界层高度等对污染物扩散有重要影响的气象要素.和观测数据的比对表明WRF基本能够模拟出温度风速的日变化特征,但模拟风速偏大.YSU方案由于模拟的边界层顶卷挟和边界层内混合作用较强,夜间接地逆温强度低于MYJ方案,逆温维持时间比MYJ方案短4小时,同时模拟边界层高度也高于MYJ方案,有利于污染物垂直扩散.边界层高度的3种计算方法中,湍流动能方法计算的边界层高度最高,Richardson数方法次之,位温方法得到的高度最低.Richardson数方法对临界值的选取较敏感. 相似文献
19.
H. Bardeau 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1982,120(1):95-107
We have carried out a series of recordings reproducing the small scale structures of temperature and windspeed within the boundary layer. The results obtained have been processed by computer and a direct comparison made between the slope of the spectral density functions and the theoretical slopen=5/3 defining the turbulence in the region of the inertial subrange.The measurements made at various altitudes on thin atmospheric samples demonstrate the variability of the spectral density slope with altitude. The hypotheses put forward by A. M. Obukhov, R. Bolgiano, G. H. Shur, P. Misme, A. Monin or S. Panchev, for example, enable the spectral variations and certain discontinuities in the turbulence observed during the experiments, within and beyond the boundary layer, to be explained. 相似文献
20.
D. M. Vaughn 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(6):525-537
Brush Creek drains a 76·1 km2 watershed within urban Kansas City, Missouri and eastern Kansas. A concrete-lined reach trending 6·1 km through the Plaza District of Kansas City, Missouri has been the focus for several major floods over the past ten years. Channel geometry, slope, and floodwater elevations were determined in the field for segments of the concrete-lined section of Brush Creek for a flood event that occurred on September 18, 1986. Discharge was computed by indirect methods and compared to a value determined from a rating curve established by the Water Resources Division of the U.S.G.S. Boundary shear stress, unit stream power, and average velocity were also computed in order to establish a quantitative relationship between sediment distribution, volume, and size fractions; and flow dynamics operating throughout the channel during this event. Boundary shear stress ranged from 91-96 Nm?2, stream power was 528-557 Wm?2, while average velocity was 5-8 ms?1. These values were sufficient to displace concrete slabs as large as 5 m long by 4·6 m wide by 0·23 m thick weighing an estimated 12 245 kg. As the channel was sediment free and unsecured prior to the flood, the distribution of deposits and subsequent channel scour provide valuable evidence for potentially hazardous sections of this urban stream. 相似文献