川西高温水热活动区的地热学分析

川西高温水热活动区地处青藏高原"东构造结"的东北缘,是地中海-喜马拉雅地热活动带的最东端.该区现发现有248个温、热泉点,其中11处温泉口水温超过当地沸点.这些温泉大多沿金沙江断裂、德格-乡城断裂、甘孜-理塘断裂、鲜水河断裂分布,形成北西-南东向条带状高温水热活动区.对此高温水热活动区开展地热学分析,是研究青藏高原"东构造结"深部地球动力学过程、开发利用川西高原地热资源的重要基础,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值.本文利用重、震、磁、氦同位素资料,分析了川西高温水热活动区壳幔热流结构、深部地热特征.结果表明:该区大地热流背景西南高、东北低,地壳热流在地表热流中所占比例低于60%.高温水热活动区与地壳动力学过程相关,沿巴塘-理塘-康定一线,重力反演莫霍面深度"西深东浅",氦同位素估算Q_c/Q_m比值"西大东小",二种不同方法计算的结果具有一致的变化趋势.水热活动区重力水准面比周缘高4~6m,形成相对高值异常"台地",上、中地壳北西-南东向局部张性应力区及上隆构造区与地表水热活动区对应.航磁异常反演得到巴塘、理塘、康定三个热水活动区居里面深度在19.5~22.5km.该区中、下地壳S波速较低,15~30km深度处存在V_s3.2km s~(-1)的低速圈闭,可能对应温度相对较高的局部熔融,推测其为川西高温水热活动的地壳热源区.分析认为:研究区水热系统可分为巴塘型(Batang-type)和康定型(Kangding-type),二者均主要依靠大气降水、地表水沿断裂带裂隙渗入,经深循环、地壳热源加热后成为地热水.地表热活动的热量主要来自中、下地壳,地下水经深切地壳的断裂渗透到中、下地壳取热,然后回到地表浅层而成为高温泉.     

鄂尔多斯盆地深部热结构特征及其对华北克拉通破坏的启示

基于二维稳态热传导方程,利用有限元数值模拟方法,选取东西向横穿鄂尔多斯盆地地质与地球物理解释大剖面进行了深部温度场数值模拟研究,得到了华北克拉通西部的鄂尔多斯盆地下伏岩石圈热结构特征.地幔热流变化范围:21.2~24.5 mW·m-2,体现为东高西低特征.壳幔热流比(Qc/Qm)介于1.51~1.84之间,为"热壳冷幔".与华北东部地幔热流对比表明,西部的鄂尔多斯盆地相对处于稳定的深部动力学环境.在岩石圈热结构研究基础上,对克拉通地震岩石圈与热岩石圈厚度差异进行了对比,研究表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西部地震岩石圈与热岩石圈厚度差异约达140 km,而东部的汾渭地堑,渤海湾盆地二者差异逐渐减小.华北克拉通自西向东,地震岩石圈厚度与热岩石圈厚度差异不断减小,意味着华北克拉通岩石圈下部的软流圈地幔黏性系数自西向东逐渐降低,本文从地热学角度可能印证了太平洋俯冲脱水作用对华北克拉通的影响.     

哀牢山-红河断裂带及其邻区的地壳上地幔结构

利用地震台站的到时资料, 通过体波地震成像技术重建了青藏高原东南缘和南海西北部大陆边缘地壳上地幔的速度结构, 揭示出哀牢山-红河断裂带及其邻近地区的构造差异. 在上地壳和中地壳深度内, 哀牢山-红河断裂带为高速异常, 反映出韧性剪切后变质岩带抬升和快速冷却的特征, 下地壳和Moho面附近为低速异常, 意味着壳-幔边界仍然处于相对活动的状态; 在上地幔顶部, 断裂西侧滇西地区大范围的低速异常证实了地幔深部热流对该地区火山、热泉、岩浆活动的影响, 而断裂东侧则具有扬子地块的稳定性质, 断裂东南部分上地幔深部的低速异常可能与南海扩张引起的地幔对流有关.     

超临界地热资源的地球物理分析——以鲜水河高温水热系统为例

鲜水河高温水热系统位于川西地热区, 是我国重要的"水热型"地热资源区和高温地热发电工程建设选区, 其深层超临界地热资源可以大幅提高热-功转换效率和地热发电能力, 具有极大的应用价值.超临界地热资源是地热学的全新研究方向, 研究深层超临界地热资源促进地热学拓宽研究领域, 具有重要的科学意义.本文利用地球物理资料、地热地质资料, 对鲜水河高温水热系统超临界水热流体构造条件、有利赋存部位、热结构与热状态开展计算分析.结果表明: 鲜水河断裂带浅源小震群与深层超压热流体层相关, 热泉群串珠状负重力异常圈闭之下超厚沉积地层是赋存深层超临界地热流体储层的有利构造部位; 康定中谷—二道桥—榆林宫热水区的水源补给、热源补给、水热循环通道等地热地质条件优良, 其下方存在酸性岩浆活动, 是形成高温水热系统浅层热储、深层超临界热液区的重要热源条件.我们认为: 鲜水河断裂带是深部热流体上升至浅表产生强烈水热活动的通道, 沿此通道, 在160~250 ℃温度区间, 是鲜水河水热系统地热储层的赋存区域; 在350~400 ℃温度区间, 是深层超临界流体(H2O、CO2)的赋存区域; 随温泉水大量溢出的高浓度CO2地热气体, 伴随出现pH值略小于7的弱酸性热水, 其下方是形成深层超临界地热资源的有利区域.     

南海北部陆缘珠江口盆地岩石圈热结构

沉积盆地岩石圈热结构特征是岩石圈构造-热演化过程的综合反映和盆地热史恢复的约束条件,对盆地动力学研究和油气资源评价具有重要意义.由于海洋勘探难度大、勘探程度低,相对于大陆地区,边缘海盆地比较缺乏岩石圈热结构方面的研究.本文在收集整理珠江口盆地及邻区大地热流数据的基础上,补充收录了自2003年以来发表的新数据,绘制了研究区最新版的大地热流等值线图;基于中美合作双船地震剖面揭示的深部地壳结构计算了研究区的壳-幔热流、深部温度以及"热"岩石圈厚度.研究表明,珠江口盆地地壳热流介于18.7~28.6 mW·m-2,地幔热流介于36.9~91.4 mW·m-2,壳幔热流比值0.23~0.75;由陆架、陆坡至中央海盆,在地壳热流逐渐减小的情况下地表热流逐渐递增,说明地表热流分布主要受深部热作用控制;盆地"热"岩石圈厚度介于34.0~87.2 km,平均65.5 km,反映出显著拉张减薄的特征.     

南海北缘琼东南盆地热结构与莫霍面温度

相对于大陆地区,洋壳或海陆过渡区目前较缺乏岩石圈热结构方面的研究.本文依据琼东南盆地现有热流数据和相关岩石热物性参数,沿分布于盆地内不同位置的4条地震测线计算了不同圈层的热流分配关系(即热结构)及莫霍面温度.计算时根据最新的P-波速度变化分析将该区地壳分为四层,分别为沉积盖层、上地壳、下地壳及下地壳高速层.结果表明:琼东南盆地地幔热流由浅水区向深水区逐渐增加,是控制盆地现今海底热流分布的主要因素;其占海底热流平均比例为76.3±7.0%,具有典型的"冷壳热幔"的岩石圈热结构特征;莫霍面温度范围500~700℃,存在一个低温区和两个高温区,其整体分布与盆地基底以下地壳伸展减薄及断裂发育有关.     

天水及其南北地区温泉分布的地质—地球物理特征

根据天水及其南北地区温泉分布众多的现象,从分析地质、地球物理场着手,探讨温泉形成的区域与深部地质构造背景以及热缘机制。区内近南北向隐伏断裂发育,中酸性侵入岩、碱性玄武喷发岩构成近南北向岩浆构造带;在深部软流圈埋深变浅,岩石圈减薄、上地幔热物质上涌引起莫霍面上隆;中地壳低速、高导层同步出现;地表热流值增高,温泉呈网格状分布。该区温泉是甘肃省隆起断裂对流型地热资源有利开发地段。     

川西温泉水温观测及其在芦山MS7.0 地震前的异常现象

在2013年芦山M_S7.0地震震中附近流体观测点进行现场考察的基础上, 本文选择川西地区观测环境较好、 干扰较少的温泉水温观测资料进行回溯性分析. 结果表明, 康定龙头沟和二道桥温泉、 道孚龙普沟温泉、 理塘毛垭温泉、 泸定共和温泉水温在芦山地震前均出现不同程度的异常变化. 其主要表现为, 距离震中较远的理塘毛垭温泉和道孚龙普沟温泉水温在震前2年左右出现中期尺度异常, 距离震中较近的康定龙头沟和二道桥温泉水温在震前3个月内出现短期异常. 通过温泉水化学及δD-δ18O稳定同位素特征分析, 认为这些温泉水具有深循环特征, 能灵敏地反映地壳深部地热及构造变化信息, 是芦山地震前观测到异常的可能原因. 加强对这些温泉点的观测, 对区域地震预测研究具有重要的科学意义和现实意义.      

云南腾冲地区的岩石圈热结构

腾冲地区是喜马拉雅地热带的重要组成部分。本文综合温泉资料研究了该区的水热活动特征，并从地震波速入手研究了岩石圈生热率随深度的分布以及深部热流结构组成和深部地温分布。同时也探讨了该区目前幔源原生玄武岩岩浆的起源问题。     

利用地下流体氦同位素比值估算大陆壳幔热流比例

地下流体中的氦同位素 3He来自地幔的排气作用 ,4He则是铀、钍衰变的产物 .由于铀、钍元素在大陆地壳中富集 ,4He通量与地壳热流呈正相关关系 ;同时 3He通量与地幔热流之间呈正相关 .所以地下流体的氦同位素比值 （3He / 4 He）与大陆壳幔热流比值 （qc/qm）呈反相关关系 .根据欧亚大陆和加拿大地盾的地下流体氦同位素比值数据和相应的壳幔热流比值数据 ,统计出 qc/ qm 与 3He / 4 He之间的回归关系 :qc/ qm =0 81 5- 0 30 0ln（3He / 4 He） ;此处 3He/ 4 He的单位是RA（大气的 3He/ 4 He比值 ） .有了地表热流值和壳幔热流比值即可得到地壳热流和地幔热流 .利用该公式以及热流值估算了中国主要盆地的壳幔热流值 ;根据这些数值得出的热岩石圈厚度和地壳平均生热率结果与地震学研究成果一致 .氦同位素比值是区分大陆热流中地壳热流值和地幔热流值的有用参数 .     

川西高原重磁异常特征与构造背景分析

川西高原位于青藏高原东缘, 是我国大陆地壳构造变形及地震活动最强烈的区域.利用最新重力、航磁资料, 通过异常分析和反演计算, 研究了该区鲜水河断裂、理塘断裂、金沙江断裂的重磁异常特征、莫霍面特征、居里面特征, 分析得出了这些断裂的深部地质结构与构造背景.计算表明:川西高原莫霍面东南浅、西北深, 地壳厚度在43~63km之间.居里面特征表现为条带状, 深度在17~23km之间.其中, 鲜水河断裂带对应莫霍面深度梯度带, 居里面为高低起伏圈闭.理塘断裂带北段莫霍面局部隆坳相间, 南段莫霍面逐渐抬升, 居里面呈现由西向东加深的梯度带.金沙江断裂带, 居里面形成局部抬升, 深部可能存在高温地热异常源.综合分析认为, 川西高原地壳结构主要特点为:增厚的下地壳, 热-塑性变形的中地壳, 脆性变形的上地壳.     

Geothermal data analysis at the high-temperature hydrothermal area in Western Sichuan

The western Sichuan hydrothermal area is located at the northeastern margin of the eastern syntaxis of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is also the eastern end of the Mediterranean-Himalayan geothermal activity zone. There are 248 warm or hot springs in this area, and 11 have temperatures beyond the local boiling temperature. Most of these hot springs are distributed along the Jinshajiang, Dege-Xiangcheng, Ganzi-Litang, and Xianshuihe faults, forming a NW-SE hydrothermal belt. A geothermal analysis of this high-temperature hydrothermal area is an important basis for understanding the deep geodynamic process of the eastern syntaxis of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In addition, this study offers an a priori view to utilize geothermal resources, which is important in both scientific research and application. We use gravity, magnetic, seismic, and helium isotope data to analyze the crust-mantle heat flow ratio and deep geothermal structure. The results show that the background terrestrial heat flow descends from southwest to northeast. The crustal heat ratio is not more than 60%. The high temperature hydrothermal active is related to crustal dynamics processes. Along the Batang-Litang-Kangding line, the Moho depth increases eastward, which is consistent with the changing Qc/Qm(crustal/mantle heat flow) ratio trend. The geoid in the hydrothermal zone is 4–6 km higher than the surroundings, forming a local "platform". The NW-SE striking local tensile stress zone and uplift structure in the upper and middle crust corresponds with the surface hydrothermal active zone. There is an average Curie Point Depth(CPD) of 19.5–22.5 km in Batang, Litang, and Kangding. The local shear-wave(S-wave) velocity is relatively low in the middle and lower crust. The S-wave shows a low velocity trap(Vs3.2 km s.1) at 15–30 km, which is considered a high-temperature partial melting magma, the crustal source of the hydrothermal active zone. We conclude that the hydrothermal system in this area can be divided into Batang-type and Kangding-type, both of which rely on a crustal heating cycle of atmospheric precipitation and surface water along the fracture zone. The heat is derived from the middle and lower crust: groundwater penetrates the deep faults bringing geothermal energy back to the surface and forming high-temperature springs.     

Study on Active Faults and Seismogenic Structure for the 1989 Batang M6.2 ～ 6.7 Earthquake Swarm in the Litang-Batang Region of West Sichuan, China

INTRODUCTIONGeological investigations since the1970s have shown that the sub_longitudinal Jinshajiang andHonghe(Red River)fault zones constitutethe western boundary of“Rhombic Sichuan_Yunnan Block”onthe Sichuan_Tibet border and display mainly dextral sh…     

Seismic anisotropy of upper mantle in eastern Tibetan Plateau and related crust-mantle coupling pattern

By using the polarization analysis of teleseismic SKS waveform data recorded at 116 seismic stations which respectively involved in China National Digital Seismograph Network, and Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu and Qinghai regional digital networks, and portable broadband seismic networks deployed in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, we obtained the SKS fast-wave direction and the delay time between fast and slow waves of each station by use of the stacking analysis method, and finally acquired the fine image of upper mantle anisotropy in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions. We analyzed the crust-mantle coupling deformation on the basis of combining the GPS observation results and the upper mantle anisotropy distribution in the study area. The Yunnan region out of the plateau has dif-ferent features of crust-mantle deformation from the inside plateau. There exists a lateral transitional zone of crust-mantle coupling in the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which is located in the region between 26° and 27°N in the west of Sichuan and Yunnan. To the south of transitional zone, the fast-wave direction is gradually turned from S60°―70°E in southwestern Yunnan to near EW in south-eastern Yunnan. To the north of transitional zone in northwestern Yunnan and the south of western Sichuan, the fast-wave direction is nearly NS. From crust to upper mantle, the geophysical parameters (e.g. the crustal thickness, the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and tectonic stress direction) show the feature of lateral variation in the transitional zone, although the fault trend on the ground surface is inconsis-tent with the fast-wave direction. This transitional zone is close by the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, and it may play an important role in the plate boundary dynamics.     

P-wave crustal velocity structure in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region

A deep seismic sounding profile located in the western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region extends from Batang (Zhubalong) to Zizhong, Sichuan. It passes through the Songpan-Garzê Fold System and the Longmenshan Tectonic Zone, and ends in the Yangtze Craton. Based on the travel times of phases on the profile, incorporating information on the relevant amplitudes, we determined 2-D P-wave crustal velocity structure along the profile, analyzed the principle differences between the crustal and upper mantle structure in the Western Sichuan Plateau and Sichuan Basin, discussed the deep feature of the major faults on the profile, the tectonic relation between the Yangtze Craton and the Tibetan Plateau and the deep structural environment where strong earthquakes occurred.     

P-wave crustal velocity structure in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region

A deep seismic sounding profile located in the western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region extends from Batang (Zhubalong) to Zizhong, Sichuan. It passes through the Songpan-Garzê Fold System and the Longmenshan Tectonic Zone, and ends in the Yangtze Craton. Based on the travel times of phases on the profile, incorporating information on the relevant amplitudes, we determined 2-D P-wave crustal velocity structure along the profile, analyzed the principle differences between the crustal and upper mantle structure in the Western Sichuan Plateau and Sichuan Basin, discussed the deep feature of the major faults on the profile, the tectonic relation between the Yangtze Craton and the Tibetan Plateau and the deep structural environment where strong earthquakes occurred.     

青藏高原东南缘Moho面速度密度跃变研究

青藏高原东南缘地下深部结构的研究对了解青藏高原的变形机制和动力学过程具有重要意义.本文利用四川、云南固定台站记录到的远震波形资料,首先采用接收函数H-k叠加方法获得青藏高原东南缘台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比.进而利用接收函数一次转换波和多次波幅度信息确定了青藏高原东南缘Moho面上的S波速度和密度跃变.研究结果表明：研究区由南到北地壳厚度逐渐增加,从永德、沧源、孟连地区的33 km左右增至巴塘地区的69.7 km左右,厚度变化了近乎37 km.四川盆地和松潘甘孜块体南部的姑咱地区具有高泊松比、速度密度跃变较小特征,表明这两个地区含有较多铁镁物质.腾冲地区、龙门山西侧的汶川地区、四川盆地西南缘的沐川地区以及则木河断裂的石门坎至东川地区同属于高泊松比、速度密度跃变较大,显示这些地区壳内存在部分熔融.

     

川滇地区Lg波Q值层析成像

利用云南和四川数字地震观测台网记录的数字化地震资料,开展了川滇地区不同频率的Q_Lg层析成像研究,反演结果的空间分辨率小于100 km.反演结果表明,川滇地区介质的横向不均匀性强烈,Q_Lg高低值差异显著.川滇地区显著的高衰减区有川滇菱形块体的东南边界（即沿鲜水河至安宁河以及思茅—澜沧—普洱区）,滇西北地区、龙门山断裂以西松潘—茂文地区、巴塘及理塘强震区等,Lg波高衰减区的分布与构造活动强烈、强震活动或大震破裂造成介质破碎区、低速区等相关,表明构造活动强烈或大震破裂造成的介质破碎、热物质沿活动断裂上涌等可能是川滇地区低Q_Lg的主要成因.显著的低衰减区有川东盆地、滇东南地区以及金沙江、怒江断裂的中段区域,滇中块体内部也呈现出相对的低衰减特征.Lg波低衰减区与地震活动性弱、速度正异常等相关,表明川滇地区Lg波的低衰减区与地壳变形、地震活动性及水热活动弱、块体稳定等有关.     

Azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves beneath the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas

The crustal and upper mantle azimuthal anisotropy of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas was studied by Rayleigh wave tomography. We collected sufficient broadband digital seismograms trav-ersing the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas from available stations, including especially some data from the temporary stations newly deployed in Yunnan, eastern Tibet, and western Sichuan. They made an adequate path coverage in most regions to achieve a reasonable resolution for the inversion. The model resolution tests show that the anisotropic features of scope greater than 400 km and strength greater than 2% are reliable. The azimuthal anisotropy pattern inside the Tibetan Plateau was similar to the characteristic of tectonic partition. The crustal anisotropy strength is greater than 2% in most re-gions of East Tibet, and the anisotropy shows clockwise rotation surrounding the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Vertically, the anisotropy direction indicates a coherent pattern within the upper crust, lower crust, and lithosphere mantle of the Tibetan Plateau, which also is consistent with GPS velocity field and SKS fast polarization directions. The result supports that the crust-mantle deformation beneath the Tibetan Plateau is vertically coherent. The anisotropy strength of crust and lithospheric upper mantle in Yunnan outside the Tibetan Plateau is lower than 2%, so SKS splitting from core-mantle boundary to station should largely be attributed to the anisotropy of asthenosphere.