黄河下游沿岸湿地景观格局变化研究

在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,结合研究区湿地的区域特点确定沿黄湿地景观分类系统。构建了湿地景观格局变化表征模型,综合利用景观多样性指数、景观破碎化指数、景观要素斑块分布质心空间变化等景观格局指标和斑块数量,斑块面积、斑块平均面积、斑块数量等景观类型指标,比较系统地分析了近七年研究区湿地景观格局的动态变化。结果表明:①研究区湿地的分布面积呈显著下降趋势;②随着人类干扰强度的增加,景观多样性上升;③湿地景观要素中,稻田湿地、滩涂面积在减少,而水库坑塘、黄河面积都在不断增加。     

黄河三角洲湿地景观格局动态变化分析

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,以黄河三角洲1986,1996,2006年的三期TM影像为数据源,利用遥感图像处理软件对近代黄河三角洲湿地信息进行了提取.借助于地理信息系统软件和景观生态学软件,我们对20年来黄河三角洲湿地景观格局的动态变化,以及影响其格局动态变化的驱动力进行了分析.结果表明:(1)近20年来,人工湿地面积有了大幅度的增加,而天然湿地的比重在降低.其中,滩涂和柽柳灌草丛景观明显萎缩.(2)一些重要的景观格局指数的计算结果表明,20世纪90年代以来,黄河三角洲湿地景观斑块个数、香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数一直在增加.黄河三角洲湿地景观的破碎化程度在加剧,斑块类型更加多样化,湿地景观中没有明显的优势类型且各斑块类型在景观中均匀分布.(3)湿地与湿地、湿地与非湿地之间发生着类型转化.其中,18.1%的芦苇草甸转化为农田;26.6%的翅碱蓬草甸转化为盐田;11.9%的芦苇沼泽转化为芦苇草甸.(4)在黄河三角洲湿地演化的过程中,受到自然和人为方面演化驱动力的共同作用.其中,自然因素主要有:黄河断流、泥沙淤积和自身演替动力等.人为驱动力主要为农田开垦、滩涂的开发与围垦、油田开发和人工建筑等.     

闽江口湿地遥感时空演变应用分析

将闽江口湿地动态变化度、湿地变化转移矩阵和景观生态学的空间格局模型相结合,横、纵向分析了1986- 1994年、1994-2000年两个时期闽江口湿地的动态演变模式。研究表明,在两个时期不同的社会政策和经济发展阶段,人类活动对闽江口湿地的干扰强度与对象不同,造成两个时期不同的湿地演变模式。在1986-1994年间景观类型动态变化,以水田面积的扩张为主导,在1994-2000年间景观类型动态变化突出表现为城乡建筑用地对水田、非湿地农业的占用。在1986-2000年间,湿地景观中,人工水域破碎度增加,破碎化速度提高,形状更加复杂化;水田破碎度和形状复杂度都由增加向减弱转变;天然水域破碎度减小,形状复杂程度由减少变为增加;滩地破碎度由减少变为增加,形状复杂化由增加转向减少。在中、小时间尺度范围内,人类活动是影响闽江口湿地演变的主要原因之一,特别是近10多年来社会经济的高速发展,城镇化进程的加速,人类活动成为影响闽江口湿地的最主要原因。     

近30年天津滨海新区湿地景观格局遥感监测分析

在GIS和FRAGSTATS软件支持下,结合景观格局数量分析方法,利用1979-2008年间共6期TM遥感影像与非遥感数据,对天津滨海新区近30年的湿地景观空间格局进行了动态分析。结果表明,滨海新区湿地(以人工湿地为主),1979-2004年滨海新区湿地总面积变化不大,但各类型间转换较大,主要是自然湿地转变为人工湿地,沼泽湿地几近消失。2006-2008年,由于城市建设大量滨海滩涂湿地被围填占用,到2009年5月自然海岸线的90%以上被占用。景观破碎度增加,湿地斑块数量从137个增加到704个,同时造成平均斑块面积下降。驱动力分析表明,降雨量减少的同时,年平均气温上升是主要的自然驱动因素。和自然因素相比,人类干扰为主要人文驱动因素,表现在水产养殖为主的农业经济活动、城市建设用地占用和围海造地等方面。目前,滨海新区几乎没有自然湿地生态系统,破碎化和人工化是该区域湿地的主要特征。     

近30年东平湖湿地景观格局演变研究

随着区域经济的迅速发展,工业化程度加剧以及旅游开发等人为活动的影响,东平湖湖区景观格局发生了显著变化,威胁着湿地资源的可持续利用。该文在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,以东平湖1985年、1991年、1996年、2000年、2004年、2011年、2015年7期Landsat TM/OLI影像为数据源,对东平湖湿地景观类型进行了提取。同时利用Fragstats景观分析软件,选取景观多样性、景观优势度、景观均匀度、景观破碎度等指标,在景观水平上研究了1985—2015年近30年来东平湖湿地景观格局的动态变化特征。结果表明,近30年来,湿地与湿地、湿地与非湿地之间发生着景观类型的转化。其中,裸地面积显著减少,建筑用地面积显著增加,自然水面逐渐增大,各植被景观面积没有明显变化趋势。景观格局指数的计算结果表明,研究时段内东平湖湿地景观均匀度指数波动增加,景观多样性指数趋于减小,东平湖湿地景观破碎化程度较均衡,但有加剧趋势,景观类型波动中趋于简单。     

基于ANN-CA的银川平原湿地景观演化驱动力情景模拟分析

本文通过对湿地景观的时空动态发展过程其形成空间格局的分析,构建了基于ANN-CA的银川平原湿地景观时空模拟模型,并对湿地景观格局过程与主要驱动力因子间的响应关系进行了情景模拟。研究结果表明:年降水量对天然湿地中的河流湿地和湖泊湿地的驱动作用呈正相关关系,对水稻田和坑塘湿地的影响不显著;人口密度对人工湿地的驱动作用呈正相关,随着人口密度的增加,水稻田和坑塘向各个方向大面积蔓延,河流和湖泊等天然湿地的面积则逐渐减少;随着农业生产活动的加强、农业总产值的增加,河流和湖泊缓慢减少,水稻田和坑塘等人工湿地分布迅速扩张。     

湿地景观结构遥感动态变化分析

景观镶嵌结构是景观异质性的重要表现,同时又是各种生态过程在不同尺度上作用的结果。本文以北京市野鸭湖湿地自然保护区为区域背景,以RS、GIS和GPS为技术手段,监测获取了1996-2002年研究区域湿地土地利用／土地覆盖景观空间格局变化,探讨了土地利用/土地覆盖景观空间格局变化对湿地环境的影响。故此,对1998-2000年和2000-2002年湿地资源景观镶嵌结构的动态变化进行详细分析。结果表明:(1)利用遥感信息多尺度、多时相、多波段的特点,在GIS、GPS技术的支持下,能够快速及时准确地反映湿地景观类型的动态变化,为湿地资源监测、保护与利用提供科学依据。(2)借助景观生态学中的相关原理,通过景观空间格局计算模型解释不同类型湿地景观的分布、变化,剖析湿地景观演化机制,为湿地景观规划与评价服务。(3)分析认为,野鸭湖湿地景观格局发生了较大的变化,水域面积减少严重,耕地面积增长幅度不高,旅游用地和堤坝面积明显增加。(4)湖泊和沼泽草甸是控制和影响湿地景观格局的主体。野鸭湖整个湿地景观的破碎化程度降低,人类活动干扰湿地在不断减弱,湿地景观异质性在逐渐降低,斑块之间的连通性提高,生境斑块相互之间的隔离度大大减少,湿地景观趋向稳定。     

黄河三角洲景观格局变化及生态风险评价

黄河三角洲具有极高的生态价值,研究其景观格局及生态风险对促进黄河三角洲高质量发展具有重要意义。本文以黄河三角洲1980年、2000年和2020年土地利用数据为基础,分析土地转移及景观格局特征,同时构建生态风险评价模型揭示生态风险时空演变及空间相关性。结果表明：(1)耕地是黄河三角洲最主要的地类,占比在60%以上,1980—2020年土地转移主要发生在耕地、建设用地、水域和未利用地之间。(2)1980—2020年黄河三角洲景观斑块数、景观斑块密度、景观最大斑块指数、景观形状指数和香农多样性指数均呈下降趋势,区域整体趋向简单化和聚集化。(3)黄河三角洲高风险区和较高风险区主要环渤海分布,1980—2020年各级风险区转出最大面积均为更低级风险区,生态风险有所降低。     

基于3S技术的野鸭湖湿地系统景观格局演变研究

野鸭湖湿地自然保护区是北京最大的湿地自然保护区,也是唯一的湿地鸟类自然保护区,因此,选择野鸭湖研究城市湿地景观格局演变特征具有典型意义。以野鸭湖自然保护区为研究对象,分析了1999年、2004年、2009年和2014年4个时期野鸭湖湿地系统景观格局演变过程,并根据景观指数分析其动态变化趋势。研究结果表明:①野鸭湖湿地面积在1999~2004年间逐渐减少,之后逐年恢复,至2014年湿地面积总数已恢复到1999年的水平,但水体的面积仍缩减一半,主要恢复的是草甸湿地和疏林湿地。②野鸭湖湿地景观格局的变化特征主要表现为:景观破碎度增加,景观形状更加复杂,景观多样性和异质性增加而优势度降低。③野鸭湖湿地斑块类型呈现如下特征:耕地连片分布,耕地开垦力度减缓;草甸湿地成片增长且优势度逐渐明显,形状复杂;水体分布聚集,2014年出现恢复现象;疏林湿地面积不断增长,呈现破碎化现象;建筑用地面积也略微增长,但分布分散;滩涂湿地面积最小,形状简单。     

CA-Markov与LCM模型的黄河三角洲湿地变化模拟比较

为了了解黄河三角洲湿地景观类型演变最优模拟模型以及景观的变化趋势,本文采用1996、2006、2016年3期黄河三角洲分类影像,分别利用CA-Markov、LCM、2种模型叠加开展变化模拟。研究发现：① 在相同驱动力因子影响下,空间模拟上LCM比CA-Markov好,数量模拟上,CA-Markov比LCM更贴合,对于变化较大研究区,综合2种模型优势来模拟该湿地变化最佳;② 对于较强的人为、自然灾害干扰,会对模拟精度有影响。在LCM模型中,驱动力相同情况下,生成适宜性图像的转移子模型数量越多,模拟精度越高。对于CA-Markov模型,比例误差系数适宜的设置对数量模拟的精度也有提升;③ 在保持2006-2016年的变化趋势下,综合2种模型模拟的2026年自然湿地面积1252.69 km ²,人工湿地面积1265.00 km ²,非湿地面积924.51 km ²。从2026年黄河三角洲模拟的结果可看出,自然、非湿地的面积减少,人工湿地大量的增加并不断向浅海区域扩张。通过对黄河三角洲湿地变化进行预测分析,可为湿地资源的合理有效利用与管理等提供科学依据。     

Dynamic Changes in the Wetland Landscape Pattern of the Yellow River Delta from 1976 to 2016 Based on Satellite Data

The Yellow River Delta wetland is the youngest wetland ecosystem in China's warm temperate zone. To better understand how its landscape pattern has changed over time and the underlying factors responsible, this study analyzed the dynamic changes of wetlands using five Landsat series of images, namely MSS(Mulri Spectral Scanner), TM(Thematic Mapper), and OLI(Operational Land Imager) sensors in 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016. Object-oriented classification and the combination of spatial and spectral features and both the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI), as well as brightness characteristic indices, were used to classify the images in eCognition software. Landscape pattern changes in the Yellow River Delta over the past 40 years were then delineated using transition matrix and landscape index methods. Results show that: 1) from1976 to 2016, the total area of wetlands in the study area decreased from 2594.76 to 2491.79 km~2, while that of natural wetlands decreased by 954.03 km~2 whereas human-made wetlands increased by 851.06 km~2. 2) The transformation of natural wetlands was extensive: 31.34% of those covered by Suaeda heteropteras were transformed into reservoirs and ponds, and 24.71% with Phragmites australis coverage were transformed into dry farmland. Some human-made wetlands were transformed into non-wetlands types: 1.55% of reservoirs and ponds became construction land, and likewise 21.27% were transformed into dry farmland. 3) From 1976 to 2016, as the intensity of human activities increased, the number of landscape types in the study area continuously increased. Patches were scattered and more fragmented. The whole landscape became more complex. In short, over the past 40 years, the wetlands of the Yellow River Delta have been degraded, with the area of natural wetlands substantially reduced. Human activities were the dominant forces driving these changes in the Yellow River Delta.     

Remote Monitoring of Expansion of Aquaculture Ponds Along Coastal Region of the Yellow River Delta from 1983 to 2015

Aquaculture ponds are one of the fastest-growing land use types in valuable and fertile coastal areas and have caused serious environmental problems. Quantitative assessment of the extent, spatial distribution, and dynamics of aquaculture ponds is of utmost importance for sustainable economic development and scientific management of land and water resources in the coastal area. An object-oriented classification approach was applied to Landsat images acquired over three decades to investigate the long-term change of aquaculture ponds in the coastal region of the Yellow River Delta. The results indicated that the aquaculture ponds in the study area undergone a sharp expansion from 40.38 km~2 in 1983 to 1406.89 km~2 in 2015, and the fast expansion occurred during the period of 2010–2015 and 1990–2000. Natural wetlands, especially mudflat, and cropland were main land use types contributing to the increase of aquaculture ponds. The patches of aquaculture ponds were consequently prevalence in the north of the Yellow River Estuary and landscape metrics indicated an increase of the aquaculture ponds of the study area in the quantity and complexity. The expansion of aquaculture ponds inevitably had negative effects on the coastal environment, including loss of natural wetlands, water pollution and land subsidence, etc. The results from this study provide baseline data and valuable information for efficiently planning and managing aquaculture practices and for effectively implementing adequate regulations and protection measures.     

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Coastal Wetlands and Reclamation in the Yangtze Estuary During Past 50 Years(1960s–2015)

Reclamation is one of the fastest-growing land use type developed in coastal areas and has caused degradation and loss of coastal wetlands as well as serious environmental problems. This paper was aimed at monitoring the spatiotemporal patterns of coastal wetlands and reclamation in the Yangtze Estuary during the 1960s and 2015. Satellite images obtained from 1980 to 2015 and topography maps of the 1960 s were employed to extract changes of reclamation and coastal wetlands. Area-weight centroids were calculated to identify the movement trend of reclamation and coastal wetlands. The results show that from the 1960 s to 2015, the net area of natural wetlands declined by 574.3 km~2, while man-made wetlands and reclamation increased by 553.6 and 543.9 km~2, respectively. During the five study phases, the fastest areal change rate natural wetlands was –13.3 km~2/yr in the period of 1990–2000, and that of man-made areas was 24.7 km~2/yr in the same period, and the areal change rate of reclamation was 27.6 km~2/yr in the period of 2000–2010. Conversion of coastal wetlands mainly occurred in the Chongming Island, Changshu City and the east coast of Shanghai Municipality. Reclamation was common across coastal areas, and was mainly attributed to settlement and man-made wetlands in the Chongming Island, Lianyungang City and the east coast of Shanghai Municipality. Natural wetlands turned into farmlands and settlement, and man-made wetlands gained from reclamation of farmlands. The centroid of natural wetlands generally moved towards the sea, man-made wetlands expanded equally in all directions and inland, and the centroid of reclamation migrated toward Shanghai Municipality. Sea level rise, erosion-deposition changes, and reclamation activities together determine the dynamics of the Yangtze Estuary wetlands. However, reclamation activities for construction of ports, industries and aquaculture are the key causes for the dynamics. The results from this study on the dynamics of coastal wetlands and reclamation are valuable for local government to put forward sustainable land use and land development plans.     

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区海岸带地貌环境特征及发育模式

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区是具有国家战略地位的重要生态经济区,该地区的海岸带地处海陆交接地带,属于陆缘海海岸带,生态环境脆弱,区域海岸带地形地貌系统性阐述甚少。在开展该区域生态地质环境调查的基础上,结合实际调查情况及以往文献的研读,对该地区海岸带地形地貌、岸滩地貌类型及特征进行了系统性归纳总结。整个黄河三角洲高效生态经济区的海岸带地貌分黄河三角洲粉砂淤泥质海岸、莱州湾南岸潍北平原区粉砂淤泥质海岸、莱州砂质海岸3个部分。岸滩类型分为黄河三角洲岸段冲淤平衡潮滩、侵蚀潮滩、淤积潮滩3种及莱州湾岸段侵蚀潮滩及侵蚀砂质海滩2种。     

Evolution characteristics of hydrological connectivity pattern of marsh wetland in Naoli River Basin

As an important indicator of the structural and functional stability of wetland landscapes, hydrological connectivity plays an important role in maintaining the stability of wetland ecosystems. Large-scale human activities have led to significant changes in the hydrological connectivity pattern of wetlands in Naoli River Basin since 1950 s. Combined with the availability of wetland habitat and the spreading capacity of aquatic birds, hydrological connectivity indices of marsh wetlands were calculated in the studied area, and the temporal and spatial changes were analyzed from 1950 s to 2015. The results indicate that:(1) the hydrological connectivity index of the marsh wetlands shows a growth trend with increasing distance threshold. All patches of marsh wetlands linked together when the distance threshold reached 35--40 km;(2) the optimal distance of hydrological connectivity is about 10 km for marsh wetlands of whole Naoli River Basin;(3) the total hydrological connectivity of marsh wetlands decreased in the Naoli River Basin from 1950 s to 2015. Although the hydrological connectivity index increased after 2005, the fragmentation of the landscape has not been improved. The analysis of the wetland hydrological connectivity can provide a scientific basis for the ecological restoration and protection of the wetland in the Naoli River Basin.     

黄河河口湿地景观变化影响丹顶鹤生境的评价分析

上世纪90年代以来,在全球气候变化及人类活动的影响下,黄河河口湿地景观发生了显著变化,对河口湿地生态系统及生物多样性保护带来深远影响。本文以景观生态学理论为指导,利用遥感技术和GIS空间分析方法,在对河口湿地景观变化过程分析的基础上,以丹顶鹤为指示物种,重点探讨了湿地景观变化对物种生境的影响,进而为河口退化湿地生态系统恢复和重建,以及湿地生境保护提供理论依据和决策支持。本文研究表明,1992-1999年,黄河三角洲河口湿地干旱化趋势明显,芦苇沼泽和翅碱蓬滩涂萎缩严重,丹顶鹤适宜生境面积大幅度减少,近30%的栖息地生境发生退化,严重退化的生境占11%。1999-2006年,在水量调控及湿地恢复措施的影响下,芦苇沼泽、翅碱蓬滩涂,以及水面湿地面积都有显著增加,占栖息地总面积28.7%的生境,得到一定程度的改善。但受不断加剧的景观破碎化影响,生境得到较好恢复的栖息地面积只占12%。研究认为,对于退化湿地的修复,在改善湿地景观的同时,加强生境管理,减轻人为活动引起的生境破碎化影响,是一重要的措施。     

黄河三角洲地质资源环境承载力评价

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区的建立,将迎来大规模的基础建设和资源的消耗,从而加剧经济发展—资源消耗—环境污染之间的矛盾。黄河三角洲地区成陆时间较短,地质资源环境比较脆弱,淡水资源相对贫乏,近海地区生态保护及堤防修复压力较大。确定该区地质资源(水资源、土地资源)环境所能承受的人类各种社会经济活动的能力,并预测今后该区大规模人类活动可能对资源环境造成的影响。